Distributions scattering radiation. Medical search. Frequent questions

This method describes the cloning, expression, and purification of recombinant Nsa1 for structural determination by X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and is applicable for the hybrid structural analysis of other proteins containing both ordered and disordered domains. (jove.com)
The overall goal of this procedure is to produce a recombinant protein that is composed of a mixture of ordered and disordered domains for hybrid structural analysis by both x-ray crystallography and small angle x-ray scattering. (jove.com)
Especially the techniques known as Anomalous Small-Angle X-ray Scattering provide deep insight into the materials structural architecture according to the different chemical components on lengths scales starting just above the atomic scale (≈1 nm) up to several 100 nm. (scirp.org)
G. Goerigk, "The Solution of the Eigenvector Problem in Synchrotron Radiation Based Anomalous Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering," Advances in Linear Algebra & Matrix Theory , Vol. 3 No. 4, 2013, pp. 59-68. (scirp.org)
G. Goerigk, R. Schweins, K. Huber and M. Ballauff, "The Distribution of Sr2+ Counterions around Polyacrylate Chains Analyzed by Anomalous Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering," Europhysics Letters, Vol. 66, No. 3, 2004, pp. 331-337. (scirp.org)
G. Goerigk and D. L. Williamson, "Temperature Induced Differences in the Nanostructure of Hot-Wire Deposited Silicon-Germanium Alloys Analyzed by Anomalous Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 99, No. 8, 2006, Article ID: 084309. (scirp.org)
G. Goerigk, K. Huber and R. Schweins, "Probing the Extent of the Sr2+ Ion Condensation to Anionic Polyacrylate Coils: A Quantitative Anomalous Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study," Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 127, No. 15, 2007, pp. 154908-1-154908-8. (scirp.org)
A. Bota, Z. Varga and G. Goerigk, "Structural Description of the Nickel Part of a Raney-Type Catalyst by Using Anomalous Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 112, No. 12, 2008, pp. 4427-4429. (scirp.org)
G. Goerigk and N. Mattern, "Critical Scattering of Ni- Nb-Y Metallic Glasses Probed by Quantitative Anomalous Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering," Acta Materialia, Vol. 57, No. 12, 2009, pp. 3652-3661. (scirp.org)
G. Goerigk and N. Mattern, "Spinodal Decomposition in Ni-Nb-Y Metallic Glasses Analyzed by Quantitative Anomalous Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 247, 2010, Article ID: 012022. (scirp.org)
G. Goerigk, K. Huber, N. Mattern and D. L. Williamson, "Quantitative Anomalous Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering -The Determination of Chemical Concentrations in Nano-Scaled Phases," European Physical Journal-Special Topics, Vol. 208, No. 1, 2012, pp. 259-274. (scirp.org)
Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), in contradistinction, combines the high tissue penetration of x-rays with specificity to periodic tissue nanostructures. (stanford.edu)
In this study, the recently developed method of small-angle x-ray scattering tensor tomography 1 (SAXS-TT) was used for deriving myelin levels and axon orientations in the central and peripheral nervous system. (stanford.edu)

Malcolm Cooper's research interests centre on the use of synchrotron radiation to study magnetic materials. (warwick.ac.uk)
Within the past decade this has concentrated on the use of high energy synchrotron radiation to study the spin density distribution in ferromagnets. (warwick.ac.uk)
In the last three decades Synchrotron radiation became an indispensable experimental tool for chemical and structural analysis of nano-scaled properties in solid state physics, chemistry, materials science and life science thereby rendering the explanation of the macroscopic behavior of the materials and systems under investigation. (scirp.org)
The techniques sensitivity to the different chemical components makes use of the energy dependence of the atomic scattering factors, which are different for all chemical elements, thereby disentangling the nanostructure of the different chemical components by the signature of the elemental X-ray absorption edges i.e. by employing synchrotron radiation. (scirp.org)
The paper wants to focus on the application of an algorithm from linear algebra in the field of synchrotron radiation. (scirp.org)
The PDF is gained by means of scattering experiments, where usually X-rays, synchrotron radiation (= high energy X-rays) and neutrons are used. (uni-bonn.de)
SAXS-TT experiments for this study were performed at the BioSAXS BL4-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), the cSAXS beamline of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) as well as the LiX beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). (stanford.edu)
Spatially resolved, X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation permits detailed maps of the alignment of crystalline colloidal particles to be deduced and compared with fluid mechanics calculations of the flow. (lu.se)

