AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
PorphyrinsOncogenesCell DifferentiationCells, CulturedCell Transformation, NeoplasticCell LineSignal TransductionTranscription FactorsStem CellsGenes, rasCell DivisionGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalRNA, MessengerGene Expression RegulationCell ProliferationSex DifferentiationCell LineageEmbryonic Stem CellsMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceDNA-Binding ProteinsTretinoinTransfectionGene ExpressionPhenotypeReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionProto-OncogenesMice, TransgenicTranscription, GeneticGenes, mycHomeodomain ProteinsProto-Oncogene ProteinsTumor Cells, CulturedMutationMice, Inbred C57BLImmunohistochemistryGene Expression ProfilingOsteogenesisGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticMice, KnockoutOsteoblastsAntigens, DifferentiationRepressor ProteinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-mycPromoter Regions, GeneticKeratinocytesApoptosisMesenchymal Stromal CellsAdipogenesisTrans-ActivatorsHematopoietic Stem CellsCell CycleEmbryo, MammalianDown-RegulationNuclear ProteinsCell Line, TumorCell Culture TechniquesBlotting, WesternModels, BiologicalMyoblastsCell Line, TransformedOncogene Proteins, ViralBone Marrow CellsIn Situ HybridizationNeuronsFlow CytometryMuscle DevelopmentBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsFibroblasts3T3 CellsAdipocytesTime FactorsMicroRNAsAmino Acid SequenceOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisEpithelial CellsLeukemia, Erythroblastic, AcuteUp-RegulationHL-60 CellsDNA PrimersEpidermisDimethyl SulfoxideCell SurvivalGenes, Tumor SuppressorRetroviridaePolymerase Chain ReactionPapillomavirus E7 ProteinsNeoplasm ProteinsChick EmbryoNeoplasmsBone Morphogenetic ProteinsOncogene Protein p55(v-myc)PhosphorylationOncogene ProteinsMyoD ProteinBlotting, NorthernMembrane ProteinsReceptors, NotchOncogene Protein p21(ras)Cell Transformation, Viral
GenesMutationsProteinEncodesCellularProliferationInhibitionEpithelialMutationRobert WeinbergRetroviralApoptosisRegulateTumorsProteins encodedInduceProliferateHematopoieticMyeloidRegulationMigrationNeuroendocrineBreakpointCarcinogenesisTumourSarcomaAbnormalVivoReceptorProgenitor cellsFactorMetastasisCell growthHumansActivationPathwaysCellsCancersRoleExpression is essentialDevelopmentTermFunctionHighlyPotential to cause
Genes14
  • Most oncogenes began as proto-oncogenes: normal genes involved in cell growth and proliferation or inhibition of apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Usually multiple oncogenes, along with mutated apoptotic or tumor suppressor genes will all act in concert to cause cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oncogenes are a physically and functionally diverse set of genes, and as a result, their protein products have pleiotropic effects on a variety of intricate regulatory cascades within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The MYC proto-oncogene ( MYC ) is one of the most frequently overexpressed genes in breast cancer that drives cancer stem cell-like traits, resulting in aggressive disease progression and poor prognosis. (nature.com)
  • Tumor initiation and progression often involve the dysregulation of developmentally important genes in cancer cells, endowing them with stem cell-like features such as enhanced self-renewal, invasiveness, and an aberrant differentiation state [ 1 ]. (nature.com)
  • Oncogenes are mutated genes that play a role in cancer formation. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Everyone has genes that are known as protooncogenes when they are not altered. (alliedacademies.org)
  • When protooncogenes are altered or amplification occurs as a result of DNA damage (such as carcinogen exposure), the proteins produced by these genes might affect the cell's development, proliferation, and survival, potentially leading to the creation of a malignant tumour. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Proto-oncogenes are regular genes in our bodies that assist regulate cell division, growth, and even death rates. (alliedacademies.org)
  • To begin with, mutations are important in transforming proto oncogenes to oncogenes and inactivating tumour suppressor genes. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The discovery that oncogenes are mutated forms of normal cell genes (proto-oncogenes) drew attention to proto-oncogenes' roles in normal cells and the nature of the molecular changes that turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes [ 2 , 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Completely unregulated expression of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes has been studied extensively in tumour growth for centuries. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Ep-CAM functions as a homotypic calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule, and has a direct impact on cell cycle, proliferation and metabolism of epithelial cells and fibroblasts due to its ability to rapidly induce the proto-oncogene c-myc and the cell cycle regulating genes cyclin A and E. Ep-CAM mediates Ca2+-independent homotypic interactions. (thermofisher.com)
  • The BRAF gene belongs to a class of genes known as oncogenes. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations1
  • A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. (wikipedia.org)
Protein8
Encodes1
Cellular4
  • Bishop and Varmus were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989 for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Translation factors control the translation of all proteins including those vital for cell growth and differentiation as well as those involved in cellular response to chemical toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
  • The cellular sarcoma gene (SRC) is a proto-oncogene encoding for a tyrosine kinase. (jcancer.org)
Proliferation4
Inhibition1
