Determinants genomics human evolutionary sex chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

They found that during evolution, a reshuffling of DNA known as translocation brought together separate chunks of sex-determining genes onto a single chromosome, essentially mimicking the human X or Y chromosome. (phys.org)
In the 1960's, Japanese-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist Susumu Ohno proposed a theory in which the genes determining sex first arose at various spots scattered across the entire genome , but over time were "captured" on the sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
A schematic figure from the paper illustrates how recombination occurred at the centromere and then genes migrated and fused to leave Cryptococcus with just two sexes, when before it had many. (phys.org)
In C. amylolentus , dozens of genes at two different locations on the chromosomes control what's called a tetrapolar, or four-part, mating system. (phys.org)
The researchers sequenced the entire genome of C. amylolentus , mapping the location of all the genes as well as the centromeres on each of the organism's 14 chromosomes. (phys.org)
Viewing evolution as a struggle between competing replicators made it easier to recognize that not all genes in an organism would share the same evolutionary fate. (wikipedia.org)
The elegant and original use of a probabilistic model of segregating alleles (implemented in the SEX-DETector method) allowed to identify both the sex and self-incompatibility loci [4], while this tool was initially developed for detecting sex-linked genes in species with strictly separated sexes (dioecy) [5]. (peercommunityin.org)
This study [4] paves the way for identifying the genes controlling the sex and self-incompatibility phenotypes and for understanding why and how self-incompatibility is only expressed in hermaphrodites and not in males. (peercommunityin.org)
Three X-chromosome loci had plausible candidate genes, including AR (on Xq12), TSR2 and KLF8 (both on Xp11.21). (nature.com)
If we are to make any headway in fighting diseases, reducing inequalities and the internecine fighting that appears to emerge so endemically when resources are scarce, values differ, and political approaches conflict, we must utilize multiple approaches, methods, be transdisciplinary and take into account the nature of human diversity, at every level, from our genes to our social identifications. (psu.edu)
For problems ranging from infectious disease to racial tensions in American cities, understanding that evolution matters but that genes are not deterministic and differ in their effects depending on social behavior and environment is a powerful way to better understand and solve many human challenges. (psu.edu)
DAZ (Deleted in Azoospermia) family genes are important fertility factors in many animals including humans. (ijbs.com)
In all species, Boule and Dazl are located in single copy on autosomes, while multiple DAZ genes are located on the Y chromosome. (ijbs.com)
In human, an array of four DAZ genes ( DAZ 1-4) is located in two clusters on the Y chromosome and mutations of these genes cause severe oligospermia or azospermia [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)
Notably, three major QTLs qSL-LG3-2, qSW-LG3-2, and qSW-LG3-F2 that accounted for 4.94-16.34% of the phenotypic variations were co-localized in a 2.08 Mb interval on chromosome 1 (chr1) with 279 candidate genes. (bvsalud.org)
By present estimates, humans have approximately 20,000 25,000 genes and share 98.4% of their DNA with their closest living evolutionary relatives, the two species of chimpanzees. (solarnavigator.net)
The X chromosome is larger and carries many genes not on the Y chromosome, which means that recessive diseases associated with X-linked genes, such as hemophilia, affect men more often than women. (solarnavigator.net)
With the development of gene sequencing technologies, sex-determining genes are being discovered. (heraldopenaccess.us)
It was found that MSL4 is highly conserved in all males, stable and reproducible, for the identification of genes that contribute to the understanding of sex chromosome phylogeny in higher plants [12]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Commonly reported N. fowleri virulence-associated genes were present in both core and accessory genomes, suggesting that N. fowleri's ability to infect human brain could be related to its unique species-specific genes (mostly of unknown function) and/or to differential gene expression. (cdc.gov)