X-ray and gamma-ray studies of electron distributions & magnetism. (warwick.ac.uk)
The traditional activity of his research group has been the use of inelastic Compton scattering to study electron density distributions. (warwick.ac.uk)
The collisional ionization of the target by the electron beam produces an anisotropic angular distribution of K-shell radiation and a continuum of both scattered electrons and Bremsstrahlung up to the beam energy of 19.8 MeV. (aps.org)
However, for conventional imaging methods in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), atomic resolution with picometer precision cannot usually be achieved for weakly-scattering samples or radiation-sensitive materials, such as 2D materials. (nature.com)
The widely adopted atomic-resolution imaging methods in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), such as annular dark-field (ADF) or coherent bright-field (cBF) imaging, are intrinsically dose inefficient as they use only a small fraction of the scattered electrons, being constructed via a simple integration of a limited portion of phase space. (nature.com)
Therefore, conventional STEM imaging methods usually cannot achieve sub-angstrom resolution or even atomic-resolution for electron radiation-sensitive materials 8 . (nature.com)
Meanwhile, high-precision measurement of local atomic positions is also fundamentally hindered by the poor signal-to-noise ratio of ADF images from electron-radiation sensitive or weakly scattering samples, such as monolayer 2D materials. (nature.com)
Simulations have suggested the possibility of extremely low-dose imaging by electron ptychography, in principle beyond that of all other electron imaging approaches to date including high-resolution TEM imaging widely used in Cryo-EM community-a potential outcome of considerable importance for the study of electron radiation-sensitive materials including biological macromolecules. (nature.com)
Electron scattering has only been applied recently. (uni-bonn.de)
We have developed the technique of energy filtered electron scattering which has turned out to be an important instrument for the SFB 408. (uni-bonn.de)
Many oxide glasses such as barium silicate, barium germanate and, in particular, the amorphous nitride ceramics in the system Si-B-N-C could be widely characterised with the PDF from electron scattering data. (uni-bonn.de)
We have developed electron spectroscopic imaging as a method of energy filtering TEM (EFTEM) to image the distribution of single chemical elements at high resolution (better than 1 nm). (uni-bonn.de)
One of the remaining problems we currently work on is the influence of the projection effect in electron microscopy: despite of a possibly existing phase separation, the distribution may appear homogeneous in elemental maps. (uni-bonn.de)
To reduce electron losses and decrease radiation levels around the syn-chrotron, optimizations of the electron beam during injection into the storage ring, ramping and standard operation were carried out. (lu.se)

Energy and space distributions of electrons with an energy above 15 MeV in the Earth's radiation belt. (org.ua)
9. Kartashev V. M., Lazarev A. V., Soroka D. V., Shmatko E. S. Synchrotron Radio Emission Bursts of Electrons Precipitating from Earth's Inner Radiation Belt. (org.ua)
Interaction of a high-intensity optical laser beam with a solid target can generate `hot' electrons, which generate radiation hazards (mainly bremsstrahlung photons and neutrons) from interaction of hot electrons with target and the surrounding materials. (lu.se)

Finally, for the same conditions, the scientists obtained the electromagnetic field distribution inside the pyramid. (scitechdaily.com)
In their paper, published in the Journal of Applied Physics, the scientists analyzed the distribution of electromagnetic fields within the pyramid, studying the interactions between radio waves with a length ranging from 200 to 600 meters. (pv-magazine.com)
This analysis allowed them to define a model of the electromagnetic response of the pyramid, and to calculate the extinction cross section, while also enabling the research team to assess the electromagnetic fields distribution inside the pyramid. (pv-magazine.com)
Two of the most frequently used methods are based on measuring the attenuation of a beam of electromagnetic radiation or ultrasound when it passes through the bone. (medscape.com)

