AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
ChromosomesChromosome MappingCell DifferentiationChromosome BandingX ChromosomeChromosome AberrationsSex ChromosomesChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, HumanChromosomes, BacterialChromosome SegregationChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, PlantChromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, MammalianChromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Molecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Human, YChromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosome DisordersChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, XKaryotypingChromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosome PaintingBase SequenceChromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15In Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18Cells, CulturedChromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, 13-15Genetic LinkagePhenotypeChromosome BreakageGenetic MarkersCell LineChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YTranscription FactorsRing ChromosomesGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalChromosome InversionStem CellsChromosome PositioningMutationSex DifferentiationChromosomes, Human, 4-5DNA-Binding ProteinsRNA, MessengerSignal TransductionGene Expression RegulationCell DivisionX Chromosome InactivationEmbryonic Stem CellsMitosisMeiosisCentromereTranslocation, GeneticHybrid CellsCell LineageAmino Acid SequenceChromosomes, InsectMicrosatellite RepeatsCell ProliferationCloning, MolecularAneuploidyChromosome StructuresChromosomes, Human, 19-20MetaphaseRecombination, GeneticCrosses, GeneticTranscription, GeneticDNANuclear ProteinsTretinoinMice, Inbred C57BLReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionGene ExpressionPolymerase Chain ReactionAllelesPedigree
Cell differentiationGeneGenesNormally have 46 chromosomesAnother chromosomeChromatinEmbryonicCellsGeneticsHomologous chromosomesTranslocationGenomeHeredityHumansRenewal and differentiationHEScGenetic materialFunctionalProliferationRecombinationGonadRegulatesHeteromorphicOrganizationEpigeneticCytogeneticGenusGonadalGenitaliaMaturationPairsOccursDivergenceCellularHumanLocusPhysiologyMutationAbnormalitiesCopiesSegregateHomomorphicVitroReproductiveRegenerationHybridizationOrganoidsHEMATOPOIESISMineralizationConsistsDifferencesPopulationsMalesProteinsDosage compensationSperm
Cell differentiation9
  • At the Stem Cell Differentiation and Cytogenetics Group, we are interested in the effects of ionizing radiation on organs such as the brain, the heart, and the lung trying to elucidate the risks for patients treated with ionizing radiation as well as for astronauts, who are inevitably exposed to ionizing radiation on their missions into space. (gsi.de)
  • In this Review, we briefly outline the roles that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone play in regulating spermatogenesis and describe our current understanding of how vitamin A regulates germ cell differentiation and how it may lead to the generation of both the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and the spermatogenic wave. (jci.org)
  • Until now we've relied on studies in mice to understand human germ cell differentiation, but the reproductive genes are not the same. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Here, we determined the effect of Jiyuan oridonin A (JOA), an ent -kaurene diterpenoid compound, on the differentiation blockade in imatinib-sensitive, particularly, imatinib-resistant CML cells with BCR-ABL-T315I mutation by cell proliferation assay, apoptosis analysis, cell differentiation analysis, cell cycle analysis and colony formation assay. (jcancer.org)
  • We found that JOA at lower concentration significantly inhibited the proliferation of CML cells expressing mutant BCR-ABL (T315I mutation included) and wild-type BCR-ABL, which was due to that JOA induced the cell differentiation and the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. (jcancer.org)
  • Mechanistically, the cell differentiation mediated by JOA may be originated from the inhibition of BCR-ABL/c-MYC signaling in CML cells expressing wild-type BCR-ABL and BCR-ABL-T315I. (jcancer.org)
  • BCR-ABL oncogene encodes a BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (TK), which triggers different downstream targets including c-Myc, STAT5 and CrkL, which participated in the control of cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and other cellular behaviors [ 3 - 5 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • Here, we find graded ERK phosphorylation correlating with cell differentiation in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids with and without KRAS mutations. (researchgate.net)
  • In multicellular organisms, all cells of an individual normally contain the same genetic information and cell differentiation is achieved through regulation of gene expression. (cuni.cz)
Gene27
  • By investigating 92 common-frog populations from a wide range of elevations throughout Switzerland, we show that sex-chromosome differentiation strongly correlates with alleles at the candidate sex-determining gene Dmrt1 . (datadryad.org)
  • The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
  • This chromosome is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11), of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, and contains a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene is the ABL1 gene of chromosome 9 juxtaposed onto the breakpoint cluster region BCR gene of chromosome 22, coding for a hybrid protein: a tyrosine kinase signaling protein that is "always on", causing the cell to divide uncontrollably by interrupting the stability of the genome and impairing various signaling pathways governing the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The result is that a fusion gene is created by juxtaposing the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9 (region q34) to a part of the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22 (region q11). (wikipedia.org)