It will also be fascinating to study more finely the degree and extent of genomic differentiation at these two loci and to assess whether recombination suppression has extended stepwise away from the sex and self-incompatibility loci, as can be expected under some hypotheses, such as the sheltering of deleterious alleles near permanently heterozygous alleles [7]. (peercommunityin.org)
Genetic, epigenetic, and genomic regulation of expression on the mammalian X chromosome. (psu.edu)
We investigate PAR1 evolution using population genomic datasets of extant humans, eight populations of great apes, and two archaic human genome sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent progress in genome assembly of the sex chromosomes and the availability of population genomic datasets have now made it possible to study divergence and diversity processes of this important region in detail. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, PAR1 of humans and great apes is a small genomic region evolving under a concentration of strong population genetic forces. (biomedcentral.com)
Mia Levine , An Associate Professor of Biology in the School of Arts and Sciences, studies the biological forces that drive the evolution of chromatin proteins, which package our genomic DNA yet are wildly unconserved over evolutionary time, and the functional consequences for chromosome segregation, telomere integrity, and genome defense. (upenn.edu)
In genomic studies of E. ulmoides , a desirable sex-linked locus MSL4 has been identified using RAD-seq/ddRAD-seq technology. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Common genomic determinants defined most strains' phenotypic, reduced susceptibility to current and historic antibiotics (e.g. bla (TEM) plasmid for penicillin, tetM plasmid for tetracycline, gyrA for ciprofloxacin, 23S rRNA and/or mosaic mtr operon for azithromycin, and mosaic penA for cefixime and ceftriaxone). (cdc.gov)

Ours is the first study that has attempted to evaluate the entire human genome for variants potentially involved in the acquisition or severity of SAB. (biomedcentral.com)
The mechanisms of sex determination in plants consist of two main systems: genetic sex determination and environmental sex determination, corresponding to the study of the genome and transcriptome, respectively. (heraldopenaccess.us)
In addition, we sequenced the full genome of a leucistic individual and obtained a highly-contiguous near-chromosome quality assembly of 1.69 Gb with an N50 of 14.5 Mb and an L50 of 29 sequences. (unige.ch)
Some Naegleria genome sequences are publicly available, but the genetic basis for Naegleria diversity and ability to thrive in diverse environments (including human brain) remains unclear. (cdc.gov)

Their genetic determinism and the factors controlling their evolution represent fascinating questions in evolutionary biology and genomics. (peercommunityin.org)
4] Carre A, Gallina S, Santoni S, Vernet P, Gode C, Castric V, Saumitou-Laprade P (2021) Genetic mapping of sex and self-incompatibility determinants in the androdioecious plant Phillyrea angustifolia . (peercommunityin.org)
Connectivity of populations on the genetic level, resulting in gene flow across long distances, is an important factor for understanding evolutionary processes on the meta-population level. (ucdavis.edu)
These sites were carefully selected to include all of the mosquito genetic diversity known to exist in the region (three molecular forms and chromosome inversion polymorphism). (ucdavis.edu)
We identify plausible genetic correlations between MPB and multiple sex-limited markers of earlier puberty, increased bone mineral density ( r g = 0.15) and pancreatic β-cell function ( r g = 0.12). (nature.com)
Overall, we provide genetic insights into MPB: a phenotype of interest in its own right, with value as a model sex-limited, complex trait. (nature.com)
Consomic rat panel in which each of the 20 autosomes and the X and Y chromosomes from the BN strain were transferred onto the SS genetic background. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Building tools to elucidate the complex genetic and environmental underpinnings of human disease. (psu.edu)
Some studies have reported high genetic diversity among isolates from human infections, food products, and other sources ( 5 , 7 , 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa. (academicinfluence.com)
Genetic absolute dating based on microsatellites and the origin of modern humans. (academicinfluence.com)
Our Center is important for two reasons: 1) There are many interesting questions yet to answer about human evolution and physical, behavioral, and genetic variation, and 2) There seems to be a continuing divide between what anthropologists know and how they think about human evolution and diversity and how the general public and academic colleagues in other fields think about these topics. (psu.edu)
An iBook about human genetic ancestry. (duke.edu)
The continuous increase in the human population coupled with rising incomes and urbanization necessitates the need to conserve the genetic potential of animals to avoid or lower the consequences of biodiversity loss. (scirp.org)
Humans vary in their susceptibility to acquiring Staphylococcus aureus infection, and research suggests that there is a genetic basis for this variability. (biomedcentral.com)
A variety of research findings suggest that there is a genetic basis for human susceptibility to S. aureus . (biomedcentral.com)
Our main focus pertains to the genetic and developmental determinants of coloration in squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). (unige.ch)
We produce and integrate data from comparative genomics, transcriptomics (bulk and single-cell), genetic mapping, transgenesis and molecular developmental biology to identify the key players in the establishment of the vast diversity of skin colour and colour pattern phenotypes. (unige.ch)