Measurements of particle number size distribution, scattering, and radiation absorption were used and the chemical composition of aerosols, together with remote sensing data. (usp.br)
Organic aerosols are determinants of the aerosol scattering coefficient. (usp.br)
Scientists are also monitoring how changes in the atmosphere-whether there is any change in atmospheric radiation, for example-affect the properties of aerosols. (bnl.gov)
Nor can the climate models predict the timing and duration of volcanic eruptions and industrial pollution, both of which eject light-scattering aerosols into the atmosphere and therefore reduce surface warming. (skepticalscience.com)
As allowances are made for better global coverage of temperature observations, El Niño/La Niña, solar radiation, and volcanic aerosols, the simulated surface temperature moves back toward the actual measured temperature over this period. (skepticalscience.com)
Multiple scattering effects in droplet aerosols were investigated theoretically using three different numerical approaches and experimentally by means of a specially developed measuring system. (spie.org)
Based on the experimental conditions chosen in this study, an attempt was made to explain the accuracy of the applied models to describe multiple scattering effects in aerosols. (spie.org)
The propagation of pulsed laser radiation along the atmospheric ground paths containing droplet aerosols (fog, drizzle, rain) belongs to a class of problems in nonlinear optics in which the multiple-factor nature and nonadditivity of the processes affecting the transmission of the radiation channel are strongly pronounced. (spie.org)
Simulations showed that aerosols alter the distribution of moisture and heat in the Pacific storm track , a relatively narrow zone where cyclones form and travel and a major driver of weather in the Northern Hemisphere. (machinedesign.com)

The model can be tightly compared to measurements with single particle extinction and scattering and spectrophotometry and suggests a simple behavior for 90° scattering from fractal aggregates as a function of extinction, which is also confirmed experimentally and numerically. (springer.com)
It can be estimated from satellite measurements by contrasting the amount of radiation scattered and absorbed by the cloud: the absorption depends on the particle volume and the scattering depends on the particle cross-section, so their ratio gives an estimate of a linear dimension of the particle. (nasa.gov)
We are participating in a Consultative Committee for Ionizing Radiation (CCRI) comparison of thermal neutron fluence rate measurements, characterizing four different beam qualities at the NCNR, and carrying out comparisons of NIST standard neutron sources. (nist.gov)
this paper is tackling the radiation measurements during Storage Ring operation at 200mA, 2.5GeV. (lu.se)
Radiation measurements results received before and after the chopper installation in the linac and additionally problems with radiation levels while the beam current is increasing to the designed 500mA value will be presented. (lu.se)

The average absorption and scattering coefficients, abs,637nm and scat,525nm, under atmospheric conditions without significant anthropogenic impacts were 0.14/Mm and 4.4/Mm, respectively. (usp.br)
When the droplets have a large intensity- dependent index of refraction or a large saturable absorption, and are illuminated near a resonance with a high-intensity laser pulse, hysteresis may be seen in the back-scattered intensity. (spie.org)
It is shown that the radiation continual absorption in pure water vapor of the near IR region is conditioned by water dimers. (iao.ru)
While wavelength-dependent emission can be handled in the same way that it is from surface emitters, wavelength-dependent absorption and scattering require special handling in Monte Carlo estimators. (pbr-book.org)
Note that "scattering events" is a slight misnomer, since absorption is a possibility as well as scattering. (pbr-book.org)
Absorption-- The process by which a chemical penetrates the exchange boundaries of an organism after contact, or the process by which radiation imparts some or all of its energy to any material through which it passes. (cdc.gov)
Absorption Coefficient-- Fractional absorption of the energy of an unscattered beam of x- or gamma- radiation per unit thickness (linear absorption coefficient), per unit mass (mass absorption coefficient), or per atom (atomic absorption coefficient) of absorber, due to transfer of energy to the absorber. (cdc.gov)
Absorption Coefficient, Linear-- A factor expressing the fraction of a beam of x- or gamma radiation absorbed in a unit thickness of material. (cdc.gov)
Acute Exposure, Radiation-- The absorption of a relatively large amount of radiation (or intake of a radioactive material) over a short period of time. (cdc.gov)

