Disease stone ureteroscopy. Medical search. Frequent questions

It can also occur after interventions in the urogenital tract, such as transrectal prostate biopsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), or ureteroscopy (URS) [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Larger stones may be helped to pass with the medication tamsulosin or may require procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. (wikipedia.org)
His areas of expertise include advanced kidney stone disease, complicated ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. (riversideonline.com)
14. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for infection stones: what is the risk for postoperative sepsis? (nih.gov)
16. Post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy systemic inflammatory response: a prospective analysis of preoperative urine, renal pelvic urine and stone cultures. (nih.gov)
19. The effect of preoperative urine culture and bacterial species on infection after percutaneous nephrolithotomy for patients with upper urinary tract stones. (nih.gov)
Now percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the first line of treatment, second is the ureteroscopy, now flexible ureteroscopy is also getting popular and lithotripsy has become small. (huewire.com)
Areas of expertise include Renal Transplantation, Uro-oncology (urological cancers), Reconstructive Urology, Endo-urology for stone diseases (including Flexible Ureteroscopy, Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Laparoscopic Nephrectomy), Neuro-Urology with urodynamic facility, Andrology for treatment of male infertility and erectile dysfunction (including prosthetic surgery), Female Urology and Paediatric Urology. (nshospital.org)
Patients who undergo invasive kidney stone procedures, such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy and open surgery, must stay in the hospital for as little as overnight and as long as a week, as stated by the Urology Care Foundation. (reference.com)
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally-invasive procedure to remove stones from the kidney by a small puncture wound (up to about 1 cm) through the skin. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)

Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy. (nih.gov)
During cystoscopy , the doctor uses a cystoscope to look inside the urethra and bladder to find a stone in your urethra or bladder. (nih.gov)

Covers treatment, including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
Patients who undergo shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy procedures are able to return to normal activities within two to three days. (reference.com)

According to James E. Lingeman, M.D., Professor of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, "The new Flex-X c Flexible Uretero-Renoscope is a true advance in technology and offers the Endourologist improved therapeutic capabilities previously not available for managing patients with kidney stone disease. (karlstorz.com)
Specialises in general urology conditions, metabolic stone disease and upper urinary tract urothelial cancer. (guysandstthomasprivatehealthcare.co.uk)
Our highly trained team of urology specialists are experienced in diagnosing, treating and helping you prevent kidney stones. (geisinger.org)
Our urology specialists are highly experienced in treating and helping prevent kidney stones. (geisinger.org)
AI applications in urology include: utilizing radiomic imaging or ultrasonic echo data to improve or automate cancer detection or outcome prediction, utilizing digitized tissue specimen images to automate detection of cancer on pathology slides, and combining patient clinical data, biomarkers, or gene expression to assist disease diagnosis or outcome prediction. (bjuinternational.com)
Recovery times for kidney stone surgeries range from two days to six weeks depending on the type of surgery the patient has, according to the Urology Care Foundation. (reference.com)
Shock wave lithotripsy is the treatment used most often for kidney stones, according to the Urology Care Foundation. (reference.com)

2. Concordance of renal stone culture: PMUC, RPUC, RSC and post-PCNL sepsis-a non-randomized prospective observation cohort study. (nih.gov)
So we have adopted PCNL as a way of clearing the stone because it is complete, it is the shortest and it is cost effective, along with stone surgery the transplant surgery also went on improving. (huewire.com)
Currently it is a topic of debate that whether ESWL, PCNL or ureteroscopy should be the first line of management in the ureteric stone especially in the upper ureter. (org.pk)

In relation to stone removal, sufURSs were found to be comparable to rfURS, and no compromising complications were found. (medscape.com)
The Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MUSIC) Reducing Operative Complications from Kidney Stones (ROCKS) initiative maintains a web-based, prospective clinical registry of patients undergoing URS for urinary stone disease (USD). (nih.gov)
Patients suffering from urinary tract lithiasis have a predisposition to develop symptoms, complications, and recurrence of stones. (uroweb.org)
Semins MJ and Matlaga BR: Complications of ureteroscopy. (uroresident.com)
The data about the failures and complications encountered in the treatment of ureteral stones using miniinvasive surgery are reported. (kh.ua)
Post−operative complications of ureteroscopy were not severe and resolved by therapeutic methods. (kh.ua)
At the same time, it is concluded that due to the fact that elimination of complications of ureteroscopy significantly increases the cost and duration of treatment, prolongs the patient's disability, further analysis of the causes of failure and complications at ureteroscopic treatment of ureteral stones, as well as the search for the ways to minimize them are necessary. (kh.ua)
Materials and Methods: We searched the literature to determine the risk of complications after routine ureteroscopy for stones, including the incidence of postoperative pain, stricture and silent obstruction. (elsevierpure.com)
The factors with significant correlation to post-operative complications were history of urinary tract infection and chronic kidney disease (p=0.02 and p=0.047 respectively). (bvsalud.org)
Metabolic evaluation is lacking, post-operative complications are high and our experience with pediatric ureteroscopy was not satisfactory. (bvsalud.org)

