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GalectinsGalectin 1Galectin 2Galectin 4Molecular Sequence DataProtein BindingHemagglutininsAmino Acid SequenceBinding SitesDimerizationBase SequenceFetuinsGalactosidesLectinsProtein Structure, TertiarySequence Homology, Amino AcidModels, MolecularDNA-Binding ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsSuberitesBufonidaeCloning, MolecularProtein ConformationCarrier ProteinsLeg BonesPoriferaAdenoviruses, PorcineCrystallography, X-RayProtein MultimerizationRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSequence AlignmentCell LineLactoseTranscription FactorsKineticsProtein Structure, QuaternaryAsialoglycoproteinsEscherichia coliMolecular WeightLigandsDNADNA, ComplementaryBacterial ProteinsMutationPromoter Regions, GeneticAgrocybeRNA-Binding ProteinsEelsMacromolecular SubstancesCarbohydrate SequenceStifleRNA, MessengerProtein Structure, SecondaryCarbohydrate MetabolismElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelDNA PrimersOligosaccharidesBinding, CompetitiveNuclear ProteinsRepressor ProteinsNucleic Acid ConformationPlasmidsLaccariaMutagenesis, Site-DirectedAntigens, DifferentiationChromatography, AffinityHeLa CellsGlycoproteinsCaenorhabditis elegansBlotting, WesternStructure-Activity RelationshipCattleConserved SequenceTransfectionCarbohydratesGene Expression RegulationDisaccharidesCell MembraneAmino SugarsCells, CulturedChromatography, GelEscherichia coli ProteinsCross-Linking ReagentsGlycoconjugatesAmino Acid MotifsTranscription, GeneticCytoplasmCricetinaeTandem Repeat SequencesMembrane ProteinsRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidCircular DichroismChordataViral ProteinsSubstrate SpecificitySaccharomyces cerevisiaeSignal TransductionTwo-Hybrid System TechniquesRabbitsElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
Carbohydrate recognition domain2021GlycansExtracellular matrixLigandsTumor2023ReceptorsIsoformsInteractionsMembrane boundPeptideComplexesAminoIntracellularGlycoproteinTandemRegulatesLactoseMechanismsInducesRecognitionLinkerAntibodiesChainsTerminalMoleculesInflammationHumansCytokinesGlycosylationSpeciesCellularConsecutiveLigandTypeApoptosisAmyloidSusceptibilityVivoDomainSequence2020OrgansImmuneImmunityFoundEnzymesHydrogenExpressionTissue2022
Carbohydrate recognition domain3
  • The galectin carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) is constructed from beta-sheet of about 135 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The strength of ligand binding is determined by a number of factors: The multivalency of both of ligand and the galectin, the length of the carbohydrate and the mode of presentation of ligand to carbohydrate recognition domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • They cannot bind to other sugars such as mannose because this sugar will not fit inside the carbohydrate recognition domain without steric hindrance. (wikipedia.org)
20216
Glycans5
  • Galectins essentially bind to glycans featuring galactose and its derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
  • Although lectins were already known because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, 3 the involvement of lectins and glycans in PCD had not been elucidated. (nature.com)
  • 10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
Extracellular matrix3
  • It binds to adhesion proteins such as integrins and blocks further binding to other cells or the extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
  • When concentrations of galectin-3 are high it forms large complexes that assist in adhesion by bridging between cells or cells and the extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such biological functions depend on their lectinic properties (recognition of N-acetyllactosamine sequences displayed on the cell surface, in the extracellular matrix, or intracellular glycoconjugates) ( Table 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
Ligands2
  • This allows galectin-3 to bridge effectively between different ligands and form adhesive networks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we review the interactions of metabolism, galectins and glycoprotein ligands as well as the utility of this model to predict and treat inflammation and autoimmunity. (gr.jp)
Tumor3
  • Patients are mostly young and late diagnosis, which means thicker tumors (thicker than 1 mm, or Breslow index ≥1 mm: the Breslow index is the measurement in mm of the vertical thickness of the primary tumor) and/or involvement of regional lymph nodes, causes a greater risk of developing a disseminated disease. (hindawi.com)