  • The symbol BCR is derived from breakpoint cluster region, a gene which encodes a protein that acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPase proteins Translocation results in an oncogenic BCR-ABL1 gene fusion that can be found on the shorter derivative chromosome 22. (wikipedia.org)
  • We present a novel and efficient non-integrating gene expression system in human embryonic stem cells (hESc) utilizing human artificial chromosomes (HAC), which behave as autonomous endogenous host chromosomes and segregate correctly during cell division. (nih.gov)
  • There is a gene located on the top portion of the Y chromosome, called "SRY," which, if present, will cause the gonad to become testes (indicating a male) around the sixth week of fetal life. (choc.org)
  • An MC3T3-E1-based microarray dataset (accessioned as GSE46400) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus included MC3T3-E1 cells with or without 14-day osteoblast differentiation osteoblast induction. (frontiersin.org)
  • Double minute chromosomes (dmins) are a form of gene amplification presenting as small spherical paired chromatin bodies. (hindawi.com)
  • The current study attempts to demonstrate the existence of double minute chromosomes via FLT3 gene amplification in a patient diagnosed with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). (hindawi.com)
  • Double minute chromosomes (dmins) are cytogenetic indicators of extrachromosomal gene amplification which usually act as small spherical paired chromatin particles [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The translocation, written as t(8;21), fuses part of the RUNX1 gene from chromosome 21 with part of the RUNX1T1 gene (also known as ETO ) from chromosome 8. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This change in gene activity blocks the maturation (differentiation) of blood cells and leads to the production of abnormal, immature white blood cells called myeloid blasts. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The expression levels of dentin sialo-phosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1), enamelysin/matrix metalloproteinase 20 (MMP20) and phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on X chromosome (PHEX) were analysed using RT-PCR. (scielo.br)
  • This gene is found in the large histone gene cluster on chromosome 6. (nih.gov)
  • This process is mediated by 2 mutually exclusive programs of gene expression: 1) an undifferentiated program supporting proliferation by stem cells within the basal layer and 2) a differentiation program instructing growth arrest and differentiation-associated programmed cell death in suprabasal layers. (stanford.edu)
  • We are currently pursuing studies of the dominant signaling and gene regulatory networks that control this process, including the Ras/MAPK cascade, which is required for stem cell-mediated self-renewal and the p53 transcription factor family member, p63, which is required for epidermal differentiation. (stanford.edu)
  • the gene expression profile during B lymphoid differentiation. (lu.se)
  • A small proportion of individuals have a translocation of a Y chromosome fragment, including the SRY gene, to an X or another chromosome but most individuals (65%) are SRY negative. (orpha.net)
  • The higher incidence of ccRCC in male patients may partially be accounted by mono-allelic inactivation of the chromatin remodelling gene, KDM5C on the X chromosome [ 6 ]. (springer.com)
  • X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets are the result of mutations in PHEX (a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) and dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), respectively. (medscape.com)
  • DMRT1 is the testis-determining factor in several species of vertebrates, but its involvement in mammalian testes differentiation, where SRY is the testis-determining gene, remains ambiguous. (bvsalud.org)
  • Transcription of the SRY gene (testis-determining factor region) on the Y chromosome ultimately leads to sex differentiation. (medscape.com)
  • Chromosome translocations involving the TAL-1 gene are associated with T-CELL ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. (bvsalud.org)
  • Each gene has a specific location (locus), which is typically the same on each of the 2 homologous chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We selected 17 patients clinically and his- is encoded by a single gene located on the tologically proven to be suffering from PV short arm of chromosome 11 [ 6 ]. (who.int)
Genes19
  • The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
  • The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
  • Such three-dimensional organization of chromosomes into spatially distinct domains sheds light on how complex genomes might set specific transcriptional programs to regulate genes individually or as groups of genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Arhgap11a, H2afx, Chek2, Dlgap5, and Chek1 were hub genes downregulated in MC3T3-E1 cells after osteogenic differentiation, verified by RT-qPCR results. (frontiersin.org)
  • Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chromosome 21 likely contains 200 to 300 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers believe that having extra copies of genes on chromosome 21 disrupts the course of normal development, causing the characteristic features of Down syndrome and the increased risk of health problems associated with this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our data reveal a significant overlap between Notch-dependent genes in the fallopian epithelium and the defined 'stem cell signature' of the mouse intestine, suggesting the existence of a conserved pathway that regulates tissue renewal and directly controls cell fate specification and differentiation in the organoid by inhibiting cilliogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)
  • Disruption of the key genes involved in the differentiation of the gonads can lead to fertility problems, and in some cases, it can cause the gonads to develop in the 'opposite' direction, resulting in a sex reversal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Twenty-two of the pairs, chromosome numbers 1 to 22, the autosomes, are normally homologous (identical in size, shape, and position and number of genes). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes (X and Y), determines a person's sex as well as containing other functional genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genes are arranged linearly along the DNA of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The genes that occupy the same locus on each chromosome of a pair (one inherited from the mother and one from the father) are called alleles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some genes occur in multiple copies that may be next to each other or in different locations in the same or different chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A chromosome contains many genes. (msdmanuals.com)
Normally have 46 chromosomes2
Another chromosome3
  • Some cases are confounded by either a cryptic translocation that is invisible on G-banded chromosome preparations, or a variant translocation involving another chromosome or chromosomes as well as the long arm of chromosomes 9 and 22. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less commonly, Down syndrome occurs when part of chromosome 21 becomes attached (translocated) to another chromosome during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) or very early in fetal development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Affected people have two copies of chromosome 21 plus extra material from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome, resulting in three copies of genetic material from chromosome 21. (medlineplus.gov)
Chromatin5
  • The application of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) requires reliable cell sources that do not change over time and initiate proper transcriptional and chromatin changes upon induction of differentiation. (ca.gov)
  • Chromatin Insulator Elements Block Transgene Silencing in Engineered hESC Lines at a Defined Chromosome 13 Locus. (ca.gov)
  • To develop an efficient and reliable genetic engineering strategy in hESCs, we used chromatin insulator elements to flank single-copy transgenes and integrated the combined expression constructs via PhiC31/R4 integrase mediated recombination technology to the chromosome 13 locus precisely. (ca.gov)
  • These results suggested that the testis-specific linker histone, H1T, possesses a specific function to produce the chromatin architecture required for proper chromosome regulation, such as homologous recombination. (nih.gov)
  • In both groups, chromatin (the material that comprises chromosomes) elimination occurs during early cleavage divisions from the cell line that will give rise to somatic cells (cells that do not produce gametes). (britannica.com)
Embryonic5
  • Unlike female mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which possess two active X chromosomes and undergo XCI upon induction of differentiation, female human ESCs exhibit various epigenetic states of the X chromosome, indicating a surprising epigenetic instability of these cells under normal culturing conditions. (ca.gov)
  • When treated in this manner, about 2 percent of the differentiated human embryonic stem cells were haploid after 14 days of differentiation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Polyploidy is often witnessed in cells prior to differentiation, in embryonic cells or in diseases such as cancer. (ias.ac.in)
  • Lineage reporters of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines are useful for differentiation studies and drug screening. (ca.gov)
  • We provide detailed protocols for lentiviral transduction, neural differentiation, and subsequent analysis of human embryonic stem cells. (lu.se)
Cells34
  • The Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation (Ph) is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells (particularly chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells). (wikipedia.org)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
  • and the unique differentiation of haploid cells (spermiogenesis) (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
  • In placental mammals, dosage compensation occurs by silencing one X-chromosome in female cells, a process known as X-chromosome inactivation. (ca.gov)
  • Together, our findings reveal new insights into the relationship between different X chromosome states in undifferentiated female human ESCs, clarify how they arise during ESC derivation, and define the implications of these X chromosome status for differentiated cells. (ca.gov)
  • Therefore, it is important to systematically define the epigenetic abnormalities that hESCs and hiPSCs carry, to understand how and when the epigenetic instability of the X chromosome arises during the derivation of these cells, to define the consequences if the different X chromosome states for differentiation, and to find ways to overcome the epigenetic instability. (ca.gov)