A Monte Carlo procedure to deal with propagation of radiation in a turbid medium presenting some simple kinds of inhomogeneity is briefly outlined. (spie.org)
However, as we apply Monte Carlo to solve the integrals that describe this process, we will end up considering the effect of these processes at particular points in the scene, which we will term scattering events . (pbr-book.org)
Monte Carlo refers to a technique first proposed by Metropolis and Ulam to simulate physical processes using a stochastic model.1 In a radiative transport problem, the Monte Carlo method consists of recording photons histories as they are scattered and absorbed. (lu.se)
This paper discusses internal reflection of a photon at boundaries, shows how the phase function may be used to generate new scattering angles, discusses a few variance reduction schemes to improve efficiency, gives a method for estimating the uncertainty in any Monte Carlo calculation, and gives results for validating the Monte Carlo implementation. (lu.se)

Solar energy availability varies with latitude, with higher solar energy potential at lower latitudes and the intensity of solar radiation increasing closer to the equator. (managenergy.tv)
Solar energy efficiency is directly influenced by these factors, as they determine the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. (managenergy.tv)
As you move closer to the equator, the intensity of solar radiation increases due to the more direct angle at which the sun's rays hit the Earth's surface. (managenergy.tv)
Dense vegetation can absorb and reflect a significant portion of solar radiation, reducing the amount of energy that reaches the ground. (managenergy.tv)
Cloud Optical Thickness This variable is determined from the visible radiances measured by the satellite in cloudy conditions and represents the amount of solar radiation at visible wavelengths reflected by the clouds (the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the clouds is also related to this variable). (nasa.gov)
Since some clouds are partially transparent to solar radiation, this variable is obtained by accounting for the radiation reflected from the surface using the surface visible reflectances obtained from clear scenes. (nasa.gov)
The cloud optical thickness, together with the surface reflectance and cloud amount, determine how much solar radiation is reflected back to space by each location on Earth. (nasa.gov)
Browse subject: Solar radiation -- Charts, diagrams, etc. (upenn.edu)
Solar radiation -- Charts, diagrams, etc. (upenn.edu)

Scatter plots and Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to assess the degree of association between the estimates of exposure to asbestos, welding fume, and ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
Correlation coefficients were calculated separately for 0-, 15-, 20-, and 25-year time-lagged cumulative exposures, total radiation dose (which included medical X-ray dose) and occupational radiation dose. (cdc.gov)
Spearman correlation coefficients between cumulative radiation dose and cumulative asbestos exposures ranged from 0.09 (occupational dose) to 0.47 (total radiation dose), and those between radiation and welding fume from 0.14 to 0.47. (cdc.gov)
To facilitate the solution of the radiative coupling between the vegetation and atmospheric layers, the same formal approach is used in both media, and the extinction and differential scattering coefficients are specified in a similar way. (ametsoc.org)
The accurate description of the radiation transfer within a vegetation layer is complicated by the fact that both of these coefficients depend on the position of the external sources of radiation, and by the lack of precise knowledge about the radiative boundary conditions at the top and bottom of this layer. (ametsoc.org)

this applies especially to particle sizes close to the radiation wavelength (Nousiainen et al. (springer.com)
Cloud Effective Particle Radius This parameter represents an average over the distribution of particle sizes in a cloud. (nasa.gov)
Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter (AMAD)-- The diameter of a unit-density sphere with the same terminal settling velocity in air as that of the aerosol particle whose activity is the median for the entire size distribution of the aerosol. (cdc.gov)

Part of the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility, the Mobile Aerosol Observing System (MAOS) consists of two compact, state-of-the-art instrument suites installed in modified shipping containers. (bnl.gov)
The emphasis is placed on the specificities of this problem when it is addressed with the radiation transfer equation classically used in atmospheric sciences. (ametsoc.org)

In this case, the total scattering and the extinction cross sections determine the single scattering albedo, which agrees with numerical simulations. (springer.com)
The three parameters necessary to feed radiative transfer models, namely, extinction, asymmetry parameter, and single scattering albedo, can all be set by the analytical model, with explicit dependence on a few parameters. (springer.com)
The system allows quantitative determination of laser light extinction and scattering. (spie.org)

During the study, four standard weather balloons are launched each day to collect data on conditions such as wind speed and direction, pressure, and humidity, while MAOS collects data on aerosol properties, including their concentration, size distributions, and ability to scatter and absorb light. (bnl.gov)

This method, which uses METEOSAT imagery and routine surface global radiation measurement is shown to be relevant for climatological studies. (ametsoc.org)
An intensive radiation measurement using online and passive radiation monitoring were taken places around foreseen hot spots and in general places around both tunnels. (lu.se)