  • In the case of melanoma, circulating cells may find a suitable microenvironment in the first draining lymph node, known as the sentinel lymph node, in other lymphnodes or in distant organs, leading to secondary tumor growth (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Tumor-Derived Galectins" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14140 (accessed December 10, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
20236
Receptors2
  • The galectin lattice (i) regulates flow of receptors and solute transporters to coated-pit endocytosis and/or caveolin domains, and (ii) promotes turnover of cell-cell contacts such as immune synapses and focal adhesion complexes. (gr.jp)
  • The apoptotic response of cells can be induced by the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathway, the former being mediated by the mitochondria and the latter activated by ligand stimulation of death receptors at the cell surface [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Isoforms2
  • Many isoforms of galectins have been found due to different splicing variants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Galectin-9 has three different isoforms which differ in the length of the linker region. (wikipedia.org)
Interactions5
  • This is because more Van der Waals interactions can occur between sugar and binding pocket. (wikipedia.org)
  • Crystallisation experiments of galectins in complex with N-acetyllactosamine show that binding arises due to hydrogen bonding interactions from the carbon-4 and carbon-6 hydroxyl groups of galactose and carbon-3 of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to the side chains of amino acids in the protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Besides, and studied to a lesser extent, they also depend on non-lectinic properties mediated by interactions of galectins with nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and complex biomolecules (reviewed in [ 4 ], Table 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The mission of the Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions (PCHPI) is to understand HIV maturation and the early cellular events of HIV infection by characterizing HIV-host cell protein interactions/complexes at a high-resolution, molecular level. (pitt.edu)
  • Current projects are focused on CA and capsid interactions, proteins involved in trafficking and nuclear import, retroviral intasome structure, and analyses of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex. (pitt.edu)
Membrane bound1
  • Unlike the majority of lectins they are not membrane bound, but soluble proteins with both intra- and extracellular functions. (wikipedia.org)
Peptide5
  • Although many galectins must be secreted, they do not have a typical signal peptide required for classical secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Zn(2+) complexes with the peptide fragment BDNF(1-12) encompassing the sequence 1-12 of the N-terminal domain of BDNF were studied by means of potentiometry, electrospray mass spectrometry, NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) approaches. (cnr.it)
  • The coordination features of the acetylated form [AcBDNF(1-12)] and of a single mutated peptide [BDNF(1-12)D3N] were also characterized, highlighting the role of the imidazole side chain as the first anchoring site and ruling out the direct involvement of the aspartate residue in the metal binding. (cnr.it)
  • Zn(2+) addition to the cell culture medium induces an increase in the proliferative activity of the BDNF(1-12) peptide and of the whole protein on the SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. (cnr.it)
  • The effect of Zn(2+) is opposite to that previously observed for Cu(2+) addition, which determines a decrease in the proliferative activity for both peptide and protein, suggesting that these metals might discriminate and modulate differently the activity of BDNF. (cnr.it)
Complexes3
  • Galectin-3 can exist in monomeric form or can associate via the non-lectin domain into multivalent complexes up to a pentameric form. (wikipedia.org)
  • In complexes, the other enzymes affect cleaved CBF1( or RBPJkappa), while in channels they are required Lag-1, immediately that the m ' CSL ' demonstrates separated been to this produced feature experience breast. (evakoch.com)
  • The galectin lattice is a multi-valent interaction of galectins with glycoproteins at the cell surface that displays rapid exchange of binding partners with properties of liquid-liquid phase transitions, thereby acting as an intermediary between freely diffusing glycoproteins and stable complexes in the membrane. (gr.jp)
Amino3
  • Mutations and polymorphisms in the PRNP gene can alter PrPC amino acid sequence, leading to a change in transmission efficiency depending on the place where it occurs. (bvsalud.org)
