• They may manifest as sporadic tumors or as part of certain syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may be functional or nonfunctional. (medscape.com)
  • Although nonfunctional islet cell tumors are not uncommon at autopsy, most islet cell tumors with clinical manifestations are functional. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatic islet cell tumors may secrete 2 or more polypeptide hormones. (medscape.com)
  • Islet cell tumors in this group are often multiple and malignant. (medscape.com)
  • Overall, the age-adjusted incidence of neuroendocrine tumors increased sixfold from 1973 (1.09 per 100,000) to 2012 ((6.98 per 100,000), possibly because of increased early detection. (medscape.com)
  • This article reviews the role of imaging in the management of islet cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • No universally agreed-upon algorithm exists in the radiologic investigation of pancratic neuroendocrine (islet cell) tumors of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence has shown that endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be used to accurately diagnose and localize primary endocrine tumors of the pancreas, especially insulinomas and gastrinomas. (medscape.com)
  • These types of prostate cancer comprise true neuroendocrine cancers, such as small cell carcinoma, carcinoid and carcinoid-like tumors, as well as prostatic adenocarcinoma exhibiting focal neuroendocrine phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine. (medscape.com)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • In 1928, Masson established characterization of carcinoids as argentaffin cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • Methods of analysis of tumors of the DNS are also presented because some of these techniques are indispensable for the diagnosis of many neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Clinical features of the syndrome depend on tumor cell type. (medscape.com)
  • Chromogranin A, which is the most abundant product of prostatic neuroendocrine cells and neuroendocrine tumor cells, is widely recognized as a reliable marker for neuroendocrine differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most frequently encountered products in neuroendocrine tumor cells across prostate cancer samples appear to be calcitonin (in more than one third of cases), neurotensin, serotonin, human chorionic gonadotropin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroendocrine tumor cells express cytokeratins that are typically expressed by luminal secretory type cells, but lack basal cell markers such as high molecular weight cytokeratin and p63. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, adjacent non-neuroendocrine tumor cells appear to display an increased expression of Ki-67. (wikipedia.org)
  • As opposed to their normal neuroendocrine counterparts, tumor neuroendocrine cells express the beta-oxidative enzyme alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, which is a recently described marker for prostate cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • As opposed to the focal type of neuroendocrine differentiation seen in prostatic adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma of the prostate, in turn, exhibit a universal type in that virtually all the constituent tumor cells display neuroendocrine features. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the term carcinoid tumor has been broadly used to refer to many neoplasms derived from the DNS ( 9 ), this term is being replaced by neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Prostatic neuroendocrine cells, also known as endocrine-paracrine cells, are part of a larger regulatory cell population scattered throughout the whole organism, collectively known as diffuse neuroendocrine system or APUD cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulatory cues might come through endocrine, paracrine (from neighboring neuroendocrine cells), autocrine or neurocrine routes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paracrine regulation refers to the production of amines and hormones by cells that exert a local effect on the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The production of somatostatin by the pancreatic islets, which regulates insulin and glucagon production in neighboring islet cells, is an example of paracrine regulation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Feyrter ( 2 ) considered the clear cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be peripheral endocrine or paracrine cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The immunohistochemical phenotype of focal neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer has been intensively studied. (wikipedia.org)
  • Islet cells commonly are referred to as APUD cells, a name derived from their high amine content and capacity for amine precursor uptake with decarboxylation. (medscape.com)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Amine storage and function in peptide hormone-producing cells. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Trk-like (A-B-C) proteins which are secreted by the cells making up the sub-population of the endocrine cells carry out the neurotrophin synthesis, amine and/or peptide storage as well as the regulation of the blood circulation of the gastrointestinal tract. (fusabil.org)
  • Immunohistochemically, prostatic small cell carcinoma are positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), CD56, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, calcitonin and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide, while lacking, or rarely and weakly expressing, androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The existence of endocrine cells has been immunohistochemically demonstrated in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa of different fish species 8 - 18 . (fusabil.org)
  • Pancreatic islet cells are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system of the gut and pancreatic endocrine system. (medscape.com)
  • Endocrine function of bombesin regulates the secretion of gastric acid and its motility. (fusabil.org)
  • Two morphologic types have been described: the open type, extending slender apical processes to the ductal or acinar lumen, and the closed type cells, which lack lumenal protrusions but display dendrite-like processes that extend between adjacent epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are thought to arise from a different precursor than other epithelial prostatic cells, possibly through a neurogenic lineage of their own, which is therefore distinct from the secretory and basal cells that derive from urogenital sinus. (wikipedia.org)
  • and (b) those of epithelial type, which include neuroendocrine neoplasms from many sites. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Neurotensin regulates several biological processes, such as intestinal motility, secretion, vascular smooth muscle activity, and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, but recent evidence indicates that in neurotensin there is also a potent neuroimmunomodulator 24 . (fusabil.org)
  • The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Many broad-spectrum IHC markers are available to aid in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The DNS consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs ( Table 11.1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Gastrointestinal endocrine cells are distributed in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and they synthesize various kinds of gastrointestinal hormones. (fusabil.org)
  • Dopamine and the regulation of cell proliferation in gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) pyloric mucosa. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • C. Wegner, G. Teuchert-Noodt, and R.R. Dawirs, "Demonstration of dopamine immunoreactivity in open and closed type endocrine cells of gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) stomach", LIFE SCIENCES , vol. 59, 1996, pp. 1407-1413. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The first part outlines the neuroendocrine system and presents an overview of the diffuse or dispersed neuroendocrine system (DNS) to help the general surgical pathologist gain a panoramic view of this complex system. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Neurotensin is a tridecapeptide widely distributed in the nervous system and intestine. (fusabil.org)
  • Neuroendocrine differentiation is a term primarily used in relation to prostate cancers that display a significant neuroendocrine cell population on histopathological examination. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most heavily studied aspect of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer (but not the only one, as mentioned above) is the focal type, which refers to a conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma that exhibits neuroendocrine foci at histopathological examination. (wikipedia.org)
  • The open type cells may in addition receive regulatory signals from luminal molecules The developmental origin of these cells is as yet unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Dopaminergic cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat: light and electron microscopic study using an antibody against dopamine. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • These cells share the ability to produce many biologically active amines, peptides, and other substances. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • High risk of acute pulmonary toxicity with both myeloablative and non-myeloablative total body irradiation-based conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system. (lookformedical.com)
  • Absence of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in some catecholamine-containing sympathetic ganglion cells of the dog: evidence for dopaminergic autonomic neurones. (uni-bielefeld.de)