  • Moreover, we have developed a strategy that erases the instability of the inactive X chromosome and enables faithful X chromosome dosage compensation in differentiating hESCs and hiPSCs, which is critical for the use of these cells in regenerative medicine, disease studies, and basic research. (ca.gov)
  • This study aimed to find out more candidate miRNA-mRNA pairs involved in the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured and incubated in the osteogenic differentiation medium for 14 days. (frontiersin.org)
  • There were 7 overlapped miRNA-mRNA pairs identified during osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, including mmu-miR-204-5p-Arhgap11a, mmu-miR-211-5p-Arhgap11a, mmu-miR-24-3p-H2afx, mmu-miR-3470b-Chek2, mmu-miR-3470b-Dlgap5, mmu-miR-466b-3p-Chek1, and mmu-miR-466c-3p-Chek1. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our study characterizes miR-211-5p targeting Arhgap11a promotes the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, which provides novel targets to promote the osteogenesis process during bone repair. (frontiersin.org)
  • Overexpressing the three proteins together allowed the researchers to generate haploid cells -- those with only one copy of each chromosome -- expressing proteins found in mature sperm. (sciencedaily.com)
  • FLT3 (FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3) located on chromosome 13q12.2 encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that activates the Ras and PI3 kinase pathway leading to the increased proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in hemopoietic progenitor cells [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Chromosome 21 is the smallest human chromosome, spanning about 48 million base pairs (the building blocks of DNA) and representing 1.5 to 2 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In a very small percentage of cases, Down syndrome results from an extra copy of chromosome 21 in only some of the body's cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chromosomes got their name by early cell biologists when they observed certain dark-staining objects in dividing cells. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • In human dividing cells 46 chromosomes can be observed. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • This study was designed to determine the in vivo performance of three different materials as scaffolds for dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) undergoing induced odontogenic differentiation. (scielo.br)
  • They have a higher odontogenic differentiation capacity compared to other cell groups due to their content of specific progenitor cells. (scielo.br)
  • The odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells on nanofibrous poly(L-lactic acid) scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. (scielo.br)
  • Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) results from BCR-ABL oncogene, which blocks CML cells differentiation and protects these cells from apoptosis. (jcancer.org)
  • JOA displayed the activity of inhibiting the BCR-ABL and promoted differentiation of not only imatinib -sensitive but also imatinib -resistant cells with BCR-ABL mutation, which could become a potent lead compound to overcome the imatinib -resistant induced by inhibitors of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in CML therapy. (jcancer.org)
  • In stratified epithelia proliferative basal cells adherent to the underlying basement membrane undergo cell cycle arrest then outward migration and terminal differentiation. (stanford.edu)
  • The presence of 'stem cell-like' cells has previously been postulated based on sphere-forming capacity and differentiation in vitro 1 and evidence for the presence of label-retaining cells in the distal fallopian tube 2 . (nature.com)
  • Some individuals may have a chromosomal mosacism or a chimerism that results in the presence of Y chromosome containing cells in the gonad. (orpha.net)
  • Growth, therefore, consists of the enlargement and differentiation of existing cells. (britannica.com)
  • Sex determination in mammals depends on the differentiation of the supporting lineage of the gonads into Sertoli or pregranulosa cells that govern testis and ovary development, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a critical role in HEMATOPOIESIS and as a positive regulator in the differentiation of ERYTHROID CELLS. (bvsalud.org)
  • A karyotype illustrates the full set of chromosomes in a person's cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Germ cells (egg and sperm) divide through meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes to 23-half the number in somatic cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells and red blood cells), the cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Addition of Cr(VI) to cultures of mesenchymal cells from the chick limb bud indicated that the products of chondrocytic differentiation are more sensitive to the noxious effects of chromium than is cell proliferation. (cdc.gov)
  • Many existing protocols for neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent cells result in heterogeneous cell populations and unsynchronized differentiation, necessitating the development of methods for labeling specific cell populations. (lu.se)
Genetics3
  • At the Disorders of Sexual Differentiation Program, our team of specialists in pediatric endocrinology , genetics , social work , urology and psychology work with families to create the most ideal outcomes for their children. (choc.org)
  • genetics of a complex differentiation process. (lu.se)