If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters (0.2 inches), it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in sharp and severe pain in the lower back or abdomen. (wikipedia.org)
Stones are typically classified by their location: nephrolithiasis (in the kidney), ureterolithiasis (in the ureter), cystolithiasis (in the bladder), or by what they are made of (calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine). (wikipedia.org)
The hallmark of a stone that obstructs the ureter or renal pelvis is excruciating, intermittent pain that radiates from the flank to the groin or to the inner thigh. (wikipedia.org)
This is due to the transfer of referred pain signals from the lower thoracic splanchnic nerves to the lumbar splanchnic nerves as the stone passes down from the kidney or proximal ureter to the distal ureter. (wikipedia.org)
It typically comes in waves lasting 20 to 60 minutes caused by peristaltic contractions of the ureter as it attempts to expel the stone. (wikipedia.org)
Kidney-Ureter-Bladder (KUB) radiography is helpful in differentiating between radiopaque and radiolucent stones so that it is commonly used for follow-up rather decisive diagnosis. (biomedres.us)
Larger kidney stones may get stuck in the kidney or the ureter, which is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. (lataillanderie.fr)
2023 Dilation Kidney Stent Stone Ureter Urolithiasis Standard access to the ureter may be difficult for endoscopic management of stone disease due to anatomic. (karger.com)
Whereas early pioneers such as Howard Kelly (depicted above in the early 1900's using a wax tipped catheter in the ureter to detect a ureteral stone) relied heavily on intuition, feel, and clinical suspicion, advances in endoscopy have made it possible to inspect all parts of the urinary tract directly. (uchicago.edu)
Rigid ureteroscopes, as their name implies, are firm and preferred for treatment of stones lodged in the lower ureter which can usually be accessed in a straight path. (uchicago.edu)
During ureteroscopy, numerous small calculi were seen in the proximal ureter that were soft and dark orange in color. (beaumont.org)
Ureteroscopy is a major diagnostic and therapeutic technique for lesions of the ureter and intrarenal collecting system. (bvsalud.org)
Rigid ureteroscopy is a treatment for stones in the ureter. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
Once the stone is localized in the bladder, ureter or kidney, an optical fiber is inserted into the working channel of the ureteroscope, and then the laser is activated to fragment the stone into smaller pieces. (monocrom.com)
A total of 90 patients were selected and divided into three groups of 30, each according to the location of stone in the ureter. (org.pk)
There are many treatment options for the removal of the stone from the ureter like conservative ones e.g. (org.pk)
Pneumatic lithotripsy has been the most widely used method of stone disintegration in the ureter. (org.pk)
If you have a kidney stone, you may not know it until it moves around your kidney or heads toward your bladder through a tube called the ureter. (geisinger.org)
On the off chance that a stone is held up higher in the urinary tract, the specialist may broaden the cystoscope through the bladder and up into the ureter. (edtreatmentindia.com)
Urinary tract stones form in a kidney and may pass into a ureter or the bladder. (msdmanuals.com)
ESWL can be used as an emergency or as elective treatment treatment for stones that are stuck in the ureter or kidney stones up to 2cm in size. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)
Through the ureteroscope, the doctor can see a stone in the ureter and then remove it with a small basket at the end of a wire inserted through an extra channel in the ureteroscope. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)

The doctor can use shock wave lithotripsy to blast the kidney stone into small pieces. (nih.gov)
The EAU Urolithiasis Guidelines Panel performed a systematic review questioning the benefits and harms of scheduled follow-up for patients who underwent definitive treatment (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, medical chemoprophylaxis) for upper urinary tract stone disease [ 736 ]. (uroweb.org)
Shock wave lithotripsy Pediatric stone disease Urolithiasis For several decades, SWL has become one of the main treatments for nephrolithiasis. (karger.com)
Most childrens kidney stones can be treated with the shock wave lithotripsy , a completely non-invasive procedure. (healthykidneyclub.com)
However, the availability of alternative therapies such as shock wave therapy and a percutaneous surgery, and the high cost of ureteroscopy procedures hinder the market growth. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
Shock wave lithotripsy was the most commonly performed procedure, followed closely by ureteroscopy. (arizona.edu)
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), stone fragmentation through antegrade or retrograde Ureteroscopy (URS) and Laparoscopic and open Ureterolithotomy. (org.pk)
Most of the studies have shown that ureteroscopic lithotripsy is a better option, because of its added benefits like reduced cost, early recovery, early stone clearance and short follow-up as compared with shock wave lithotripsy. (org.pk)
It involves a noninvasive procedure that requires the patient to lie on a soft cushion connected to a machine that sends ultrasonic shock waves through the skin into the kidneys and stones. (reference.com)
the use of shock waves to break up those stones) or an endoscopic technique (the use of specialized tools to view and operate on internal organs). (msdmanuals.com)
One method delivers shock waves to the stone from outside of the body. (nih.gov)

Kidney stones have affected humans throughout history with descriptions of surgery to remove them dating from as early as 600 BCE. (wikipedia.org)
Dinesh Singh, MD, is a urologist who specializes in minimally invasive surgery for conditions such as kidney stones, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, and adrenal gland disease. (ynhh.org)
Today, "cutting for stone," otherwise known as open stone surgery, has been replaced by alternative minimally invasive techniques . (uchicago.edu)
In the United States we often take such technologies and treatment options for granted, but open stone surgery is still practiced in many parts of the world where modern technology remains limited. (uchicago.edu)
He has since developed a sub-speciality expertise in, rigid and flexible ureteroscopy with laser stone fragmentation, and percutaneous stone surgery. (nuffieldhealth.com)
Retrograde IntraRenal Surgery (RIRS) represents an achievement for endourologists and continues to evolve year after year into better management of patients with upper urinary tract diseases. (karlstorz.com)
Despite the current trend, open stone surgery is still widely practiced in developing countries. (bvsalud.org)
This report concerns the care provided to a woman at following surgery for kidney stones. (hdc.org.nz)
On 15 Month1, Mrs A presented to Hawera Hospital's Emergency Department (ED) with acute abdominal pain, and subsequently she underwent surgery for kidney stones. (hdc.org.nz)
In 1978, the first thing I did was to establish a dialysis unit for patients with kidney failure, we were getting many patients of stones with kidney failure, where we can do surgery and remove the stone, but kidney failure requires a treatment like dialysis. (huewire.com)
Along with that there was a technological explosion in stone management from open surgery to minimal invasive surgery. (huewire.com)
Having had gastric bypass surgery or having inflammatory bowel disease can increase your risk. (geisinger.org)
How Long Is a Typical Recovery After Kidney Stone Surgery? (reference.com)
Does Removal of Kidney Stones Require Surgery? (reference.com)