  • Overexpression of FLI1 in erythroblasts causes inhibition of differentiation and ultimately the development of pre-T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Epithelial3
  • Results In IPF, the bronchiolised and enlarged distal airspaces stained for SOX2 are consistent with epithelial differentiation characteristic of conducting airway epithelium. (bmj.com)
  • Activation of abnormal respiratory epithelial differentiation programs may contribute to the expression of MUC5B and bronchiolisation of the distal lung, a salient feature of IPF. (bmj.com)
  • Formation of Ep-CAM-mediated adhesions have a negative regulatory effect on adhesions mediated by classic cadherins, which may have strong effects on the differentiation and growth of epithelial cells. (thermofisher.com)
Mutation3
  • Upon acquiring an activating mutation, a proto-oncogene becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF V600E ) gene mutation has been identified in a variety of malignancies, but no evidence of the efficacy of vemurafenib treatment in BRAF V600E mutant breast cancer (BC) has been reported. (karger.com)
  • A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become a oncogene, either after mutation or increased expression. (mcqsonline.net)
Robert Weinberg2
  • Dr. Robert Weinberg is credited with discovering the first identified human oncogene in a human bladder cancer cell line. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first oncogene was discovered in 1982 by Robert Weinberg, a founding member of Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and professor of biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (mcqsonline.net)
Retroviral1
  • Third, reverse transcription is responsible for the insertion of oncogenes into retroviral genomes as well as some proto-oncogene and tumour suppressor gene alterations in non-virus induced cancers. (alliedacademies.org)
Apoptosis1
Regulate3
  • Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate the cell growth and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the metabolic pathways that regulate NE differentiation (NED) in PCa remain unclear. (duke.edu)
  • Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
Tumors3
  • The theory of oncogenes was foreshadowed by the German biologist Theodor Boveri in his 1914 book Zur Frage der Entstehung Maligner Tumoren (Concerning the Origin of Malignant Tumors) in which he predicted the existence of oncogenes (Teilungsfoerdernde Chromosomen) that become amplified (im permanenten Übergewicht) during tumor development. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the activation of this proto-oncogene in tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tumors form often when oncogenic expression is induced by tissue-specific promoters in genetically modified mouse models, but they regress when the inducing stimulus is turned off, implying that oncogenes are cancer's Achilles' heel (allowing the body to target the disease). (alliedacademies.org)
Proteins encoded1
Induce1
  • Being able to induce this differentiation by not leaving it to chance would be a therapeutic challage and could categorically change the prognosis of neuroblastomas. (lupinepublishers.com)
Proliferate1
  • Unlike iPS cells, undifferentiated FReP cells proliferate slowly and express low proto-oncogene c-MYC and unexpectedly high levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15(Ink4B) and p21(WAF1/Cip1). (ca.gov)
Hematopoietic2
  • The proto-oncogene SKI is highly expressed in human myeloid leukemia and also in murine hematopoietic stem cells. (edu.au)
  • Accordingly, enforced expression of SKI induced a gene signature associated with hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid differentiation, as well as hepatocyte growth factor signaling. (edu.au)
Myeloid3
  • Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. (mcw.edu)
  • We have over-expressed SKI to define its intrinsic role in hematopoiesis and myeloid neoplasms, which resulted in a robust competitive advantage upon transplantation, a complete dominance of the stem and progenitor compartments, and a marked enhancement of myeloid differentiation at the expense of other lineages. (edu.au)
  • The natural history of CML has a triphasic clinical course comprising of an initial chronic phase (CP), which is characterized by expansion of functionally normal myeloid cells, followed by an accelerated phase (AP) and finally a more aggressive blast phase (BP), with loss of terminal differentiation capacity. (genome.jp)
Regulation1
  • Oncogenes play an important role in the regulation or synthesis of proteins linked to tumorigenic cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
Migration1
  • Global transcriptome and chromatin occupancy analyses of ZNF148 revealed a central role in inhibiting cancer cell de-differentiation and migration. (nature.com)
Neuroendocrine1
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Targeting PKLR/MYCN/ROMO1 signaling suppresses neuroendocrine differentiation of castration-resistant prostate cancer. (duke.edu)
Breakpoint1
  • The Ph chromosome is the result of a molecular rearrangement between the c-ABL proto-oncogene on chromosome 9 and the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22. (genome.jp)
Carcinogenesis2
  • Oncogene expression and their possible function in immune cell abnormalities during carcinogenesis and tumour growth, however, have not even been adequately investigated [ 4 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • In general, oncogene function during multistep carcinogenesis is thought to be based on a growth advantage afforded by the proto-oncogene product's altered function. (alliedacademies.org)
Tumour2
  • However, the tumour cells have undergone hypermutation, 21 23 a feature of the GC reaction during B-cell activation and differentiation. (bmj.com)
  • Despite the fact that proto-oncogenes are expressed in all cells, including immune cells, abnormalities in proto-oncogenes have been thoroughly characterised and analysed mostly in tumour cells. (alliedacademies.org)
Sarcoma1
