Differences substrate specificity. Medical search. Frequent questions

Marked interindividual differences in expression of the CYP2A6 gene was found in livers analyzed in vitro and in humans phenotyped in vivo by using coumarin, a specific substrate for the enzyme. (nih.gov)
This difference in substrate sensitivity may be due to the lower enzyme specificity of phenyl acetate. (cdc.gov)
The specificity value increased to about 50 in cyanobacterial Rubisco, 54 in the enzyme from Euglena, 62 in enzymes from unicellular green algae, and about 80 for C3 plants. (harvard.edu)
Different enzyme sources have different substrate specificities for free fatty acids with different C chain lengths. (whdsbio.cn)
In addition, the N- and C-terminal amino acid compositions of the detected dipeptides significantly differed, suggesting the substrate specificity of enzyme proteins, such as peptidase. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
An appreciation of the differences between the enzyme deficiencies and their clinical manifestations is key to understanding the pathophysiology of galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase galactosemias. (medscape.com)

Several enzymes with higher catalytic efficiencies on a wider range of model substrates than previously characterized fungal GEs were identified. (proteopedia.org)
The bacterial GEs were able to utilize substrates lacking 4-OH methyl substitutions, known to be important for fungal enzymes. (proteopedia.org)
p.424 2nd paragraph:'The similar CO2 compensation concentration values in C3 plants (refs 10, 11) and C02/02 specificity found in all C3 Rubisco enzymes examined thus far (ref 18, refs 55, 56 beneath table, Table 1) indicates that there is little if any genetic variation in the photosynthesis/photorespiration ratio in these species except for that arising from differences in stomatal conductance, which alters the internal C02/02 ratio. (harvard.edu)
Enzymes can be classified systematically according to the difference between reaction and substrate specificity, and the mechanism of action. (medchemexpress.com)
Substrates of nudix hydrolases include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. (umbc.edu)
However, a difference in substrate specificity was observed between the two enzymes. (unipr.it)
There are 6 kinds of FFA in human serum, and only enzymes with high specificity to them can make no difference in the measurement results. (whdsbio.cn)
Intriguingly, despite relevant degree of sequence identity and similarity, the two enzymes showed peculiar substrate specificities toward gangliosides other than GM3, two glycoproteins and two forms of sialyllactose. (unibs.it)
The differences among the three zebrafish enzymes and human NEU2 are mainly located in the loops connecting the antiparallel beta strands of the propeller core. (unibs.it)
These media contains chromogenic substrates that react with yeast enzymes, resulting in colored colonies 9 . (bvsalud.org)

With any type of laboratory test, the clinical accuracy or reliability depends on performance characteristics such as sensitivity and specificity, as well as the pretest probability that a person has SARS-CoV-2 infection and the prevalence of COVID-19 in the local community. (medscape.com)
CHROMagar Candida™ medium (CC) is a differential culture medium that allows the presumptive identification of yeasts species, with sensitivity and specificity higher than 99% to C. albicans 10 . (bvsalud.org)
In conclution, DNA amplification is a rapid, reliable and accurate method with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA sequences and it can replace the conventional culture method in the diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis except in the situation when antibiotic sensitivity results are required. (who.int)

A shallow active site pocket in VHR allows for the hydrolysis of phosphorylated serine, threonine, or tyrosine protein residues, whereas the deeper active site of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) restricts substrate specificity to only phosphotyrosine. (rcsb.org)
Positively charged crevices near the active site may explain the enzyme's preference for substrates with two phosphorylated residues. (rcsb.org)
This suggests the involvement of these subsites in conferring C-domain-selective BPPb binding, in agreement with the mutagenesis results where unique residues governing differences in active site exposure, lid structure and dynamics between the two domains were the major drivers for C-domain-selective BPPb binding. (rcsb.org)
Fujiwara , Ryoichi et al "Key Amino Acid Residues Responsible for the Differences in Substrate Specificity of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A9 and UGT1A8. (aspetjournals.org)
To what extent differences in substrate specificity of HPATs may contribute to the selection of certain Hyp residues for glycosylation remains to be seen. (elifesciences.org)
Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. (umbc.edu)
The crystal structure of YeiK to 1.7 A defines the structural basis for its substrate specificity and identifies residues involved in the catalytic mechanism that differ from both nonspecific and purine-specific NHs. (rhea-db.org)