High dietary intake of animal protein, sodium, sugars including honey, refined sugars, fructose and high fructose corn syrup, and excessive consumption of fruit juices may increase the risk of kidney stone formation due to increased uric acid excretion and elevated urinary oxalate levels (whereas tea, coffee, wine and beer may decrease the risk). (wikipedia.org)
96.6% sensitivity, 94.9% specificity)[8] Stones which have low density such as uric acid or xanthine stones can be easily detected on CT. (biomedres.us)
Moreover, dual-energy CT, a relatively new CT modality, can differentiate uric acid stones from calcium containing stones [9]. (biomedres.us)
4,9,11 The risk for NH 4 U stone formation in dolphins may be due, in part, to a marked increase in urinary ammonium (NH4 + ), uric acid, and pH following a large fish meal, thus creating a favorable urinary environment for the precipitation of NH 4 U salt. (vin.com)
The remaining stones - those composed of uric acid, cystine, or struvite - are usually associated with systemic diseases that increase risk of recurrence and the potential for renal injury. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
The peak age of onset for idiopathic calcium stones is the third through fifth decades, while mean age of onset for cystine stones is 12 years and uric acid stones not associated with bowel disease are most likely to occur after age 50 years. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Patients with a history of gout are at risk for uric acid stones. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Stone composed of uric acid, cystine, or struvite. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Blood tests - Blood tests can tell your doctor if you have a high amount of certain substances in your blood, such as uric acid or calcium, which commonly cause kidney stones to form. (geisinger.org)
Uric acid stones. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
Some kidney stones are made of uric acid, a waste product in urine. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
About 85% of the stones are composed of calcium, and the remainder are composed of various substances, including uric acid, cystine, or struvite. (msdmanuals.com)
There are several different types of stones including: calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite (infection stones), cystine and drug related. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)

Zilberman DE, Lazarovich A, Winkler H, Kleinmann N. Practice patterns of ureteral access sheath during ureteroscopy for nephrolithiasis: a survey among endourologists worldwide. (medscape.com)
Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (kidney stone) develops in the urinary tract. (wikipedia.org)
Diseases such as nutcracker syndrome, nephrolithiasis, polycystic kidney disease, and renal thromboembolism may also cause LPHS. (columbiasurgery.org)
For example, the presence of pain for at least 6 months eliminates the possibility of kidney stone (nephrolithiasis). (columbiasurgery.org)
2021 Kidney calculi Spinal anesthesia Ureteroscopy Urolithiasis Technique Nephrolithiasis Urinary calculi URS RIRS Flexible. (karger.com)
Nephrolithiasis or kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common disorder worldwide. (jocmr.org)
Nephrolithiasis or kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common disorder estimated to affect approximately 10-12% of men and 5-6% of women in Western countries [ 1 , 2 ]. (jocmr.org)
The process of stone formation is called urolithiasis, renal lithiasis, or nephrolithiasis. (msdmanuals.com)
Individuals with PH1 are at risk for recurrent nephrolithiasis (deposition of calcium oxalate in the renal pelvis / urinary tract), nephrocalcinosis (deposition of calcium oxalate in the renal parenchyma), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). (nih.gov)

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy versus flexible ureteroscopy for the management of upper tract urinary stones in children. (medscape.com)

In relation to stone removal, no significant difference was found in terms of efficacy [Mantel-Haenszel statistic (M-H), relative risk (RR): 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96-1.07, P=0.658) or safety (M-H, RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 0.96-1.75, P=0.093) between the sufURS and the reusable flexible ureteroscope (rfURS), and no significant heterogeneity was found. (medscape.com)
During ureteroscopy , the doctor uses a ureteroscope, which is longer and thinner than a cystoscope, to see detailed images of the lining of the ureters and kidneys . (nih.gov)
All patients underwent ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy with 8.5 Fr Wolf rigid ureteroscope and Wolf 2mm probe used for stone fragmentation. (org.pk)
The specialist can then see the stone and evacuate it with a little wicker bin toward the end of a wire embedded through an additional tube in the ureteroscope. (edtreatmentindia.com)
Ureteroscopy is an examination or procedure using a ureteroscope.A ureteroscope, is an instrument for examining the inside of the urinary tract. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)
Another way to treat a stone through a ureteroscope is to extend a flexible fiber through the scope up to the stone and then, with a laser beam shone through the fiber, break the stone into smaller pieces that can then pass out of the body in the urine. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)

After these procedures, sometimes the urologist may leave a thin flexible tube, called a ureteral stent, in your urinary tract to help urine flow or a stone to pass. (nih.gov)
Though more difficult to maneuver, flexible scopes allow the urologist to inspect nearly the entirety of the inner kidney to find stones, treat them, and remove them using a variety of techniques. (uchicago.edu)
Doctors prescribe antibiotics for urinary tract infections, and some people with kidney stones require the intervention of a urologist. (facty.com)
In addition to her full-time academic responsibilities, Dr. Smith is a full-time pediatric urologist dealing with all types of pediatric illnesses, including pediatric stone disease. (urologicalinterests.org)
A urologist is a doctor who deals with diseases of these organs. (samatahospital.com)
If it's determined that you have kidney stones, your urologist will start the appropriate treatment right away. (geisinger.org)
It is important that patients are followed up by a urologist, to ensure that the stone has passed. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)

Increase in cases of renal diseases, surge in geriatric populations, and rise in demand for minimally invasive procedures & advanced renal treatment and procedures are the factors that drive the growth of the rigid uretero scopes market. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
Rigid and flexible ureteroscopy. (guysandstthomasprivatehealthcare.co.uk)
Rigid ureteroscopy. (guysandstthomasprivatehealthcare.co.uk)