  • The first confirmed oncogene was discovered in 1970 and was termed SRC (pronounced "sarc" as it is short for sarcoma). (wikipedia.org)
Abnormal2
  • Abnormal differentiation of the respiratory epithelium is a feature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). (bmj.com)
  • The best evidence suggests that most are due to abnormal differentiation of fetal germ cells that arise from the fetal yolk sac. (medscape.com)
Vivo1
  • Since FMOD reprogramming clearly involves neither oncogenes nor genome integrative approaches and FReP cells do not generate teratoma in vivo, FMOD reprogramming fulfills the requirements of the FDA to produce safe multipotent cells without known undesirable side effects. (ca.gov)
Receptor1
  • This family, which includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a pivotal role in normal cell growth, lineage determination, repair, and functional differentiation. (medscape.com)
Progenitor cells2
  • Developmentally, it is well established that expression of the ID members is strongest in stem/progenitor cells, while their levels decrease upon differentiation. (nature.com)
  • In-vitro studies with isolated SA progenitor cells had suggested that chromaffin cell differentiation depends crucially on glucocorticoids provided by adrenal cortical cells. (silverchair.com)
Factor3
  • The MYC proto-oncogene is a transcription factor essential in stem/progenitor cell maintenance and differentiation [ 11 ]. (nature.com)
  • Methods Pathways governing airway mucus cell differentiation include SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), Notch, forkhead box A3(FOXA3)/SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the EGF-related neuregulins NRG1α and NRG1β. (bmj.com)
  • Previously, we have identified, cloned, and characterized translation initiation factor 3 (TIF3) and translation elongation factor-1delta (TEF-1delta) as two novel cadmium -responsive proto-oncogenes. (cdc.gov)
Metastasis2
  • In patients with breast cancer, expression of FLI1 is strongly correlated with advanced stage, poor differentiation, and lymph node metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)
Cell growth1
  • The role of proto-oncogenes in normal cell growth and differentiation, as well as the idea that oncogene proteins could be used as new targets for cancer chemotherapy, are both current research topics that are direct outgrowths of Howard's important contributions to cancer research. (alliedacademies.org)
Humans1
  • In 1976, Drs. Dominique Stéhelin [fr], J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus of the University of California, San Francisco demonstrated that oncogenes were activated proto-oncogenes as is found in many organisms, including humans. (wikipedia.org)
Activation2
  • Dr. Barbacid spent the following months extending his research, eventually discovering that the oncogene was a mutated allele of HRAS and characterizing its activation mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon activation, it (or its product) becomes a tumor inducing agent, an oncogene. (mcqsonline.net)
Pathways1
  • In this work, pathways governing mucus cell differentiation were investigated in lung tissues from patients with IPF and other chronic pulmonary disorders. (bmj.com)
Cells6
  • The authors sought to identify mechanisms driving the differentiation of mucus cells during the bronchiolisation process. (bmj.com)
  • Role of Otx2 in Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs): Otx2 is an intrinsic determinant required to maintain the ESC metastable state by antagonizing ground state pluripotency and promoting commitment to differentiation. (cnr.it)
  • Some breast cancer and ovarian cancer cells include the HER2 oncogene. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The nature of disease (indolent vs. aggressive) is correlated to the stage of lymphocytic differentiation of the malignant cells. (oncolink.org)
  • Remarkably, in a fashion reminiscent of quiescent stem cells, the slow replicative phenotype of undifferentiated FReP cells reverses after differentiation induction, with differentiating FReP cells proliferating faster and expressing less p15(Ink4B) and p21(WAF1/Cip1) than differentiating iPS cells. (ca.gov)
  • When mutated, oncogenes have the potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous. (medlineplus.gov)
Cancers1
  • Second, both strongly transforming retroviruses and non-virus induced malignancies, including human cancers, contain comparable oncogenes. (alliedacademies.org)
Role1
  • Considering the different effects of ambra1a and ambra1b on sexual differentiation, we decided to investigate the role of Ambra1 in this process. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression is essential1
  • All of this research has demonstrated that oncogene expression is essential not just for cancer development but also for disease maintenance, keeping oncogenes in the spotlight as important anti-cancer treatment targets. (alliedacademies.org)
Development1
  • Some oncogenes, usually involved in early stages of cancer development, increase the chance that a normal cell develops into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer. (mcqsonline.net)
Term1
  • Later on, the term "oncogene" was rediscovered in 1969 by National Cancer Institute scientists George Todaro and Robert Huebner. (wikipedia.org)
Function2
  • More information about the Philadelphia Chromosome below) The proto-oncogene can become an oncogene by a relatively small modification of its original function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many efforts have been undertaken to understand the causal function of activated oncogenes in cancer formation since their discovery in human tumours. (alliedacademies.org)
Highly1
  • Sequences of the Myc oncogene have been highly conserved throughout evolution, from Drosophila to vertebrates. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Potential to cause1
  • An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. (wikipedia.org)