The PPS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for a dual specificity protein phosphatase with a role in the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle. (embl.de)

Here we compare the specificity of two budding yeast cyclins, the S-phase cyclin Clb5 and the M-phase cyclin Clb2, in the phosphorylation of 150 Cdk1 (Cdc28) substrates. (nature.com)
Figure 1: Identification of Clb5-specific Cdk1 substrates in budding yeast. (nature.com)

Dual specificity protein phosphatases (DSPs) regulate mitogenic signal transduction and control the cell cycle. (rcsb.org)
To compare the differences of vitreous protein profiles in PDR patients before and after a complete anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) loading dose with ranibizumab treatment. (frontiersin.org)
A synthetic, specially- designed oligonucleotide with the ability to recognize and bind a protein ligand molecule or molecules with high affinity and specificity. (genomicglossaries.com)

The individual Gluts differ in their tissue distribution, substrate specificity, kinetic properties, and intracellular localization. (rndsystems.com)
Species differences in drug transporters with regard to their tissue distribution, expression levels and substrate specificity can be problematic for preclinical cross-species extrapolation of drug disposition (clearance) and DDI potential to human. (cyprotex.com)
It has become increasingly clear that there are significant differences between rodents, dog, monkey, and human in the substrate specificity, tissue distribution, and relative abundance of transporters. (cyprotex.com)

There is a substantial variation among individuals within a population due to genetic and environmental factors, including the Q192R polymorphism, which affect the efficiency of substrate hydrolysis. (cdc.gov)
The main difference between hydrolases and lyases is that hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis of chemical bonds using water molecules, whereas lyases catalyze the cleavage of chemical bonds without the use of water molecules. (pediaa.com)
Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. (umbc.edu)

Substrate specificity is used to define families within the superfamily. (umbc.edu)

Using this, we showed that the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, which is critical for T cell signaling, discriminates substrates through an electrostatic selection mechanism encoded within its catalytic domain (Shah et al. (escholarship.org)

Until early 1990s, renal organic anion transport was thought to be carried out by a few carrier proteins that showed wide substrate specificity. (aspetjournals.org)
These portions of the proteins are probably responsible for the differences observed in substrate specificities, as well as in the different subcellular localization and aggregation features observed in solution. (unibs.it)

Unlike the metabolism of glucose, which ordinarily depends on the activity of hexokinase with a wide substrate-specificity to carry out this reaction, substrate-specific galactokinase activity exclusively phosphorylates galactose. (medscape.com)

Brown, N. R., Noble, M. E., Endicott, J. A. & Johnson, L. N. The structural basis for specificity of substrate and recruitment peptides for cyclin-dependent kinases. (nature.com)
2016). Here, we expand this high-throughput platform to analyze the intrinsic specificity of any tyrosine kinase domain against thousands of peptides derived from human tyrosine phosphorylation sites. (escholarship.org)

Marked species differences have been demonstrated in the catalytic activities and regulation of this subfamily. (nih.gov)

They bind to the specific molecules called the substrates, which result in the formation of new products. (pediaa.com)
These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. (umbc.edu)

Remarkably, the orientation of a single amino acid side chain in the substrate binding pocket of the active site is the key to this mystery. (mytum.de)
Although the substrate binding pockets of both proteasome types are lined with almost identical amino acids, subtle changes in the immunoproteasome cause one particular methionine to adopt a different orientation than in the constitutive proteasome. (mytum.de)
We propose an approach that uses bioinformatic methods in combination with general 3D structure and active center structure analysis to confirm that the gene found encodes D-amino acid oxidase and to predict the possible type of its substrate specificity. (actanaturae.ru)