To measure the plasma concentrations of ADM, ANP, and BNP and evaluate their prognostic value in uroseptic patients induced by URS, we measured the values of the three peptides in untreated patients with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) secondary to ureteral stones and compared the results with those of healthy control subjects. (hindawi.com)
Kidney stone disease in dolphins can cause significant morbidity attributed to azotemia, hematuria, renal obstruction, reduced renal function, and renal failure. (vin.com)
Equally, as the stones break down, their obstruction of the urinary tract is reduced. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Sequelae of renal loss due to undiagnosed silent obstruction may include chronic kidney disease, end stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease. (elsevierpure.com)
They practise advanced surgical techniques including those for bladder preservation and diseases of the prostate, treatment of benign inflammatory and infectious disorders, diagnosis and treatment of kidney stones, all types of voiding dysfunction (including incontinence, obstruction and reconstruction of the upper and lower urinary tract), male infertility, and impotence. (nshospital.org)
Some people are genetically prone to forming stones have underlying medical diseases that can cause them Some people are genetically prone to forming stones ,whilst others can be caused by Dehydration, infection, obstruction of urine and various kidney disorders. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)

Ordonez M, Hwang EC, Borofsky M, Bakker CJ, Gandhi S, Dahm P. Ureteral stent versus no ureteral stent for ureteroscopy in the management of renal and ureteral calculi. (medscape.com)
Although many ureteral stones pass spontaneously, some facilitated by the use of medical expulsive agents, surgical intervention for ureteral calculi remains common. (psu.edu)
Ureteric stone, Ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy, Ureteric calculi. (org.pk)
Stones (calculi) are hard masses that form in the urinary tract and may cause pain, bleeding, or an infection or block of the flow of urine. (msdmanuals.com)
[ 4 ] Approximately 80-90% of pregnant patients with urinary calculi present with symptoms during the second or third trimester, because spontaneous stone passage is more difficult at this stage of pregnancy. (medscape.com)

If hematuria is the symptom of a kidney stone, one might experience moderate to severe abdominal or flank pain. (facty.com)
Both kidney disease and cancer of the bladder or kidneys can cause hematuria. (facty.com)
If hematuria reveals cancer or another serious condition, a doctor will employ various therapies based on the type and stage of the disease. (facty.com)

Hoare DT, Wollin TA, De S, Hobart MG. Success rate of repeat flexible ureteroscopy following previous failed access: An analysis of stent duration. (medscape.com)
As the fiber-optic Flex-X was a game changer when it was released several years ago, the Flex-X c represents the new standard in actively deflectable flexible Ureteroscopy. (karlstorz.com)
The Flex X c flexible digital scope is a new endoscopic instrument that enables Endourologists to clearly see and treat various kidney disease pathologies. (karlstorz.com)
The Flex X c flexible scope utilizes a state-of-the-art distal digital camera technology that provides a clear, sharp image of patient anatomy and disease pathologies. (karlstorz.com)
Flexible ureteroscopy. (guysandstthomasprivatehealthcare.co.uk)
Flexible ureteroscopy has been held back by technologic barriers, including limited scope deflection and low laser power. (medscape.com)

Renal autotransplantation is a surgical procedure to reposition the kidney to treat various complex kidney diseases. (columbiasurgery.org)
A study of 655 uses of ureteroscopy uses found average of 21 cases per repair at ~$7521 per repair resulting in $355 repair costs per procedure and 11days out of service for repair. (uroresident.com)
In the U.S., approximately 350,000* patients per year are treated for Kidney disease with an Endourological procedure. (karlstorz.com)
Thirty percent of the children required a second surgical procedure.Conclusion: The practice in our institution is still evolving towards the standard approaches of stone treatment. (bvsalud.org)
Presence of stone after last follow-up was considered as failure of the procedure. (org.pk)
The procedure shrinks the stones to the size of sand particles, and the patient is able to leave afterward. (reference.com)
Or, you might need a procedure to break up or remove the kidney stone. (nih.gov)