  • We are interested in various aspects of the genetics of sex differences, including sexual selection and sexual conflict, the evolution of sexual dimorphism, and sex chromosome evolution. (lu.se)
Homologous chromosomes2
Translocation2
  • The chromosomal defect in the Philadelphia chromosome is a reciprocal translocation, in which parts of two chromosomes, 9 and 22, swap places. (wikipedia.org)
  • A genetic rearrangement (translocation) involving chromosome 21 is associated with a type of blood cancer known as core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML). (medlineplus.gov)
Genome7
  • Here, we combined whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data to characterize the structure and conservation of sex chromosome systems across Poeciliidae, the livebearing clade that includes guppies. (kent.ac.uk)
  • The complete cause drug resistance are distributed throughout the tree, genome sequences (15-18) provide access to all regions of whereas nonsynonymous base substitutions unrelated to the chromosome and facilitate such studies. (cdc.gov)
  • This pioneer work highlighted how the fractal organization of chromosomes could favor their folding into individual domains and revealed topologically associating domains (TADs) and sub-TADs (reviewed by Tanay and Cavalli [ 2 ]), which represent a pervasive structural feature of the organization of the genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2000, researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced that they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up this chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
  • The more similar the chromosomes (the genome and epigenome as well as chromosome number) the more likely hybrids will form and reproduce but also the more likely the net result will only be the introgression of genetic material from one species to the other. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Several rounds of genome reduplication before chromosome segregation upsets this cycle and leads to polyploidy. (ias.ac.in)
Heredity2
  • It was not until the early 20 th century that it was demonstrated that chromosomes contain the material of hereditary and it took until the middle 20 th century to determine that DNA in chromosomes was the principle coding molecule of heredity. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Chromosomes in heredity d. (vedantu.com)
Humans3
  • TB) in humans for thousands of years (1,2), and the unlinked loci distributed around the chromosome. (cdc.gov)
  • Once spermatogonia enter the "differentiation" pathway, they become known as A1 spermatogonia in the mouse and A- pale spermatogonia in humans and begin a series of irreversible differentiation steps leading to meiosis and spermiogenesis ( 1 ) (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
  • Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell of their bodies, or 23 pairs. (choc.org)
Renewal and differentiation2
  • The function of histone modifying epigenetic regulators and noncoding RNA as central mediators of epithelial stem cell renewal and differentiation represent major emerging areas of study in the lab. (stanford.edu)
  • however, the molecular mechanisms of renewal and differentiation remain obscure in many cases, including the fallopian tube, a central organ of human reproduction. (nature.com)
HESc5
  • The hESc retained pluripotency, differentiation and teratoma formation capabilities. (nih.gov)
  • Our findings define the relationship between different X-inactivation states in female hESCs and demonstrate the consequences of different X-inactivation states for hESC differentiation. (ca.gov)
  • Previously we created reporter lines driven by an elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1alpha promoter at a chromosome 13q32.3 locus in the hESC lineWA09 and an abnormal hESC line BG01V in a site-specific manner. (ca.gov)
  • In the engineered hESC lines, for both insulated CAG-GFP and EF1alpha-GFP, constitutive expression at the chromosome 13 locus was maintained during prolonged culture and in directed differentiation assays towards diverse types of neurons, pancreatic endoderm and mesodermal progeny. (ca.gov)
  • In particular, described here is the first normal hESC fluorescent reporter line that robustly expresses GFP in both the undifferentiated state and throughout dopaminergic lineage differentiation. (ca.gov)
Genetic material3
  • In spite of our lack of attention to chromosomes and chromosome numbers in formally defining species, it is the chromosomes and the genetic material they contain that define true species and control the evolution of new species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • The existence of patients with 46,XX testicular DSD, who have testicular tissue in the absence of an obvious Y chromosome or SRY genetic material, clearly requires other genetic explanations. (medscape.com)
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
Functional2
  • Remarkably, the profound degradation of the ancestral Y chromosome in P. picta is counterbalanced by the evolution of functional chromosome-wide dosage compensation in this species, which has not been previously observed in teleost fish. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Repetitive DNA sequences play an important role in the structural and functional organization of chromosomes, especially in sex chromosome differentiation. (telomerescience.com)
Proliferation1
  • The impairment of proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization in osteoblast is the main pathophysiological mechanism of osteoporosis, which has been proven by previous studies ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Recombination3
