• The Cystoscopy however revealed a single calculus in the posterior urethra obstructing the flow of urine. (medcraveonline.com)
  • The most common site of urethral calculi is the posterior urethra, but calculi have been reported along the entire urethra(3). (bjuinternational.com)
  • The majority of studies have demonstrated a higher prevalence rate of posterior urethra stones with the rate ranging from 50-88% of all urethral calculi(1, 4, 5). (bjuinternational.com)
  • Posterior urethral valves are the most common cause of urinary tract obstruction in male neonates with an incidence of 1: 8,000 to 1:25,000. (medcraveonline.com)
  • The incidence of bladder stones in children is slowly declining, even in endemic areas. (medscape.com)
  • Aggressive treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms with alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors should further decrease the overall incidence of bladder stones by improving bladder emptying. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, continued aggressive management of neurogenic bladder, specifically in the pediatric neurogenic bladder population, may lead to a rise in both the incidence of struvite stones and the development of creative and minimally invasive surgical techniques for augmented bladders. (medscape.com)
  • In the Western Hemisphere, a urethral calculus within a diverticulum is a rare clinical entity as compared to developing nations where male urethral calculi are more common due to the increased incidence of bladder calculi(1). (bjuinternational.com)
  • In the UK, 'stone districts' such as Norfolk, were common during the 19th century, with subsequent decline in the endemic bladder stone incidence with improved nutrition. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • The incidence of bladder calculi is less in the developed world as compared to the developing world and may be attributed to a diet lacking in animal proteins. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • The incidence of bladder calculi in Pakistan has reduced from 70% in 1984 to 18% in 2007 and similarly from Satpura ranges in central India. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • The diagnosis can be complicated as some patients are asymptomatic while others present with severe symptoms such as pain in the ano-genital area, dysuria, urinary retention, frequency, dribbling, weak urinary stream, hematuria, urethral discharge, and dyspareunia. (bjuinternational.com)
  • Vesical and urethral calculi are very common in children of the developing countries, but the association of PUV with urethral calculi is uncommon. (medcraveonline.com)
  • 5 Vesical calculi and urethral calculi are common causes of UTI and urinary obstruction in children in developing countries. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Bladder (vesical) calculi are stones or calcified materials that are present in the bladder (or in a bladder substitute that functions as a urinary reservoir). (medscape.com)
  • This article discusses the diagnosis and current management techniques for vesical calculus disease. (medscape.com)
  • Most vesical calculi formed de novo within the bladder, but some initially may have formed within the kidneys as a dissociated Randall plaque or on a sloughed papilla and subsequently passed into the bladder, where additional deposition of crystals causes the stone to grow. (medscape.com)
  • Fever, abdominal pain, dysuria, frequency, and recent enuresis in older children may point to a urinary tract infection as the cause. (medscape.com)
  • Urine culture for suspected urinary tract infection (UTI). (medscape.com)
  • Other cellular elements in the urinary sediment (eg, WBCs, WBC casts) suggest a diagnosis of urinary tract infection. (medscape.com)
  • 2 Neonates generally present with bladder outflow obstruction, poor urinary stream, and urinary tract infection. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Less frequently, bladder calculi are composed of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, ammonium urate, cysteine, or magnesium ammonium phosphate (when associated with infection). (medscape.com)
  • We describe a case in whom initially a plain abdominopelvic radiography demonstrated calcified string of an IUD in a 42-year-old woman with recurrent lower urinary symptoms (LUTS) and urinary tract infection since 2 years earlier. (scirp.org)
  • We present this case in order to note that recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and unexpected pregnancy in a woman with history of missed IUD could be associated with transvesical migration of IUD and calculi formation. (scirp.org)
  • She referred to different clinics and doctors with these symptoms in the past 2 years and was treated medically for urinary tract infection (UTI) repeatedly. (scirp.org)
  • The calculus had concentric laminations of calcium oxalate, ammonium magnesium phosphate around a uric acid nucleus. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • Patient was posted for Cystoscopy and fulguration of the posterior urethral valves was done using a Bugbee electrode. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Radiological investigations failed to demonstrate the urethral calculus which was eventually diagnosed on cystoscopy. (medcraveonline.com)