As a minimally invasive surgical intervention, ureteroscopy has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of urolithiasis, urothelial tumor, and many other diseases. (medscape.com)
Ureteroscopy and stone treatment in the elderly (≥70 years): prospective outcomes over 5- years with a review of literature. (medscape.com)
When a stone causes no symptoms, no treatment is needed. (wikipedia.org)
Small kidney stones may pass through your urinary tract without treatment. (nih.gov)
Larger kidney stones or kidney stones that block your urinary tract or cause great pain may need urgent treatment. (nih.gov)
If you have a stone that won't pass on its own, you may need treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
The Panel aimed to answer three main questions regarding urolithiasis follow-up: a) In patients with no residual fragments, does imaging follow-up after treatment for upper urinary tract stones offer more clinical benefits than harms compared with no scheduled follow-up? (uroweb.org)
b) In patients with residual fragments, does imaging follow-up after treatment for upper urinary tract stones offer more clinical benefits than harms compared with no scheduled follow-up? (uroweb.org)
and c) Does biochemical urine analysis follow-up after treatment for upper urinary tract stones offer more clinical benefits than harms compared with no scheduled follow-up? (uroweb.org)
Insufficient data exist for high-risk patients, but current literature dictates that patients who are adherent to targeted medical treatment seem to experience less stone growth or re-growth of residual fragments and may be discharged after 36-48 months of non-progressive disease on imaging (Figure 5.1). (uroweb.org)
In addition, non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography can be used to determine the density of the stones which would affect treatment decisions (Table 3). (biomedres.us)
Current best practices for management of kidney stone disease in dolphins consist of a combination of hydration, diet, and treatment aimed to alkalinize the urine and reduce the risk factors associated with stone formation. (vin.com)
Analysis of factors' association with risk of postoperative urosepsis in patients undergoing ureteroscopy for treatment of stone disease. (uroresident.com)
In particular, the ancient past of lithotomy (treatment and removal of urinary stones) dates back to Mesopotamia (3200 BC) , and descriptions and treatments for urinary stone disease have been identified from ancient cultures including Hindu, Greek, and Egyptian. (uchicago.edu)
The treatment of stones, which at the time most commonly occurred in the bladder, was very dangerous, often lethal. (uchicago.edu)
Although such scopes now enable modern surgical stone treatment, they have only been routinely utilized for the past several decades. (uchicago.edu)
Ureteroscopy for treatment of ureteral stones was not performed routinely until then as well, and it was not until the late 1990's and early 2000's that ureteroscopes could routinely access and treat stones in the kidney. (uchicago.edu)
While a few randomized trials and systematic reviews have shown that both treatment modalities are acceptable choices for stones in all ureteral locations, ureteroscopy is associated with the highest stone free rates with the fewest procedures, albeit at a cost of a higher, although still low, complication rate. (psu.edu)
The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive workup of available literature on use of ureteroscopy for stone treatment during pregnancy. (qxmd.com)
Comparative analysis of the treatment of patients with ureteral stones was performed using ureteroscopy and contact ultrasound lithotripsy. (kh.ua)
This work has implications for the safe passage of ureteral access sheaths during ureteroscopic procedures and implications with regard to the need for stent placement, the development of larger size access sheaths, and the expansion of ureteroscopy to the treatment of larger stones thereby decreasing the need for percutaneous stone removal with its attendant higher morbidity. (uci.edu)
However, there have been no reports regarding treatment of this disease in children from Ethiopia so far. (bvsalud.org)
Conclusions: The cost of urolithiasis is estimated at almost $2 billion annually and it appears to be increasing with time despite a shift in inpatient to outpatient treatment and the emergence of minimally invasive treatment modalities, perhaps because the prevalence of stone disease is increasing. (arizona.edu)
3 Ureteroscopy is accepted as the treatment of choice for lower and mid ureteric stones, whereby stones are cleared intraoperatively in 80-100% of patients, often by the second post-operative day. (org.pk)
In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of RIRS in the treatment of kidney stones in different BMI levels. (trdizin.gov.tr)
Treatment for kidney stones may vary and often depends on your symptoms and the size of the stone. (geisinger.org)
To investigate the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnosis, treatment and outcome prediction in urologic diseases and evaluate its advantages over traditional models and methods. (bjuinternational.com)
Although radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy remain the preferred options for men who choose treatment for their disease, the updated guidelines state that active surveillance is now the preferred approach for men with low-risk cancers. (medscape.com)
In the present study, we investigated the KSD recurrence after the treatment of the first stone episode. (jocmr.org)
The demographic information, biochemical data, treatment methods, report of hydronephrosis severity and stone chemical compositions were collected and analyzed. (jocmr.org)
After treatment of the H. pylori infection with antibiotics, 70% of patients lost the oxalobacter , and over time there was a subsequent increase in risk of kidney stones in those treated with antibiotics. (ajkdblog.org)
Finally, most stones (64-84%) pass spontaneously with conservative treatment. (medscape.com)
MRI has limited utility in urinary stone disease, and nuclear renography is reserved for functional studies to direct treatment. (medscape.com)
Treatment of stones in pregnancy ranges from conservative management (eg, bed rest, hydration, analgesia) to more invasive measures (eg, stent placement, ureteroscopy with stone manipulation, percutaneous nephrostomy ). (medscape.com)
Knowing what the stones are made of can help guide treatment. (nih.gov)

Kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. (wikipedia.org)
A stone may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination. (wikipedia.org)
Stones form in the kidney when minerals in urine are at high concentration. (wikipedia.org)
The health care professional also may ask you to collect your urine for 24 hours after the kidney stone has passed or been removed. (nih.gov)
You are more likely to form stones if you don't make enough urine each day or have a problem with high mineral levels. (nih.gov)
Drinking enough liquids keeps your urine diluted and helps flush away minerals that might form stones. (nih.gov)
A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will diagnose a kidney stone with urine, blood, and imaging tests . (medlineplus.gov)
When a blockage of urine flow occurs because of kidney stones, the bacteria will multiply and inflame the urethra. (lataillanderie.fr)
Bladder stones may occur when urine in the bladder is concentrated. (lataillanderie.fr)
The stones may also block the flow of urine from the bladder. (lataillanderie.fr)
Acetazolamide or other carbonic anhydrase inhibitor increase the urine pH and thus increase the risk for both calcium phosphate stones and nephrocalcinosis. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Made from fermenting apples and endowed with phosphoric, citric and acetic acids, apple cider vinegar makes urine acidic and helps to dissolve most types of kidney stones quickly. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Once the stones are dissolved or their size significantly reduced, they are easily flushed out in urine. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Urine and blood tests can help with finding out the cause of the stone. (healthykidneyclub.com)
When kidney stones become too large to pass through the urinary tract, they may cause severe pain and may also block the flow of urine. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Sickle cell disease is just one type of hematologic disorder associated with blood in the urine. (facty.com)
This makes sure drainage of urine from the kidney to confirm stone fragments can pass smoothly. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
Most of the time, kidney stones form when your urine becomes highly concentrated, causing the minerals to stick together. (geisinger.org)
Concentrated urine doesn't have enough fluid to dissolve the minerals and salts, which can cause kidney stones to form. (geisinger.org)
Urine tests - Your doctor might collect a urine sample to see if you have kidney stone-forming minerals in your urine. (geisinger.org)
This test can also show if you have too few kidney stone-preventing substances in your urine. (geisinger.org)
This featured a wide variety of lesser known topics including the exposome, neglected analytes on the 24-hour urine collection, and bread and butter topics such as preventing recurrent calcium stones and urologic interventions. (ajkdblog.org)
Regardless of the type of stone, higher fluid intake increases urine volumes/flow and decreases the crystal supersaturation. (ajkdblog.org)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate), loss of bladder control, leakage of urine, pathogenic bacteria or viruses infection in urinary tract, blood in urine,erectile dysfunction, recurrent abdominal pain, kidney and ureteral stones are some of the common urological diseases. (shopdoc.in)
Usually, an imaging test and an analysis of urine are done to diagnose stones. (msdmanuals.com)
Stones are made of minerals in the urine that form crystals. (msdmanuals.com)
Struvite stones-a mixture of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate-are also called infection stones, because they form only in infected urine. (msdmanuals.com)
Stones may form because the urine becomes too saturated with salts that can form stones or because the urine lacks the normal inhibitors of stone formation. (msdmanuals.com)
For patient education information, see the Pregnancy Center , as well as Kidney Stones , Blood in the Urine , and Urinary Tract Infections . (medscape.com)
Crystals of salts found normally in the urine aggregate together and gradually enlarge in size to form stones, which may vary greatly in size. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)
Kidney stones can cause significant symptoms such as pain (colic), blood in the urine, urine infections and nausea and vomiting. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)
In case there is also urine infection, pain is not controllable, there is kidney failure or a single kidney and when the stone is very large, then it is not safe to continue with conservative management and urgent action needed as drainage of the kidney with either a hollow tube internally called a stent, or externally through the back (nephrostomy tube). (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)
The stone is broken up into fine dust that is then passed painlessly out in the urine. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)
When urine is too concentrated, minerals can build up and form stones. (nih.gov)
Lab tests look in urine for blood, signs of infection, minerals (like calcium), and stones. (nih.gov)