In a study appearing early online Aug. 11 in PLOS Biology , Duke researchers have mapped the evolutionary turning point that transformed the pathogenic form of Cryptococcus from an organism of many sexes to one with only two. (phys.org)
He is an Australian-born mathematician turned American theoretical biologist, best known for his mathematical evolutionary theory and computational studies in evolutionary biology, and for originating with L. L. Cavalli-Sforza the theory of cultural evolution. (academicinfluence.com)
Human beings are products of rich and complex interactions between biology and culture that have developed over millions of years. (psu.edu)
NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
Recently, reptiles became important new models for comparative genomics, ecology, and evolutionary developmental biology. (unige.ch)

A new paper from Duke molecular genetics and microbiology shows how pathogenic Cryptococcus fungi evolved from having many sexes to just two through 50 million years of gene swapping. (phys.org)
He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Human Genetics, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, US National Academy of Sciences, and the California Academy of Sciences. (academicinfluence.com)
Haldane's dilemma - the trade secret of evolutionary genetics by Walter ReMine (August 21, 2007). (uncommondescent.com)
Transcriptomic studies on E. ulmoides have sequenced the transcriptomes of female and male buds using the Illumina platform and detected 67,447 and 58,236 single nucleotide polymorphisms in male and female buds of E. ulmoides respectively, which provides a valuable resource for conservation genetics and functional genomics studies [17]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Buonomo SB, Nasmyth K. Functional genomics identifies monopolin: a kinetochore can build. (ruskinhouse.org)
Roy H. Hamilton , A Professor of Neurology in the Perelman School of Medicine, studies the characteristics and limits of functional neuroplasticity in the adult human brain, including how the brain reorganizes itself in response to injury and the brain's potential for reorganization in order to speed rehabilitation using noninvasive electrical or magnetic brain stimulation. (upenn.edu)

Biologically speaking, nearly every species on Earth has two opposite sexes, male and female. (phys.org)
Regardless of the name or species, Heitman contends that some universal principles could govern the evolution of all sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
He and an international team of researchers focused on the last common ancestor of the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans and its nearest sibling species, a non-pathogen called Cryptococcus amylolentus . (phys.org)
The result was an organism with a bipolar mating system, much like the male and female sexes that embody most species. (phys.org)
Crucially, he noted that the resulting female-biased sex ratio may drive a population extinct (see Species extinction). (wikipedia.org)
Depending on the species, DAZL is expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and/or pre-meiotic and meiotic germ cells of both sexes. (ijbs.com)
PAR1 evolutionary dynamics are predominantly governed by recombination processes with a strong impact on mutation patterns across all species. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequence evolution of the pseudoautosomal region after the split between the avian and mammalian lineages, and leading up to extant mammalian species, involved the formation of several evolutionary strata mediated by recombination suppression between the sex chromosomes [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans , or human beings , are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin for 'wise man' or 'knowing man') under the family Hominidae (the great apes). (solarnavigator.net)
This, combined with an erect body carriage that frees their upper limbs for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make greater use of tools than any other species. (solarnavigator.net)
humans are the only known species to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and use numerous other technologies . (solarnavigator.net)
Humans are a eukaryotic species. (solarnavigator.net)
In this paper we briefly review several recent lines of evidence concerning Neandertal language and speech capacity, aiming to dispel the idea-still held in some influential circles-that the Neandertals were an inarticulate not quite human species, arguing instead that they were probably not very different biologically or cognitively from us, and that their linguistic capacities were closely similar to our own 1 . (frontiersin.org)
The famous evolutionary geneticist, J.B.S. Haldane, showed that for higher vertebrates (species with low reproduction rates), the long-term rate of beneficial substitution cannot plausibly be faster than one substitution per 300 generations. (uncommondescent.com)
The major lineages of Reptiles diverged 200-280 million years ago and include more than 10,000 species (twice as many as mammals), which display a remarkable range of phenotypes, life histories, sex-determining systems, reproductive modes, and physiologies. (unige.ch)
Of the 47 Naegleria species described, N. fowleri is the only one being pathogenic to humans, causing a rare but fulminant primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. (cdc.gov)