  • Once recombination is halted between the X and Y chromosomes, sex chromosomes begin to differentiate and transition to heteromorphism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Despite the shared ancestry, we uncovered an extreme heterogeneity across these species in the proportion of the sex chromosome with suppressed recombination, and the degree of Y chromosome decay. (kent.ac.uk)
  • The sex chromosomes in P. reticulata and P. wingei are largely homomorphic, with recombination in the former persisting over a substantial fraction. (kent.ac.uk)
Gonad2
  • The type of gonad present determines the differentiation/regression of the internal ducts (ie, müllerian and wolffian ducts) and ultimately determines the phenotypic sex. (medscape.com)
  • During the second month of fetal life, the indifferent gonad is guided to develop into a testis by genetic information present on the short arm of the Y chromosome. (medscape.com)
Regulates1
  • RIG-I regulates myeloid differentiation by promoting TRIM25-mediated ISGylation. (nih.gov)
Heteromorphic5
  • Sex chromosomes in vertebrates range from highly heteromorphic (as in most birds and mammals) to strictly homomorphic (as in many fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles). (datadryad.org)
  • However, the sex chromosomes in P. picta are completely nonrecombining and strikingly heteromorphic. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. (nature.com)
  • Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Daish, T. & Grützner, F. Evolution and meiotic organization of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Organization2
  • The ability to probe the spatial organization of chromosomes through the combination of chromosome conformation capture methods with high-throughput sequencing (3C-Hi-C) has revealed how chromosomes organize into active and inactive compartments (indicated 'A' and 'B' , respectively) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The three-dimensional organization of chromosomes into TADs corresponds with epigenetically defined domains that are marked by specific histone modifications [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic5
  • Two new studies show how epigenetic data, including DNA methylation, can accurately predict chromosome folding in three dimensions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since this epigenetic variation could have implications for the use of female human ESCs in regenerative medicine, disease studies, and basic research, in this proposal, we are aiming to determine how the epigenetic variability of the X chromosome arises during derivation and maintenance of human ESCs, the causes and consequences of deregulation of XCI in human ESCs, and to devise methods of stabilizing Xist expression in human ESCs. (ca.gov)
  • During the first funding period, we have extensively characterized the epigenetic state of the X chromosome in many established and newly derived human ESC lines as well as in human blastocysts. (ca.gov)
  • Therefore, it is important to understand how and when aberrancies such as the epigenetic instability of the X chromosome arise, and to define their consequences for differentiation processes and the differentiated progeny. (ca.gov)
  • However, female hESCs and hiPSCs exhibit an epigenetic instability of the X chromosome. (ca.gov)
Cytogenetic1
  • This study investigated several aspects of this association in the W chromosome of Triportheus trifurcatus (2 n = 52 chromosomes), including the cytogenetic mapping of repetitive DNAs such as telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n, microsatellites and retrotransposons. (telomerescience.com)
Genus4
  • The genus Triportheus represents an interesting model for such studies because all of its species analyzed so far contain a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system. (telomerescience.com)
  • Here, we assemble genomes from three members of the genus, the tiger ( Panthera tigris ), the snow leopard ( Panthera uncia ), and the African leopard ( Panthera pardus pardus ), at chromosome or near-chromosome level. (biorxiv.org)
  • Drosera paleacea , a pygmy Drosera with the lowest number of chromosomes in the genus. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • I now dicovererd the fascinating story of polyploid evolution in the genus where two principal lineages, the D. incarnata and the D. maculata lineages, have repeatedly added new variants to the D. majalis complex after hybridization and chromosome doubling. (lu.se)
Gonadal2
  • Loss of -KTS variants blocked gonadal differentiation in mice, whereas increased expression, as found in Frasier syndrome, induced precocious differentiation of ovaries independently of their genetic sex. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results identify -KTS as an ovarian-determining factor and demonstrate that its time of activation is critical in gonadal sex differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
Genitalia3
  • When a child's genitalia appears atypical at birth, the CHOC Center Urology Center Disorders of Sexual Differentiation Program team immediately becomes part of the child's care. (choc.org)
  • Patients who present later in life have higher differentiation of genitalia. (orpha.net)
  • Within the spectrum of DSD, there are varying degrees of discordant genitalia to sex chromosomes. (medscape.com)
Maturation1
  • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) are commonly used to evaluate differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts. (frontiersin.org)
Pairs1
  • Two copies of chromosome 21, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
Occurs1