Outcomes of ureteroscopy for stone disease in anomalous kidneys: a systematic review. (medscape.com)
Kidney stones are small, pebble-like objects made up of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. (geisinger.org)
Kidney stones can affect any part of your urinary tract - from your kidneys to your bladder - and can happen to anyone. (geisinger.org)
Eating too much salt increases the amount of calcium your kidneys must filter, which increases your chances of developing a kidney stone. (geisinger.org)
End-stage renal disease means that your kidneys may no longer be able to keep you alive. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
Discusses chronic kidney disease (chronic renal failure), which means your kidneys don't work the way they should. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
Nephrologists are doctors who study the kidneys and any diseases that affect them. (hospitaldoctorlist.com)
Nephrologists are specially trained to treat diseases of the kidneys, including hypertension, diabetes, and renal failure. (hospitaldoctorlist.com)
The development of new second- and third-generation gadolinium contrast agents that spare the kidneys has dramatically increased the role for MRIs for patients with severe or even end-stage renal disease. (medscape.com)
In kidney stones, the microbiome impacts intestinal absorption/secretion of ingested oxalate which translates into the amount of oxalate that our kidneys have to filter. (ajkdblog.org)
When there are too many of one of these or there is too little water to dissolve they can crystallize out and turn into stones in the kidneys. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)
Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like pieces of material that form in one or both kidneys. (nih.gov)

If fluid intake alone is not effective to prevent kidney stones, the medications thiazide diuretic, citrate, or allopurinol may be suggested. (wikipedia.org)
How can I prevent kidney stones? (nih.gov)
Though water is best, other liquids such as citrus drinks may also help prevent kidney stones. (nih.gov)
Does Cranberry Juice Prevent Kidney Stones? (lataillanderie.fr)
Our urologists are dedicated to finding the cause, treating and helping you prevent kidney stones. (geisinger.org)
Offers tips for changing your diet to help prevent kidney stones. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
NIH-supported scientists are studying ways to prevent kidney stones from returning. (nih.gov)

Stones lodged at the ureterovesical junction may cause frequency and urgency, and may be mistaken for symptoms of a urinary tract infection. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Pregnancy-related events that tend to enhance stone formation include decreased ureteral peristalsis, physiological hydronephrosis, infection, and increased urinary calcium excretion. (medscape.com)

In addition to seeing patients, Dr. Singh conducts research on monitoring kidney cancer, reducing radiation exposure for patients with kidney stones, and finding predictors for patients who have kidney stones versus another diagnosis. (ynhh.org)
15 Diagnosis and quantification of kidney stones in bottlenose dolphins is best achieved using a combination of ultrasound and computed tomography (CT). (vin.com)
Dr. Chandrasekaran is an authority on renal disease diagnosis and therapy. (healthtrip.com)
The role of a renal biopsy, which has always been limited, given the ability of cross-sectional imaging to diagnosis this disease, has further been constrained and should now be performed only when the results would clearly change a clinical decision, such as whether or not the lesion in question is a metastasis. (medscape.com)

Urinary tract stones may present without colic. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)

I can't over-emphasize the importance of drinking plenty of water, because that's the most effective way of preventing kidney stone disease. (nih.gov)

If you previously had cystine stones , you may need to drink even more. (nih.gov)

Purpose: The 2012 American Urological Association (AUA) Clinical Effectiveness Protocols for Imaging in the Management of Ureteral Calculous Disease recommends routine postoperative imaging after ureteroscopy. (elsevierpure.com)
Dr. Langford's clinical experience bridges across a full range of urological pathology, including symptomatic stone disease. (urologicalinterests.org)
Mr Matthew Bultitude undertakes a wide range of general urological procedures and has a specialist interest in the medical and surgical aspects of stone disease. (guysandstthomasprivatehealthcare.co.uk)

Laser lithotripsy , predominantly via advanced ureteroscopy, has become a major technique for the minimally invasive surgical ablation of ureteral and kidney stones. (monocrom.com)

Almost all bladder stones occur in men. (lataillanderie.fr)
Bladder stones are much less common than kidney stones. (lataillanderie.fr)

Laser lithotripsy is a minimally invasive endoscopic technique (ureteroscopy) that uses a laser to fragment and remove stones from the urinary tract. (monocrom.com)

RESULT: One hundred six patients who underwent semirigid ureteroscopy were included in the study. (bvsalud.org)
Material and Methods: Files of 552 patients who underwent RIRS for renal stones between Jan- uary 2012 and December 2017 were reviewed. (trdizin.gov.tr)