  • The rapid formation of stone leads us to believe that the stone was preexistent secondary to the urinary outflow obstruction due to posterior urethral valves and was probably missed on primary Cystoscopy. (medcraveonline.com)
  • and Cystoscopy or Bladder Scope Test. (medscape.com)
  • Following a 4-week regimen of antibiotic treatment, the patient underwent cystoscopy with retrograde urethrogram confirming two large calculi within corresponding diverticula at the proximal penile and distal bulb of the urethra (Figure 2). (bjuinternational.com)
  • It is not unusual to detect posterior urethral valves in a patient with lower urinary tract symptoms in developing countries. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Hence it is axiomatic to keep these two conflicting conditions in mind when evaluating any child with lower urinary tract symptoms. (medcraveonline.com)
  • The bladder is an uncommon site of urinary tract calculi in most Western countries, but bladder stones result in specific symptoms and are a significant source of discomfort. (medscape.com)
  • We report a case of a 63-year-old male presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms, who was subsequently found to have two large calculi located within corresponding urethral diverticula. (bjuinternational.com)
  • The patient's recovery was uneventful with resolution of urinary symptoms six weeks after surgery. (bjuinternational.com)
  • Foley catheter was left in place for two weeks, and upon postoperative follow-up at six weeks, the patient had resolution of their urinary symptoms with an International Prostate Symptom Score of 2. (bjuinternational.com)
  • A 42-year-old woman para 3 with no history of abortion was referred to our hospital for investigation of recurrent lower abdominal pain, irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and strangury which had begun in the last 2 years. (scirp.org)
  • About 2 years before her referral to our hospital, the patient had developed recurrent lower abdominal pain, irritative lower urinary tract symptoms including dysuria, nocturia, increased frequency of urination and strangury. (scirp.org)
  • Scar tissue development within the urethral sub-epithelial tissue led to constriction, causing lower urinary tract symptoms. (journalajrru.com)
  • However, most renal stones that are small enough to pass through the ureters are also small enough to pass through a normally functioning bladder and an unobstructed urethra. (medscape.com)
  • A 4year male child presented with history of recurrent Urinary tract infections and nocturnal enuresis. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Obstruction occurring in the lower urinary tract can also cause this increased pressure through efflux of urine into the kidney. (abdominalkey.com)
  • 1] They are usually associated with urinary stasis but can form in healthy individuals without evidence of anatomic defects, strictures, infections, or foreign bodies. (medscape.com)
  • Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, managing female urethral strictures posed distinct challenges. (journalajrru.com)
  • 10 They are more common in males with M:F = 10:1, this may presumably be due to differences in urethral anatomy. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • Posterior urethral valves are the commonest cause of urinary tract obstruction in male neonates. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Hydronephrosis can be caused by obstruction anywhere along the upper or lower urinary tract. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Obstruction that occurs anywhere along the upper urinary tract will lead to increased pressure within the kidney. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Extensive use of prenatal ultrasound has led to an increased rate of diagnosis of neonatal hydronephrosis, of which ureteropelvic junction obstruction is the most frequent cause. (abdominalkey.com)
  • We present here a case of a 4years old male child with PUV who was fulgurated and subsequently developed a urethral calculus. (medcraveonline.com)
  • One study found 18/54 children with calculi had associated genitourinary anomalies and another found calculi associated with genitourinary anomalies in 35.9% children. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • It may also be either symptomatic or asymptomatic, either transient or persistent, and either isolated or associated with proteinuria and other urinary abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • Careful physical examination can assist in determining the location of the calculi as a digital rectal examination can demonstrate a firm mass with posterior urethral stones. (bjuinternational.com)
  • Calculi in the lower urinary tract and posterior urethral valves have near similar presentation clinically, especially in cases of posterior urethral valves that present later in life. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Information regarding exercise, menstruation, recent bladder catheterization, intake of certain drugs or toxic substances, or passage of a calculus may also assist in the differential diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • In women, voiding dysfunction and urinary stasis can occur but are less commonly associated with calculi. (medscape.com)