  • Disorders of sex differentiation, also known as disorders of sexual development or DSD, are conditions in which the sexual development that occurs during fetal growth does not happen as it should. (choc.org)
Divergence2
  • While there is a remarkable variation across clades in the degree of sex chromosome divergence, far less is known about the variation in sex chromosome differentiation within clades. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Fig. 5: Divergence of sex chromosome and rSBG duplication across animal groups. (nature.com)
Cellular1
  • Such approaches might thus help to unravel the nature and dynamics of epigenomes during cellular differentiation at the molecular level. (biomedcentral.com)
Human3
  • To this end, our goal is to understand how the inactive X chromosome is regulated in human pre-implantation embryos, during derivation of hESCs from blastocysts, and during their maintenance. (ca.gov)
  • Chromosome 21 was the second human chromosome to be fully sequenced. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An odontogenic medium modified by the addition of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 was used in the experimental groups to induce differentiation. (scielo.br)
Locus1
  • The dual strategy of utilizing insulator sequences and integration at the constitutive chromosome 13 locus ensures appropriate transgene expression. (ca.gov)
Physiology1
  • For this reason, they have been very important in elucidating chromosome fine structure and physiology, especially in diptera. (scielo.br)
Mutation1
  • Mutation in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 ( C9orf72 ) is a major genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), referred to as C9FTD/ALS. (biomedcentral.com)
Abnormalities3
Copies4
  • Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
  • When a sperm and an egg join, the resulting fertilized egg again has two copies of each chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 21. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Trisomy 21 means that each cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies. (medlineplus.gov)
Segregate1
  • In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)
Homomorphic3
  • Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. (nature.com)
  • Molluscs constitute the second largest, Precambrian-originated animal phylum and have ancient, uncharacterized homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • On the basis of these findings, we propose an evolutionary model for the long-term preservation of homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
Vitro1
  • Chromium effects on chondrocytic differentiation in vitro. (cdc.gov)
Reproductive1
  • Initial investigations include chromosome analysis and an ultrasound scan to check the internal reproductive organs. (orpha.net)
Regeneration1
  • Consequently, PLDL and PDL seemed to be promising scaffold candidates for odontogenic regeneration at least as HA-TCP, when they were applied with the DPSC induced for odontogenic differentiation. (scielo.br)
Hybridization3
  • This case study reports a rare double minute chromosome via FLT3 amplification in CMML by using array-based comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. (hindawi.com)
  • However, when complex hybridization scenarios might explain a species' history, or when events are recent enough that coalescent methods cannot be used, haplotype-level information such as is provided by contiguous, chromosome-level assemblies can greatly improve our understanding of these events. (biorxiv.org)
  • The more different the chromosomes of the hybrids are the more likely hybridization will result in a speciation event. (carnivorousplants.org)
Organoids1
  • Continuous growth and differentiation of organoids depend on both Wnt and Notch paracrine signalling. (nature.com)
HEMATOPOIESIS1
  • Temporal multimodal single-cell profiling of native hematopoiesis illuminates altered differentiation trajectories with age. (lu.se)
Mineralization1
  • Degradation of matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and DMP-1 and release of acidic serine-rich and aspartate-rich MEPE-associated motif (ASARM) peptides are chiefly responsible for the hypophosphatemic rickets mineralization defect and changes in osteoblast-osteoclast differentiation. (medscape.com)
Consists2
Differences2
  • Two biological factors are important for understanding sex differences: sex hormones and sex chromosome effects ( McCarthy and Arnold, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Chromosome number is not an effective feature in the definition of biological species either although differences in chromosome number can produce different biological species. (carnivorousplants.org)
Populations1
  • Y-specific Dmrt1 haplotypes cluster into two main haplogroups, Y A and Y B , with a phylogeographic signal that parallels mtDNA haplotypes: Y A populations, with mostly well-differentiated sex chromosomes, occur primarily south of the main alpine ridge that bisects Switzerland, while Y B populations, with mostly undifferentiated (proto-)sex chromosomes, occur north of this ridge. (datadryad.org)
Males1
Proteins1
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), known as active components of odontogenic differentiation and tooth development, have been used as a growth factor in an appropriate medium. (scielo.br)
Dosage compensation2
  • Our results offer important insight into the initial stages of sex chromosome evolution and dosage compensation. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, we have started to assess strategies that would prevent the instability of the inactive X chromosome and allow normal dosage compensation upon differentiation of hESCs. (ca.gov)
Sperm1