In this study, the researchers showed that in Cryptococcus amylolentus, the ancestral state, the P/R locus resided on chromosome 10 and the HD locus on chromosome 11. (phys.org)

A transdisciplinary approach rooted in evolutionary principles is the surest path to understanding the development of sex differences and how these processes contribute to human diversity and influence our lives. (psu.edu)
Despite the relationship between MA and sex differences being topic of interest for over twenty years, the focal point has mostly been on the psychological causes. (helsinki.fi)
Articles that investigated sex differences in the context of MA were selected for the study using PRISMA guidelines. (helsinki.fi)
Age was shown to influence the prevalence of MA between sexes, with sex differences in MA being more infrequent in children and increasing towards adulthood. (helsinki.fi)
The findings suggest that a diverse set of biological sex differences related to to brain function, cognition and sex hormones can, in part, explain the higher prevalence of MA among females and age-related deviations. (helsinki.fi)
By shedding light on possible biological factors contributing to sex differences in MA, this review represents a valuable step toward a more comprehensive understanding of this complex issue. (helsinki.fi)
First, general anatomical differences were suggestive of considerable evolutionary distance from modern humans, with Neandertal robustness taken to imply strength compensating for restricted intelligence. (frontiersin.org)
Killing is expressed often changes how they are received, and that local plasticity can approximate gradient descent using spike discontinuity is used to quantify putative sex differences in spindle checkpoint delay is similar for the female, the mating represented one of 5 males during the run. (ruskinhouse.org)
Therefore, the identification of males and females by phenotypic differences at the adult plant stage is not a reliable basis for early sex identification, and it is particularly important to study their reproductive organ development and sexual differentiation. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Scientists have been studying the evolution of sex chromosomes for more than a century. (phys.org)
Furthermore, the co-occurrence in P. angustifolia of sex and mating types can contribute to our understanding of the factor controlling their evolution [8]. (peercommunityin.org)
He has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, China Population Association Award, the Dan David Prize, and Kimura Motoo Award in Human Evolution. (academicinfluence.com)
Reconstructing human ecosystems of the past and their evolution provides not only a window into the past but helps us better plan for the future. (psu.edu)
Bringing together multiple disciplines to understand how people learn and reason about complex topics such as human evolution is important for today's schools, museums, and other educational settings. (psu.edu)
Interdisciplinary research holds great promise for using our knowledge of evolution effectively to improve the human condition. (psu.edu)
A transdisciplinary study of human evolution and diversity not only helps us understand how and why we became who we are, it is necessary for determining how we function day-to-day. (psu.edu)
How did dry climate affect human evolution? (custom-writing.org)
Ten million years for the evolution of humans from some ape-humanoid ancestor. (uncommondescent.com)
The study of the evolution of sex chromosomes in plant identification has great importance, three sex-determining systems have generally been identified in dioecious plants: XY, ZW, and XO [8,9]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Further comparative genomics analysis preliminarily showed that the split of P. fortunei with Tectona grandis likely occurred 38.8 (33.3-45.1) million years ago. (bvsalud.org)
Comparative community genomics in the Dead Sea: an increasingly extreme environment. (mbl.edu)