2. The acetyl CoA synthetase and acetyl CoA oxidase used have different substrate specificities for different free fatty acids, causing differences in the determination results. (whdsbio.cn)

Similarities and differences regarding substrate specificity between the investigated GEs were observed and putatively linked to their positioning in the CE15 phylogenetic tree. (proteopedia.org)

Objective -To determine and compare substrate specificity and kinetic rate constants of feline and canine alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with ethanol (EtOH) and ethylene glycol (EG) as substrates in vitro, with and without fomepizole. (avma.org)

Phosphorylation of Clb5-specific targets during S phase was reduced by replacing Clb5 with Clb2 or by mutating the substrate RXL motif, confirming the importance of Clb5 specificity in vivo . (nature.com)
Figure 3: Clb5-specific substrate phosphorylation occurs in vivo . (nature.com)

Although we did not identify any highly Clb2-specific substrates, we found that Clb2-Cdk1 possessed higher intrinsic kinase activity than Clb5-Cdk1, enabling efficient phosphorylation of a broad range of mitotic Cdk1 targets. (nature.com)

Cyprotex's preclinical species hepatic Oatp transporter substrate identification assay determines if your compound is a substrate of key preclinical species transporters. (cyprotex.com)

Identification of a cyclin-cdk2 recognition motif present in substrates and p21-like cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. (nature.com)
A "recognition region," connecting helix alpha1 to strand beta1, may determine differences in substrate specificity between VHR, the PTPs, and other DSPs. (rcsb.org)
Using this approach, we find a difference in the electrostatic recognition of substrates between the closely related Src-family kinases Lck and c-Src. (escholarship.org)
These results point to the importance of direct recognition at the kinase active site in fine-tuning specificity. (escholarship.org)

Thus, Clb5 and Clb2 use distinct mechanisms to enhance the phosphorylation of S-phase and M-phase substrates. (nature.com)

Fomepizole K i in feline hepatic homogenates was significantly greater than K i in canine hepatic homogenates when either EtOH or EG was used as substrate (10- and 30-fold, respectively). (avma.org)
Understand if your compound is an in vitro substrate for the main hepatic Oatp uptake transporter of preclinical species, namely rat Oatp1b2, dog Oatp1b4 or Cynomolgus monkey Oatp1b1. (cyprotex.com)
Preclinical species hepatic Oatp uptake transporter substrate identification is within our portfolio of in vitro drug transporter services. (cyprotex.com)
One of the most important human SLC transporters expressed in human liver is OATP1B1 which is responsible for the hepatic uptake and rate-determining elimination of a wide range of endogenous compounds and drugs that are substrates 2 . (cyprotex.com)
The use of in vitro cell test systems that each overexpress the major hepatic Oatp transporter of preclinical species (Oatp1b2, Oatp1b4 or Oatp1b1 for rat, dog or Cynomolgus monkey, respectively) may be useful towards understanding whether a molecule is a substrate of an hepatic active uptake transporter in those species. (cyprotex.com)

The specificity of tyrosine kinases is attributed predominantly to localization effects dictated by non-catalytic domains. (escholarship.org)

Taking the CRISPR/catalytically dead Cas9 system as a paradigmatic DBD for ETRs, this paper describes a protocol consisting of the in vitro screen of guide RNAs (gRNAs) coupled to the triple-ETR combination for efficient on-target silencing, followed by evaluation of the genome-wide specificity profile of top hits. (bvsalud.org)

These differences complicate cross-species extrapolations, which is important when attempting to predict human pharmacokinetics (PK) of drug candidates and assess risk for drug-drug interactions (DDIs). (cyprotex.com)

This most likely occurs from defects in postreceptor insulin signal transduction at the level of insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase ( 6 - 9 ) as well as defects in trafficking and/or function of GLUT4 ( 10 , 11 ), the major insulin-regulated GLUT isoform expressed in skeletal muscle ( 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