Recent analyses of mortality among atomic bomb survivors have suggested a linear dose-response relationship between ionizing radiation and diseases of the circulatory system for exposures in the range 0-4 Sv. (bioone.org)
Among the remainder, one study found appreciable evidence that exposure to low-dose radiation was associated with circulatory diseases, but five others, all with appreciable power, did not. (bioone.org)
These results suggest a fairly large proportion of study population workers were exposed to asbestos and welding fume, that the absolute level of confounding exposure did not affect the risk estimates, and that weak relationships existed between monitored lifetime cumulative occupational radiation dose and asbestos or welding fume. (cdc.gov)
The radiation targets IMC and SCL, showed a statistically significant trend for an increased risk of stroke with daily fraction dose.A study of 199 patients with BC, examined by coronary angiography, detected a four- to seven-fold increase of high grade coronary artery stenosis in mid and distal left anterior descending artery (LAD), including distal diagonal branch, when comparing women with irradiated left-sided BC to those with right-sided. (kb.se)
Thus, the coronary arteries should be regarded as organs at risk in RT of BC.In a study of 15 BC patients treated with 3D conformal RT, a marked difference in dose distribution in mid and distal LAD between left- and right-sided BC was demonstrated. (kb.se)
Because of their Bragg peak dose distribution, protons are an effective way to deliver a dose to the tumor, while minimizing the dose to surrounding tissue. (ndltd.org)
Scattering off the beam line, dose delivered in front of and behind the tumor, and overall dose mapping are examined, along with fragmentation of the carbon ions. (ndltd.org)
It was found that fragmentation of the carbon ion beam introduced serious problems in terms of controlling the dose distribution. (ndltd.org)
For both protons and carbon ions, the use of a moderator increased the scattering off of the beam line, and slightly increased the dose behind the tumor. (ndltd.org)
Particular emphasis will be placed on technical limitations to low-contrast detectability and radiation dose. (ajnr.org)
Absorbed Dose, Radiation-- The mean energy imparted to the irradiated medium, per unit mass, by ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)

The interaction of the radiation with the medium along the propagation path strongly depends on the type and microphysical properties of the specific meteorological formation as well as on the energy parameters of the beam, the structure of the beam, the temporal regime, and the conditions of focusing. (spie.org)
Examples are given for scattering slabs of isotropic or anisotropic scatterers when collimated beam incidence is used. (spie.org)

With the numerical calculation of the theoretical formula of primary and secondary Rayleigh scattering in a plane-stratified atmosphere of uniform composition, an ifluence of variation of total scattering coefficient of the atmosphere on the angular distribution of the intensity of ultraviolet sky radiation in the sun's vertical plane was discussed, when the sun's elevation angle was 30° and 60° respectively. (go.jp)
This method combines the advantage of the wide-spread availability of X-rays with the high angular resolution achievable with synchrotron and neutron radiation. (uni-bonn.de)
The angular distribution of diffracted intensity from a given position in the pipe provides information about the orientation distribution of the particles. (lu.se)

The scattering of light by nanoparticles depends on their size, shape and refractive index of the source material. (scitechdaily.com)
The absorbed fraction depends on the source distribution, the photon energy, and the size, shape and composition of the volume. (cdc.gov)

We also discuss the case of absorbing particles and report the experimental results for water suspensions of black carbon for both the forward and 90° scattering properties. (springer.com)
radiance heading in one direction that is scattered to other directions due to collisions with particles. (pbr-book.org)
Figure 11.1 shows a simple example of volume scattering, where a spotlight shining through a homogeneous participating medium illuminates particles in the medium and casts a volumetric shadow. (pbr-book.org)
Light scattering from particles in the medium back toward the camera makes the spotlight's illumination visible even in pixels where there are no visible surfaces that reflect it. (pbr-book.org)
for example, it is not possible for two particles to both be in the same point in space and so a true white noise distribution is not possible. (pbr-book.org)
On a time-scale of Myr, tens of per cent of the particles are scattered on to the WD, and are therefore directly accreted without first passing through a circularized close-in disc. (lu.se)
We show that for a rubble pile asteroid with a size frequency distribution of the component particles following that of the near earth objects, it has to be roughly at least 10 km in radius such that enough fragments are generated and $\ge 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of its mass is lost to mutual collisions. (lu.se)