He has a special interest in urinary incontinence and complex urinary reconstruction related to neurogenic bladder, renal transplantation and bladder exstrophy, as well as kidney stones and pediatric urologic oncology. (stanford.edu)

Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Centre for Chronic Disease and CKD, School of Medicine and Centre for Rare Diseases Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. (nih.gov)

The acids in the apple cider vinegar react rapidly with compounds forming stones, especially calcium and struvite stones. (healthykidneyclub.com)

Lithotripsy or ureteroscopy are two treatments for kidney stones. (facty.com)
A 2021 study in The New England Journal of Medicine showed a survival benefit for patients with high-risk disease who receive such therapies, so it's not surprising that such treatments are now recommended. (medscape.com)

that is, not caused by a systemic disease, either genetic or acquired although some are due to a familial increase in urinary calcium excretion. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Adults who pass a single kidney stone, with no other stones seen on X-ray (preferably non-contrast computed tomography [CT]), are likely to have an idiopathic calcium stone, and need only an abbreviated evaluation to rule out systemic diseases that may result in renal damage or prompt stone recurrence. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Bowel disease or resection which may increase oxalate absorption and thus increase the risk for calcium oxalate stones. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Calcium supplements may increase or decrease risk depending on whether the primary issue is hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria as calcium supplements can bind excess oxalate in the GI tract and are occasionally used to treat oxalate stones. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
The four main types of kidney stones are: Calcium stones. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
Most kidney stones are made of calcium compounds. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
Conditions that cause high calcium levels in the body, such as hyperparathyroidism, increase the risk of calcium stones. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
Includes tips for people who've had a calcium or oxalate kidney stone. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
6) Seventy nine (54.1%) patients with recurrence had stone of calcium oxalate. (jocmr.org)
Over half of recurrent stones are of calcium oxalate. (jocmr.org)
In an intro case, Dr. Goldfarb presents a scenario of a young woman with calcium oxalate stones, primary hyperoxaluria, and worked as a mail carrier. (ajkdblog.org)
75% of first-time stones are calcium oxalate, with another 18% calcium phosphate (or apatite). (ajkdblog.org)
A common misconception of patients is the very reasonable thought that "I have a calcium stone, so therefore I should eat less calcium. (ajkdblog.org)
Oral calcium is important for stone prevention, as enteric calcium binds oxalate in the gut, preventing its systemic absorption. (ajkdblog.org)
Citrate is such an inhibitor because it normally binds with calcium that is often involved in forming stones. (msdmanuals.com)
People who have a family history of stone formation are more likely to have calcium stones and to have them more often. (msdmanuals.com)
About 80% of all stones are made of calcium oxalate," Kirkali says. (nih.gov)

Prevention High-risk stone formers Urolithiasis Survey Germany Deutsche. (karger.com)
At present, urolithiasis is one of the most frequent diseases. (kh.ua)
Purpose: We quantified the burden of urolithiasis in the United States by identifying trends in the use of health care resources and estimating the economic impact of the disease. (arizona.edu)
Urolithiasis is one of the major causes of morbidity in our society as our country is located within the geographical distribution of stone disease. (org.pk)

From a pooled analysis of 5,467 stone-free patients, the Panel estimated that for a safety margin of 80%, patients should be followed-up using imaging, for at least two years (radiopaque stones), or at least three years (radiolucent stones) before discharge, while for a safety margin of 90% patients should be discharged after five years of no recurrence. (uroweb.org)
The risk for stone formation is of particular interest because of its association with prevention and recurrence. (biomedres.us)
Approximately 50% of stone formers experience recurrence of stones once in their remaining lifetime [4]. (biomedres.us)
It is also important to prevent recurrence in stone formers in their rest of life. (biomedres.us)
The most important thing is that the stone needs to be completely cleared and when that is done the chances of recurrence is much less. (huewire.com)
Majority of patients with KSD recurrence have overweight/obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia, indicating a role of metabolic disorders in stone recurrence. (jocmr.org)
The degree of hydronephrosis is significantly reduced during stone recurrence, possibly due to increased awareness of the disease and thereafter the change of lifestyle in patients. (jocmr.org)

Outcomes of ureteroscopy miniaturization on tissue damage and tissue hypoxia in a pig model. (medscape.com)
We determined rates of UAS usage across practices and associated outcomes, including 30-day emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalization, as well as stone-free rates. (nih.gov)
Using multivariate logistical regression, we determined the predictors of UAS use as well as outcomes, including stone-free rates, ED visits, and hospitalizations, associated with UAS use. (nih.gov)

A significant proportion of kidney stones are recurrent with 15% recurring within one year, 40% within 5 years and greater than 50% after 10 years. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Recurrent kidney stones are a risk factor for future chronic kidney disease although the mechanism for this is unclear. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
The one fluid to avoid is soda, which is not only a glycemic load but also increases recurrent stones due to phosphoric acid intake. (ajkdblog.org)
The remainder of affected individuals present in adulthood with recurrent renal stones and a mild-to-moderate reduction in kidney function. (nih.gov)

We analyzed all patients undergoing primary URS for renal and ureteral stones from June 2016 to July 2018 in the ROCKS registry. (nih.gov)

A cushion is placed against the patients back, and sound waves are focused onto to the stone using either ultrasound or x-rays. (georgiospapadopoulos.co.uk)

In most cases, drinking enough liquids each day is the best way to help prevent most types of kidney stones. (nih.gov)
There are different types of kidney stones. (lataillanderie.fr)

A kidney biopsy may be needed to tell the difference between primary (non-glomerular LPHS) and secondary (LPHS caused by glomerular diseases). (columbiasurgery.org)