  • The presence of upper urinary tract calculi is not necessarily a predisposition to the formation of bladder stones. (medscape.com)
  • Removal of bladder stones will continue to progress toward minimally invasive techniques, thus decreasing hospital stay and recovery times. (medscape.com)
  • For patient education resources, see What Are Bladder Stones? (medscape.com)
  • In older men with bladder stones composed of uric acid, the stone most likely formed in the bladder. (medscape.com)
  • Urethral stones account for less than 1% of all urinary stone disease in the Western Hemisphere(2). (bjuinternational.com)
  • Posterior urethral stones can present with pain referred to the perineum or rectum, while anterior urethral stones tend to present with pain at the site of impaction. (bjuinternational.com)
  • evident from the findings of urinary stones in Egyptian mummies. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • In the middle and far east, there is endemicity for bladder stones. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • Colonel McCarrison noted the endemicity of bladder stones in India and its similarity in the UK. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • Also, three dimensional ultrasound imaging showed intra bladder IUD and its calcified components ( Figure 3 ). (scirp.org)
  • 2, 3] Perhaps surprisingly, patients with uric acid bladder calculi rarely ever have a documented history of gout or hyperuricemia. (medscape.com)
  • Typical anatomic findings include cystoceles, enteroceles, or findings of previous urethral surgery, all of which contribute to elevated residuals. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis is usually made before or at birth when a patient is evaluated for antenatal hydronephrosis or hydroureteronephrosis. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Immediate penile exploration was performed following a diagnosis of penile fracture. (journalajrru.com)
  • Calculi within urethral diverticula are a rare manifestation of urinary stone disease. (bjuinternational.com)
  • The patient denied any previous episodes of urinary tract infectionor stone disease. (bjuinternational.com)
  • Urinary stone disease finds its mention in Ancient Greek texts and recognition by Hippocrates. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • Historical urinary stone disease literature is fascinating with the morbidity of the disease, the mortality of the surgical attempted cures, and the descriptions of "lithotmus, stein-schnieider, clysters, lithotryptors to crush stone! (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • The cost of management of urinary stone disease is thought to be over 2 billion dollars in 2010 to over $10 billion annually. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • Urinary stone disease may be related to many factors including diet, environment, geographical location, metabolic and genetic factors. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • A 63-year-old Asian male with no significant past medical history presented to the emergency department with a four month history of urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, and a weak stream. (bjuinternational.com)
  • The patient underwent open urethrotomy, stone extraction, and primary repair of associated urethral diverticula. (bjuinternational.com)
  • With rare exceptions, any foreign body that cannot escape the bladder becomes calcified and eventually forms a stone. (medscape.com)
  • Posterior urethral valves associated with urethral calculus is very rare and only handful of cases are reported in literature. (medcraveonline.com)
  • Prompt intervention remains vital for improved outcomes in female urethral stricture cases. (journalajrru.com)
  • The most common factors that promote uric acid stone formations are persistently low urinary pH, dehydration leading to low urinary volume, and high uric acid production. (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, urethral dilation was employed, but high recurrence rates prompted a shift towards formal urethroplasty. (journalajrru.com)
  • In certain populations, a sickle cell preparation or a hemoglobin electrophoresis may be useful in establishing the diagnosis of sickle cell disease or trait. (medscape.com)
  • Sir G E Smith found a bladder calculus, dated to 4800 BC, in the mummy of the pelvis of a 16-years old in 1901 in El Amrah, Egypt. (pediatricurologybook.com)
  • He was found to have a tear of the tunica albuginea of the right corpora cavernosa with a urethral injury which was repaired successfully. (journalajrru.com)
  • Figure 1 VCUG showing Posterior Urethral Valves. (medcraveonline.com)
  • The sonographic images revealed a dense intra bladder stone like structure with metallic artifact consistent with a calculus IUD ( Figure 2 ). (scirp.org)
  • At persistently low pH uric acid crystals can form and stabilise even with normal urinary urate concentration. (medscape.com)
  • 1 The widespread use of antenatal USG has enabled early diagnosis of PUV. (medcraveonline.com)