The Rayleigh distribution is a distribution of continuous probability density function. (tutorialspoint.com)

However, in practice, this phenomenon is usually split into the reflected and transmitted components, which are then treated separately as BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function) and BTDF (bidirectional transmittance distribution function). (wikipedia.org)
BTDF (Bidirectional transmittance distribution function) is similar to BRDF but for the opposite side of the surface. (wikipedia.org)
BSSTDF (Bidirectional scattering-surface transmittance distribution function) is like BTDF but with subsurface scattering. (wikipedia.org)
In the first stage, the simulation itself, the contribution of each scattering event to the total reflectance and transmittance is evaluated. (spie.org)

A strong spectral dependence of the mass scattering efficiencies with the incident radiation wavelength was observed, and, in particular, they were significantly larger at 60 m, showing that the aerosol population close to the canopy is more effective in scattering the radiation. (usp.br)

BSSRDF (Bidirectional scattering-surface reflectance distribution function or Bidirectional surface scattering RDF) describes the relation between outgoing radiance and the incident flux, including the phenomena like subsurface scattering (SSS). (wikipedia.org)

This paper discusses the problem of radiation transfer in geophysical media, in particular, within homogeneous plant canopies over terrestrial surfaces. (ametsoc.org)
The Influence of Homogeneous and Non-homogeneous 131I and 123I SPECT Activity Distributions on Patient-Specific Three-dimensional Dosimetry. (lu.se)

Radiation Dispersal Device - A conventional explosion has scattered radioactive material ("dirty bomb"), saboteurs blew up a truck carrying radioactive material, or an aerosol containing radioactive material has been spread over a large area. (cdc.gov)

Most often it is used to name the general mathematical function which describes the way in which the light is scattered by a surface. (wikipedia.org)
BSSDF (Bidirectional scattering-surface distribution function) is collectively defined by BSSTDF and BSSRDF. (wikipedia.org)
Lastly, cloud cover affects the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface, as clouds can either block or scatter sunlight, leading to fluctuations in irradiance levels. (managenergy.tv)

Topics include organization, site, accelerators and beamlines as well as designation of areas, radiation monitors, dosimetry and the personnel safety system. (lu.se)

While the mechanisms responsible for the spectral energy distributions of bright active galactic nuclei are more or less understood in the framework of standard disc accretion theory, there are certain observational results that lack unambiguous interpretation. (aanda.org)

We used ecologic niche modeling of outbreaks and sporadic cases of filovirus-associated hemorrhagic fever (HF) to provide a large-scale perspective on the geographic and ecologic distributions of Ebola and Marburg viruses. (cdc.gov)

Z. Varga, A. Bota and G. Goerigk, "Localization of Dihalogenated Phenols in Vesicle Systems Determined by Contrast Variation X-ray Scattering," Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2007, pp. 205-208. (scirp.org)

Factors such as cloud cover, precipitation, wind patterns, and climate change impact solar energy distribution and should be considered when assessing solar energy potential. (managenergy.tv)

The ordering and the distribution of the different chemical species (kinds of atoms) in a crystalline solid is enforced by its three dimensional periodically ordered structure. (uni-bonn.de)

The term BSDF is sometimes used in a slightly different context, for the function describing the amount of the scatter (not scattered light), simply as a function of the incident light angle. (wikipedia.org)
The team was the first in the world to isolate the subsurface scattering component (a specialized case of BTDF) using the simplest light stage, consisting on moveable light source, moveable high-res digital camera, 2 polarizers in a few positions and really simple algorithms on a modest computer. (wikipedia.org)
The team utilized the existing scientific knowledge that light that is reflected and scattered from the air-to-oil layer retains its polarization while light that travels within the skin loses its polarization. (wikipedia.org)
The subsurface scattering component can be simulated as a steady high-scatter glow of light from within the models, without which the skin does not look realistic. (wikipedia.org)
BRDF (Bidirectional reflectance distribution function) is a simplified BSSRDF, assuming that light enters and leaves at the same point (see the image on the right). (wikipedia.org)
Indeed, when a molecular cloud is illuminated by high-energy radiation, it reflects the light in the form of a characteristic radiation called fluorescence radiation [2] . (cea.fr)
There are three pillars to the Big Bang: the expansion of the universe, the light element abundances and the primeval fireball radiation. (gresham.ac.uk)
Physical Sciences - to model wind speed, wave heights, sound or light radiation. (tutorialspoint.com)
This distribution points to a significant role of oxalate and silica minerals to synergistically optimize the light regime in the leaf. (lu.se)
The authors also show directly that the light scattered by the calcium oxalate crystals is utilized for photosynthesis, and that the ultraviolet component of light passing through silica bodies, is absorbed. (lu.se)
This study thus demonstrates that calcium oxalates increase the illumination level into the underlying tissue by scattering the incoming light, and silica reduces the amount of UV radiation entering the tissue. (lu.se)