  • The MUC16CTD anchors the protein at the cell surface and consists of a 229 amino acid extracellular region containing a potential proteolytic cleavage site, a 23 residue transmembrane domain, and a 31 amino acid cytoplasmic tail. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The predominant Zn(2+) complex species, at physiological pH, is [ZnL] in which the metal ion is bound to an amino, an imidazole, and two water molecules (NH2, N(Im), and 2O(water)) in a tetrahedral environment. (cnr.it)
Intracellular1
  • What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)
Glycoprotein1
  • Metabolic regulation of UDP-GlcNAc supply to Golgi N-glycan remodeling regulates glycoprotein affinities for galectins -and in turn, trafficking and presentation at the cell surface. (gr.jp)
Tandem3
  • There are three different forms of galectin structure: dimeric, tandem or chimera. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tandem galectins contain at least two distinct carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) within one polypeptide, thus are considered intrinsically divalent. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, Galectin-8 has seven different mRNAs encoding for both tandem and dimeric forms. (wikipedia.org)
Regulates1
  • The cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (cFLIP) regulates both recruitment and processing of pro-caspase-8 within the DISC [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Lactose1
  • However, physiologically, they are likely to require lactose or N-acetyllactosamine for significantly strong binding. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms1
  • These findings indicate that MUC16 protects EOC cells against TRAIL-induced apoptosis through multiple mechanisms including the blockade of TRAIL R2 expression and the regulation of cFLIP expression at both the transcriptional and the protein level. (biomedcentral.com)
Induces1
  • Pro-caspase-8 activation can directly result in cleavage of caspase-3 to execute apoptosis (type I cells) or cleave Bid to produce a truncated form (tBid), which induces the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria leading to caspase-9 and subsequent caspase-3 activation (type II cells) as it is the case for EOC cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Recognition2
  • At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
  • 2022) Recognition of HIV-1 capsid by PQBP1 licenses an innate immune sensing of nascent HIV-1 DNA . (pitt.edu)
Linker1
  • Zhang C, Guo C, Russell RW, Quinn CM, Li M, Williams JC, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Magic-angle-spinning NMR structure of the kinesin-1 motor domain assembled with microtubules reveals the elusive neck linker orientation . (pitt.edu)
Antibodies2
  • To identify PrPSc aggregates for diagnostic purposes, pathologists use immunohistochemical staining of prion protein antibodies on tissue samples. (bvsalud.org)
  • Samples are mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies (Step 1) and then incubated with the array membrane which is spotted in duplicate with capture antibodies to specific target proteins (Step 2) . (rndsystems.com)
Chains1
  • For example, galectin-9 binds to polylactosamine chains with stronger affinity than to an N-acetyllactosamine monomer. (wikipedia.org)
Terminal2
  • Due to the nature of the binding pocket, galectins can bind terminal sugars or internal sugars within a glycan. (wikipedia.org)
  • The N-terminal domain of BDNF is crucial for the binding selectivity and activation of its specific TrkB receptor. (cnr.it)
Molecules1
Inflammation1
  • Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Humans1
  • In humans, the immune system is constituted by approximately 10 13 T lymphocytes at a given time [ 1 ]. (encyclopedia.pub)
Cytokines1
  • Simultaneously detect the levels of these cytokines, chemokines, and acute phase proteins in a single sample. (rndsystems.com)
Glycosylation1
  • Galectins are a class of proteins that bind specifically to β-galactoside sugars, such as N-acetyllactosamine (Galβ1-3GlcNAc or Galβ1-4GlcNAc), which can be bound to proteins by either N-linked or O-linked glycosylation. (wikipedia.org)
Species1
  • By exploring the quaternary structure dynamicity of several prion strains, we revealed that all mammalian prion assemblies exhibit the generic property of spontaneously generating two sets of discreet infectious tetrameric and dimeric species differing significantly by their specific infectivity. (bvsalud.org)
Cellular2
  • Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in which the main pathogenic event is the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal and misfolded isoform known as PrPSc. (bvsalud.org)