But with some fungi and other microbes, sex can be a lot more complicated. (phys.org)

homozygotes for a single allele and heterozygotes therefore co-occur in natural populations at both sex and self-incompatibility loci [3]. (peercommunityin.org)
4] confirmed that the sex and self-incompatibility loci are located in two distinct linkage groups and correspond to XY-like systems. (peercommunityin.org)
4 performed a GWAS case-control meta-analysis on over 22,000 males, finding 63 independent MPB-associated loci, with six on the X-chromosome. (nature.com)

Utilizing animal models of several human diseases including enteric infections and inflammatory bowel disease to determine the cellular targets and molecular signals by which dietary components regulate immunity. (psu.edu)
S. saprophyticus colonizes humans and animals but basic features of its molecular epidemiology are undetermined. (cdc.gov)
As CXXC1 is orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spp1 that links DSB sites to the DSB machinery on the chromosome axis, we propose that these molecular interactions involved in the regulation of meiotic DSB formation are conserved in mouse meiosis. (springer.com)
The physiological and molecular mechanisms of sex differentiation and determination in plants have been extensively studied for many years. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Despite recent evidence for Y chromosome introgression from humans into Neanderthals, we find that the Neanderthal PAR1 retained similarity to the Denisovan sequence. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, we evaluated the joint effect of the host and pathogen genomes in association with severity of SAB infection via logistic regression, including an interaction of host SNP with bacterial genotype, and adjusting for age (by decade), sex, the 6 significant principal components, and dialysis status. (biomedcentral.com)

Development and neuroendocrine basis of human sex-typed cognition and social behavior. (psu.edu)

2009 ). At a larger scale, DSB formation occurs in the context of a specific chromosome architecture that consists of chromatin loops anchored to a proteinaceous axis (Zickler and Kleckner 1999 ). (springer.com)
DSB sites are preferentially located within chromatin loops, while several proteins that are required for DSB formation (Rec114, Mei4, and Mer2) localize on the chromosome axis (Blat et al. (springer.com)

The reservoirs of S. saprophyticus causing UTI in humans are believed to be endogenous, but evidence is lacking. (cdc.gov)

Already in 1928, Russian geneticist Sergey Gershenson reported the discovery of a driving X chromosome in Drosophila obscura. (wikipedia.org)

Marcus Feldman is co-director of the Center for Computational, Evolutionary, and Human Genomics and the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Biological Sciences, and director of the Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies at Stanford University . (academicinfluence.com)

No factor is more fundamental to human variation than biological sex, and its importance to our health and well-being is becoming increasingly appreciated. (psu.edu)

One of the strongest evolutionary influences on humans has been largely invisible: microbes. (psu.edu)

PR domain-containing protein 9 (PRDM9) is a major regulator of the localization of meiotic recombination hotspots in the human and mouse genomes. (springer.com)

Boule and Dazl are situated on autosomes while DAZ, exclusive of higher primates, is located on the Y chromosome. (ijbs.com)
There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. (solarnavigator.net)

Human males are typically larger than females: the average height and weight of a North American adult male is 175 centimeters (5 feet 9 inches) and 78 kilograms (172 pounds). (solarnavigator.net)
Like other mammals, humans have an XY sex-determination system, so that females have the sex chromosomes XX and males have XY. (solarnavigator.net)

In humans and mice, hotspots are specified by PRDM9, a meiosis-specific PRDM family protein (Baudat et al. (springer.com)
PAR1 has a crucial role in ensuring proper segregation of sex chromosomes during male meiosis, exposing it to extreme recombination and mutation processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Ambike S, Penedo T, Kulkarni A, Cho H, Rietdyk S, Ambike S (2023) The sum of all connections are used in the cells were treated with an obstacle compared to cells in meiosis as it is relevant to models that treat high-impact frailty indicators implies that the MOSAP for human gait arise when extending this logic to (1) different adaptive gait tasks and populations suggests that the. (ruskinhouse.org)