Complex studies have shown for the first time the increased concentrations of CO 2 and H 2 O in saw cuts of coniferous trees with year-to-year distributions (chronologies) to the depth up to 300 years, which have a proper 4-year biological cycle, impacted by climatic parameters (precipitations, temperature, clouds). (iao.ru)

Other studies allowing a comparison of the rates of circulatory disease in individuals drawn from the same population but exposed to ionizing radiation at different levels within the range 0-5 Gy or 0-5 Sv were identified through systematic literature searches. (bioone.org)
We conclude that the other epidemiological data do not at present provide clear evidence of a risk of circulatory diseases at doses of ionizing radiation in the range 0-4 Sv, as suggested by the atomic bomb survivors. (bioone.org)
The nested case-control study (N = 4388) primarily assessed the relationship between lung cancer and external ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
The estimates of relative risk for ionizing radiation and lung cancer were unchanged when lowest and highest estimates of asbestos and welding fumewere considered. (cdc.gov)

This value helps to estimate which part of the incident wave energy can be scattered or absorbed by the pyramid under resonant conditions. (scitechdaily.com)
There is a variety of potential terrorist incidents involving radiation that could result in mass casualties that could present at hospitals in the area near the incident. (cdc.gov)

Mixed-integer programming (MIP) has been applied in radiation therapy to generate treatment plans. (ndltd.org)

The possibility of indirect ground-based detection of bursts of energetic proton scattering from the Earth's internal radiation zone is considered. (org.ua)
4. The Earth's Natural Radiation Belts. (org.ua)

Effective solutions to the radiation transfer problem in plant canopies require the introduction of specific hypotheses, for instance, in the treatment of the multiple scattering contribution. (ametsoc.org)

One model is a liquid water cloud composed of spherical droplets with a cross-section-weighted average radius of 10 microns and a variance of the size distribution of 0.15. (nasa.gov)
The second model is an ice cloud composed of fractal polycrystals with a cross-section-weighted radius of 30 microns and a variance of the size distribution of 0.1. (nasa.gov)

A simple analytical model is proposed assuming that a geometrically thick translucent inflow acts as a scattering mirror changing the apparent spatial properties of the disc. (aanda.org)
In Abolmasov & Shakura (2012) , we consider the spatial properties of quasar accretion discs affected by a spherically symmetric scattering envelope formed by the wind produced by super-Eddington accretion. (aanda.org)

Experiment showed that the gross zenith angle dependence will fit a cos to the power of 3.2 phi distribution at 45 deg. (dtic.mil)

Determining asymptotics of magnetic fields from fixed energy scattering data. (purdue.edu)
Recovering asymptotics of metrics from fixed energy scattering data. (purdue.edu)
How Does The Distribution Of Solar Energy Vary On The Globe? (managenergy.tv)
As a solar energy enthusiast, I've always been fascinated by how the distribution of this powerful renewable resource varies across the globe. (managenergy.tv)
So, if you're ready to dive into the data-driven world of solar energy distribution, let's get started! (managenergy.tv)
You'll notice that factors such as latitude, altitude, and cloud cover greatly impact the distribution of solar energy across the globe. (managenergy.tv)
Cloud cover also plays a significant role in solar energy distribution. (managenergy.tv)
Clouds can block or scatter sunlight, reducing the amount of energy available for conversion. (managenergy.tv)
Additionally, seasonal changes further impact the distribution of solar energy, with variations in the angle and duration of sunlight throughout the year. (managenergy.tv)
Additionally, vegetation plays a crucial role in the distribution of solar energy. (managenergy.tv)