17. Risk Factors for Postoperative Fever and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome After Ureteroscopy for Stone Disease. (nih.gov)
We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of routine postoperative imaging after ureteroscopy. (elsevierpure.com)
A decision tree was constructed to calculate the cost of a strategy of routinely imaging all patients after ureteroscopy vs selective imaging based on postoperative pain. (elsevierpure.com)
Results: The average cost per patient of a strategy of routine imaging after ureteroscopy in all patients was $5,326 vs $5,196 for a strategy of selective imaging based on postoperative pain. (elsevierpure.com)

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether urosepsis is related to irrigation pressure of ureteroscopy (URS) and evaluate the prognostic value of adrenomedullin (ADM) and atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) in URS-induced uroseptic patients. (hindawi.com)
Several clinical studies have demonstrated that ADM increases significantly in septic patients and is correlated with disease severity, which is valuable for prognosis in septic patients [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Increased plasma ANP and BNP have been identified as predictors of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis and prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure or ischemic heart disease [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
The prevalence and incidence of the disease rises worldwide and continues to be challenging for patients, physicians, and healthcare systems alike. (wikipedia.org)
There is no general agreement on whether and when stone patients should be released from their follow-up, nor when and how follow-up should occur for patients who need it. (uroweb.org)
The main reason for this lack of agreement is the great clinical heterogeneity of stone disease among patients. (uroweb.org)
The panel used the data from the eligible observational and randomised studies included in the systematic review to identify the time of patient discharge after follow-up according to stone disease status (stone-free patients, patients with residual stones, patients with metabolic abnormalities), and to come to a consensus on frequency of follow-up and use of investigations. (uroweb.org)
The information on stone composition can be used to counsel patients to set expectations and help plan the need for follow up and medical stone management [ 737 ]. (uroweb.org)
Stone composition is the basis for further management of patients. (biomedres.us)
1 ) Another study that imaged patients with US/Xray (no CT) in 268 patients who had undergone URS for ureteral stones reported 95% overall success rate with URS and ureteral symptomatic strictures were observed in 0.7% cases when imaged by US or XRAY (not CT). (uroresident.com)
All patients presenting with kidney stones should be questioned regarding the potential risks for stone formation. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Lithotripsy is well suited to patients with small kidney stones that can be easily seen by x-ray. (healthykidneyclub.com)
Conclusion: Pure N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole stones are exceptionally rare and have only been documented in a few case reports in patients receiving long term sulfonamides. (beaumont.org)
The Flex-X c is designed to provide Endourologists greater imaging and therapy capabilities for treating patients who suffer from upper urinary tract diseases. (karlstorz.com)
Ninety-six (90.6%) patients were found to have ureteric stones, while 9(8.5%) patients had a ureteric stricture. (bvsalud.org)
Ureteroscopy therapeutic interventions for stones were successful in 89 (92.7%) patients. (bvsalud.org)
He has been successfully treating our patients with urinary stones and prostate enlargement using state-of-the-art Endoscopic procedures. (samatahospital.com)
Stone- free rates, length of hospital stay, operation time and complication rates in obese patients are similar with non-obese patients. (trdizin.gov.tr)
The increased sensitivity and specificity of this modality opens the door not only for better upfront staging of newly diagnosed patients with prostate cancer but also may allow clinicians to earlier identify and treat men with metastatic disease. (medscape.com)

4mm could be offered either surveillance for up to four years, since intervention rates range between 17-29%, disease progression between 9-34% and spontaneous passage between 21-34% at 49 months. (uroweb.org)
4mm, asymptomatic fragments should be followed-up or scheduled for an intervention according to patient preference, while those with larger stones should primarily be offered re-intervention. (uroweb.org)

Among all of the above, stone fragmentation with ESWL and retrograde Ureteroscopy (URS) with lithoclast are considered the most acceptable minimal invasive procedures. (org.pk)

Newer high-powered lasers and the change from holmium:YAG-based lasers to thulium technology is greatly increasing the size of stones that can be safely addressed ureteroscopically. (medscape.com)

Stone fragmentation is primarily achieved by photothermal ablation. (monocrom.com)
In fragmentation, the ablation of the stone into multiple pieces is achieved using a high pulse energy at a low pulse rate. (monocrom.com)

A small stone may pass without causing symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms Symptoms occur when the stone irritates the lining of the bladder. (lataillanderie.fr)
However, the use of stents in association with SWL provides no advantage with regard to stone free rates or need for emergency attention, but does increase lower urinary tract symptoms. (psu.edu)
If your doctor thinks you might have kidney stones, he or she will discuss your symptoms and any medications you may take and may want to perform tests to diagnose kidney stones. (geisinger.org)
If you have a small stone and aren't experiencing a lot of symptoms, your doctor may suggest that you wait and see if the stone passes on its own. (geisinger.org)
Diabetic kidney disease usually has no symptoms in the early stages. (southernsurgicallafayette.com)
Tiny stones may cause no symptoms, but larger stones can cause excruciating pain in the area between the ribs and hips in the back. (msdmanuals.com)
Tiny stones may cause no symptoms, but larger stones. (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy1

Diseases6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Disciplines and Occupations1

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy10

Cystoscopy2

Lithotripsy and Ureteroscopy2

Urology7

PCNL3

Complications10

Ureter22

Shock11

Surgery14

Uric acid13

Nephrolithiasis9

Extracorporeal1

Ureteroscope6

Urologist7

Rigid3

Obstruction6

Calculi5

Hematuria3

Flexible6

Procedure7

Treatment35

Urine36

Kidneys12

Prevent kidney stones7

Infection2

Diagnosis4

Urinary tract stones1

Kidney stone disease1

Cystine1

Urological3

Minimally invasive surgical1

Bladder Stones2

Endoscopic technique1

Underwent2

Pediatric1

Chronic Disease1

Struvite1

Treatments2

Calcium17

Urolithiasis4

Recurrence7

Outcomes3

Recurrent4

20161

Ultrasound1

Types of kidney stones2

Biopsy1

Postoperative4

Patients19

Intervention2

ESWL1

Holmium1

Fragmentation2

Symptoms8