Ancestral Boule is present from sea anemones through humans and Dazl is conserved among vertebrates. (ijbs.com)

The earliest clear statement of how chromosomes may spread in a population not because of their positive fitness effects on the individual organism, but because of their own "parasitic" nature came from the Swedish botanist and cytogeneticist Gunnar Östergren in 1945. (wikipedia.org)
The extense and evolutionary maintenance of polyphenism is the result of a balance of constraints and selective forces, and reflects the ability of an organism to display flexible development systems and to fine-tune development with environmental cues [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The size of gene repertoires of each organism results from of a balance between gene duplication and gene loss, a dynamic process that could be a significant source of evolutionary novelty and adaptation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Signals of recent positive selection in a worldwide sample of human populations. (academicinfluence.com)

The importance of pseudoautosomal regions is evident in the association of PAR1-specific mutations with various phenotypic consequences in humans. (biomedcentral.com)

Humans have a highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning, language and introspection. (solarnavigator.net)

Applying an evolutionary mismatch framework to understand disease susceptibility. (nih.gov)

Embryonic diapause (dormancy) is a state of temporary arrest of embryonic development that is triggered by unfavorable conditions and serves as an evolutionary strategy to ensure reproductive survival. (biomedcentral.com)

It is usually assumed that modern language is a recent phenomenon, coinciding with the emergence of modern humans themselves. (frontiersin.org)
However, we argue here that recognizably modern language is likely an ancient feature of our genus pre-dating at least the common ancestor of modern humans and Neandertals about half a million years ago. (frontiersin.org)

These regions of the chromosome are so dense that they were once thought to be removed from recombination. (phys.org)

they treated MPB as a ordered categorical trait with four levels, and identified 287 independent MPB-associated variants: 247 autosomal, and 40 on the X-chromosome 8 . (nature.com)
We find that PAR1 is fast evolving and closer to evolutionary nucleotide equilibrium than autosomal telomeres. (biomedcentral.com)

There is an urgent imperative to unbias human microbiome studies across the diversity of all of us to solve the major challenges relating to health disparities and inequities. (psu.edu)
Transdisciplinary research is necessary to fully appreciate human diversity, to combat health inequity, and to advance wellbeing for everyone. (psu.edu)
The Center offers multiple perspectives of how research in this area is conducted, which will enhance young people's views of how scientific knowledge is developed and of human diversity. (psu.edu)
Another consequence is that the present-day linguistic diversity might better reflect the properties of the design space for language and not just the vagaries of history, and could also contain traces of the languages spoken by other human forms such as the Neandertals. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, we suggest that present-day linguistic diversity might have been shaped by interactions with such archaic humans during modern human expansions across the world. (frontiersin.org)
It aims to provide a detailed report of strain diversity, phylogenetic relationships and resistance determinant profiles associated with reduced susceptibilities to antibiotics of concern. (cdc.gov)

Humans are capable of fully bipedal locomotion, thus leaving their arms available for manipulating objects using their hands, aided especially by opposable thumbs. (solarnavigator.net)

Surprisingly, they've shown that these crucial translocations occurred at the centromeres, the twisty ties that hold together chromosomes at the center of an x-shaped pair. (phys.org)

Although humans appear relatively hairless compared to other primates, with notable hair growth occurring chiefly on the top of the head, underarms and pubic area, the average human has more hair on his or her body than the average chimpanzee. (solarnavigator.net)

Because human physiology has not fully adapted to bipedalism, the pelvic region and vertebral column tend to become worn, creating locomotion difficulties in old age. (solarnavigator.net)

However, its dioecious nature prevents sex identification by traditional morphological observation early in development, thus hindering breeding and cash crop cultivation [7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Human IDI2 is expressed only in skeletal-myocellular peroxisomes and instant spikes in isoprene exhalation during muscle activity underpins its origin from muscular lipolytic cholesterol metabolism. (nature.com)

Like most primates, humans are by nature social. (solarnavigator.net)

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