In some, disease rates among those exposed at different levels may have differed for reasons unrelated to radiation exposure, while many had low power to detect effects of the relevant magnitude. (bioone.org)
Summary of retrospective asbestos and welding fume exposure estimates for a nuclear naval shipyard and their correlation with radiation exposure estimates. (cdc.gov)
Background Carbon 11 (11C)-methionine is a useful PET radiotracer for the management of patients with glioma, but radiation exposure and lack of molecular imaging facilities limit its use. (bvsalud.org)
The radiation exposure is low at approximately 2.5 mrem. (medscape.com)

Essentially, dust's radiative properties rely on the size distribution and chemical composition of the grains. (springer.com)
However, the distribution of the chemical elements in a glass in turn determines the structure at a scale larger than approx. (uni-bonn.de)
Such agencies are responsible for detecting what agent was used (chemical, biological, radiological), event surveillance, distribution of necessary medical supplies, assistance with emergency medical response, and treatment guidance. (cdc.gov)

interaction of radiation with a matter. (iao.ru)

This can easily be fulfilled if the scattering inflow has a large geometrical thickness and clumpy structure. (aanda.org)
In daytime conditions when cloud optical thickness values are obtained from the visible radiances, the cloud top temperature/pressure values can be corrected for transmission of radiation through partially transparent clouds. (nasa.gov)

The object scattering the field is replaced by a set of simpler sources of radiation: multipoles. (scitechdaily.com)

The pair correlation functions of the so-called basic scattering functions are expressed as a linear combination of eigenvectors. (scirp.org)

The relic radiation generated the fossil glow of the cosmic microwave background radiation, a testament to its fiery origin. (gresham.ac.uk)

during 2007-2008, new interferometry experiments to determine the charge distribution of the neutron, and reciprocal space imaging were carried out. (nist.gov)

Since some clouds are partially transparent to infrared radiation, their actual top temperatures may be somewhat colder and their estimated cloud top pressures may be somewhat lower than given by these values. (nasa.gov)

We measure the expansion directly back in time to when galaxy separations were a third of their present value, and we infer the associated increase in temperature of the radiation to when the observable universe was a thousandth of its present size, 380,000 years after the beginning of the expansion. (gresham.ac.uk)

Here tools are used from the fields of biology, optics, and imaging to investigate the distributions of calcium oxalate, silica minerals, and chloroplasts in okra leaves, in relation to their functions. (lu.se)

By exploiting the nano-structural ~17 nm repeat pattern typical of myelin sheath, which gives rise to a distinct small angle scattering pattern, tomographic myelin maps in macroscopic tissue volumes were derived ( Fig. 1 ). (stanford.edu)
Once launched, the photon is moved a distance s where it may be scattered, absorbed, propagated undisturbed, internally reflected, or transmitted out of the tissue. (lu.se)

This course is about the electronic properties of materials and contains lectures about scattering, transport in metals, phonons and superconductivity. (oercommons.org)

Anatomy6

Organisms3

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs37

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment89

Phenomena and Processes83

Disciplines and Occupations18

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture15

Humanities1

Information Science18

Health Care30

Geographicals1

Small Angle X-Ra13

Synchrotron radiation8

Electron14

Electrons3

Electromagnetic4

Aerosols9

Measurements5

Absorption9

Monte Carlo4

Solar radiation9

Coefficients5

Particle3

Atmospheric2

Extinction3

Absorb1

Measurement2

Dose11

Beam2

Angular3

Depends2

Particles7

Rayleigh1

Transmittance4

Wavelength1

Radiance1

Homogeneous2

Radioactive material1

Surface3

Dosimetry1

Spectral1

Modeling1

Crystallography1

Patterns1

Atoms1

Light11

Parameters1

Ionizing Radiation4

Incident2

Generate1

Earth's2

Contribution1

Variance2

Spatial2

Dependence1

Energy10

Exposure4

Chemical3

Interaction1

Thickness2

Sources of radiation1

Correlation1

Glow1

Experiments1

Clouds1

Size1

Functions1

Tissue2

Metals1