  • These types of final results underscore the opportunity of Selleck Androgen Receptor Antagonist combining minimal doses associated with aspirin using sorafenib to slow down spreading along with concentrate on the anti-apoptotic proteins Switch as well as Mcl-1 inside cancer of the colon cellular material. (inhibitorkit.com)
Consecutive1
  • There have been about 15 galectins discovered in mammals, encoded by the LGALS genes, which are numbered in a consecutive manner. (wikipedia.org)
Ligand1
  • The concave side forms a groove in which the carbohydrate ligand can bind, and which is long enough to hold about a linear tetrasaccharide. (wikipedia.org)
Type4
  • They are also termed S-type lectins due to their dependency on disulphide bonds for stability and carbohydrate binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • The type of galectin-8 that is expressed is dependent on the tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carbohydrate binding is calcium independent, unlike C-type lectins. (wikipedia.org)
  • KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase type III, which binds to stem cell factor. (inhibitorkit.com)
Apoptosis2
Amyloid1
  • 14) strand proteins in gene-internal of FGFR3 and capable sunshine amyloid or proteotoxic cell increasing( Otsuki, 1999). (evakoch.com)
Susceptibility1
  • Most prion diseases and their susceptibility and pathogenesis are mainly modulated by the PRNP gene that codes for PrP. (bvsalud.org)
Vivo2
  • An in Vivo Tagging Method Reveals that Ras Undergoes Sustained Activation upon Transglutaminase-Mediated Protein Serotonylation. (sinica.edu.tw)
  • In Vivo tagging and characterization of s-glutathionylated proteins by a chemoenzymatic method. (sinica.edu.tw)
Domain7
  • Galectin-3 has one CRD and a long non-lectin domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • the E-value for the IG domain shown below is 3.16e-1. (embl.de)
  • Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing IG domain. (embl.de)
  • The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with IG domain is also avaliable . (embl.de)
  • Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing IG domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl.de)
  • the E-value for the IG domain shown below is 1.28e-1. (embl.de)
  • Xi Z, Ilina TV, Guerrero M, Fan L, Sluis-Cremer N, Wang YX, Ishima R. (2022) Relative domain orientation of the L289K HIV-1 reverse transcriptase monomer . (pitt.edu)
Sequence1
  • Immunoglobulin-like domains that are related in both sequence and structure can be found in several diverse protein families. (embl.de)
20201
  • ont permis la publication de plus de 370 articles et monographies, dont une 44 en 2020. (u-paris.fr)
Organs1
  • Although we only have a partial understanding of this subject, an extensive compendium of the literature supports galectins as being prominent actors in the regulation of immune homeostasis in both central and peripheral organs (as discussed below). (encyclopedia.pub)
Immune3
  • The galectins' interactors and their impact on cancer immune escape. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The mammalian immune system evolved to protect our bodies from foreign pathogens and intrinsic aberrant malignancies while concurrently preventing deleterious immune responses toward self ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Immune tolerance co-evolved as a safety system that maintains a state of immune unresponsiveness to autoantigens and self-tissues ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Immunity1
  • Most proteins are reoxidized by RNA Reconstitution II, ultimately a similar factors are as RNA immunity III engineers with promoting vital regions. (evakoch.com)
Found2
  • Galectin-5 and -6 are found in rodents, whereas galectin-11 and -15 are uniquely found in sheep and goats. (wikipedia.org)
  • The final galectin is galectin-3 which is the only galectin found in the chimera category in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes1
  • RNA enzymes may observe from also translocated proteins, they may phosphorylate suggested in proteins with delayed strategies, or they may outline known in membranes of factor factors. (evakoch.com)
Hydrogen1
  • DFT-based geometry optimization of the zinc coordination environment showed a hydrogen bond between the carboxylate and a water molecule bound to zinc in [ZnL]. (cnr.it)
Expression2
  • This could potentially be extended to evaluate protein expression in other neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using immunohistochemistry, all of us learned that Mcl-1 appearance has been drastically increased throughout digestive tract adenoma and also carcinoma affected individual materials in comparison with healthy colonic epithelium, like the superior Switch expression we all lately affecting cancer of the colon. (inhibitorkit.com)
Tissue1
20221