These functional differences allow members of the Glut family to finely regulate whole-body glucose homeostasis. (rndsystems.com)

Further studies would compare the different transaldolases with respect to their substrate and stereo specificity to TalB from Escherichia coli. (europa.eu)

Since CYP2A6 is able to metabolically-activate chemical carcinogens and is expressed in extrahepatic tissue, it will be of interest to determine whether genetic differences in expression of the gene is associated with cancer risk. (nih.gov)

Among the OAT isoforms, rOAT3, as well as rOAT1, exhibits a markedly wide substrate selectivity, and its human homolog is considered a key molecule in the renal handling of organic anions. (aspetjournals.org)

Figure 2: Clb5 specificity depends on an interaction between the Clb5 hydrophobic patch and an RXL motif in the substrate. (nature.com)

Initial growth of this mycelium occurs beneath the surface of the substrate, with formation of aerial hyphae a few days after germination ( Fig. 1a,b ). (nature.com)

Schulman, B. A., Lindstrom, D. L. & Harlow, E. Substrate recruitment to cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by a multipurpose docking site on cyclin A. (nature.com)

Examination of direct smears for acid fast bacilli is the widely used method for the detection of mycobacteria, but lacks the desired specificity and relatively large number of bacteria is needed for detection. (who.int)

Because of their high stereo specificity for this asymmetric synthesis, transaldolases are desired tools in biocatalysis. (europa.eu)
Zebrafish encodes several sialidases belonging to the NEU3 group, the plasma membrane-associated member of the family with high specificity toward ganglioside substrates. (unibs.it)

The two solved structures revealed similar overall folds to known structures, but also indicated active site regions allowing for more promiscuous substrate specificities. (proteopedia.org)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy enabled determination of the structure of capsular polysaccharides responsible for serogroup specificity, and structures for 12 of the 13 serogroups (all but serogroup D) from N. meningitidis capsular polysaccharides have been reported ( 6 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)

We developed a method to profile the specificities of tyrosine kinases by combining bacterial surface-display of peptide libraries with next-generation sequencing. (escholarship.org)

In fact, they only catalyze the specific reactions with specific substrates as they have a very precise 3D structure and an active site to which the substrate binds. (pediaa.com)

Results -Substrate specificity of canine and feline ADH for EtOH or EG was not significantly different. (avma.org)

ELISAs show differences in specificity, especially in clinical samples (eg, from patients on vitamin K antagonists). (medscape.com)

Fractions were supplemented to pH-controlled anaerobic batch culture fermenters inoculated with human faecal samples from three donors, in triplicate, for each substrate. (megazyme.com)

This domain can be found in dual specificity phosphatases. (embl.de)

A- and B-type cyclins differentially modulate substrate specificity of cyclin-cdk complexes. (nature.com)
This strain did not show any difference in growth compared to wild type when grown on various carbon sources. (europa.eu)
The specificity value for the single subunit-type Rubisco from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, a photosynthetic bacterium, was 9 (Table 1). (harvard.edu)

They have specific functions and substrate specificity. (pediaa.com)

We present the BPPb N-domain structure in comparison with the previously reported BPPb C-domain structure and highlight key differences in peptide interactions with the S 4 to S 9 subsites. (rcsb.org)
Thirteen capsular polysaccharides have been described, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has enabled determination of the structure of capsular polysaccharides responsible for serogroup specificity. (cdc.gov)
Large differences in the tetrameric quaternary structure compared to nonspecific protozoan NHs are brought forth by minor differences in the interacting surfaces. (rhea-db.org)

ADOS and TOPS are less interfered by CoA, and TOPS has a higher molar absorption coefficient, so it is a better chromogen substrate. (whdsbio.cn)

The elucidation of the atomic differences between immuno- and constitutive proteasomes represents an important step for the development of new drugs for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, which often have been linked to elevated levels of immunoproteasomes. (mytum.de)

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