• Bursts are suggested to provide an alerting signal to the cortex and enhance stimulus detection, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear, because the postsynaptic responses of different subtypes of cortical neurons to unitary thalamocortical bursts are mostly unknown. (jneurosci.org)
  • Using optogenetically guided recordings in mouse thalamocortical slices, we achieved the first reported paired intracellular recordings from nine monosynaptically connected thalamic and cortical neurons, including principal cells and two subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, and compared between cortical responses to single thalamocortical spikes and bursts. (jneurosci.org)
  • In 18 additional cortical neurons, we elicited unitary burst responses optogenetically. (jneurosci.org)
  • Using brain slices from mouse somatosensory thalamus and cortex, we achieved the first dual recordings of directly connected thalamic and cortical neurons and compared between cortical responses to single thalamic spikes and to bursts. (jneurosci.org)
  • Our data suggest mitochondria are not necessarily positioned to support the energy needs of strong spines, but rather support the structurally and functionally diverse inputs innervating the basal dendrites of cortical neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • The synaptic inputs to single cortical neurons exhibit substantial diversity in their sensory-driven activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Similarly, it has been shown that knockdown of KIF3B in cortical neurons causes an increase in dendritic arborization, with an increase in mushroom and thin spines as well [ 30 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Feedback inputs from higher visual areas have scattered receptive fields relative to their putative targets in the primary visual cortex, which enables the generation of the fbRF. (nature.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that dendrite self-avoidance in Drosophila da sensory neurons requires cell-recognition molecules encoded by the Dscam locus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Importantly, whereas the anterior brain of an adult Drosophila contains about 100,000 neurons (Zheng et al. (springer.com)
  • To use Drosophila genetics to identify core programs that control dendrite development, we developed a simple assay system. (ucsf.edu)
  • For example, in the Drosophila PNS, the zinc finger-containing protein Hamlet functions as a binary switch between the elaborate multiple-dendrite morphology of the da neuron and the single, unbranched dendrite morphology of the external sensory (es) neuron. (ucsf.edu)
  • Drosophila da neurons fall into four distinct morphological classes (I-IV). (ucsf.edu)
  • Similar to the majority of vertebrate neurons, the Drosophila da neurons show clear dendrite vs. axon polarity including the orientations of microtubules (MT). It is well known from numerous studies in various organisms that MT cytoskeleton plays a major role for the proper establishment and maintenance of neuronal architecture. (ucsf.edu)
  • We recently found that Golgi outposts serve this role in the dendrites of Drosophila da neurons. (ucsf.edu)
  • On this examine, we investigated how Drosophila sensory neurons reply to the dysregulation of a disease-associated RBP, Ataxin -2 (ATX2), which ends up in dendritic defects. (ataxin.com)
  • We discovered that ATX2 performs an important function in spacing dendritic branches for the optimum dendritic receptive fields in Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (C4da) neurons, the place each expression degree and subcellular location of ATX2 contribute considerably to this impact. (ataxin.com)
  • The combined results indicate that glycolysis is regulated by the compartmental expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M1, and pyruvate kinase M2 in photoreceptors, whereas the inner retinal neurons exhibit a lower capacity for glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis. (molvis.org)
  • Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
  • Inherited and age-related retinal degenerative diseases cause progressive loss of rod and cone photoreceptors, leading to blindness, but spare downstream retinal neurons, which can be targeted for optogenetic therapy. (researchgate.net)
  • Whereas somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons are driven by these large stimuli, inhibitory neurons that express parvalbumin and vasoactive intestinal peptide have mutually antagonistic fbRF and ffRF, similar to excitatory neurons. (nature.com)
  • Anti-GAD65 antibody (Ab) acts on the terminals of inhibitory neurons that suppress GABA release, whereas anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR1, and anti-GluR Abs impair LTD induction. (springer.com)
  • First, since chained inhibitory neurons shape the output signals through the mechanism of disinhibition/inhibition, impairments of GABA release and LTD distort the conversion process from the "internal model" to the output signals. (springer.com)
  • Susceptible neuronal populations also include inhibitory neurons in the thalamic Reticular Nucleus. (cdc.gov)
  • RGC feature selectivity arises from their synapses with a specific subset of amacrine (AC) and bipolar cell (BC) types, but how RGC dendrites arborize and collect input from these specific subsets remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
  • These studies suggest a common role for these IgSFs to stabilize/promote the growth of small dendrites that lead to synapses or suggest differing roles for IgSFs in synaptic specificity and neurite growth. (elifesciences.org)
  • The superior cervical ganglion, a section of which is shown here, is a part of the sympathetic nervous system in which neurons originating in the spinal cord form synapses with neurons that innervate the heart, head, and neck, and control responses such as heart rate and pupil dilation. (nih.gov)
  • Each neuron has hundreds of dendrites, receiving messages from other neurons, adjacent or far away, via the synapses, allowing for innumerable connection possibilities. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The number of dendrites-i.e., the branches of neurons that make synaptic connections-also increases, as does the number of synapses (Klintsova & Greenough, 1999). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Synapses are the smallest units of organization in neural networks, and they are thought to encode memories. (jneurosci.org)
  • The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • firing properties were compared between neurons with an intact axon, including a first branchpoint, and L5 neurons with axons cut proximal to the branchpoint during the slice preparation procedure (Figure 2A). (inhibitorlibraries.com)
  • Figure 2A shows a typical Rutecarpine example of a L5 neuron with the axon cut proximally to the first node at a distance of 98 μm. (inhibitorlibraries.com)
  • As a neuron grows, only one of these branches becomes an axon, while the rest become dendrites. (banglaforexacademy.com)
  • This monitoring can be accomplished by noninvasive means such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG), or by more invasive means such as electrophysiology, the use of electrodes to record the electrical activity of single neurons or groups of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Entire layers of neurons migrate to other places after birth. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light-sensing cells are in the back of the retina, so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the photosensitive sections of the rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thalamocortical neurons relay sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex using both single spikes and high-frequency bursts, but the function of bursts is not fully understood. (jneurosci.org)
  • We used single neuron recordings and controlled whisker deflections to examine responses of thalamocortical neurons to sensory stimulation in rat survivors of 9 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest incurred on post-natal day 17. (cdc.gov)
  • We found that 48-72 hours after cardiac arrest, thalamocortical neurons demonstrate significantly elevated firing rates both during spontaneous activity and in response to whisker deflections. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite the overall increase in firing, by 6 weeks, thalamocortical neurons display degraded receptive fields, with decreased responses to adjacent whiskers. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we show that feedback projections onto excitatory neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex generate a second receptive field that is driven by stimuli outside the ffRF. (nature.com)
  • Thus, firing a burst instead of a single spike would more than double the probability of firing in postsynaptic excitatory neurons and in SOM, but not FS, interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • We report that bursts enhanced the responses of excitatory neurons and of inhibitory interneurons that preferentially target dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
  • Dendrite arborization patterns are critical determinants of neural circuit formation and influence the type of synaptic or sensory inputs a neuron is able to receive. (ucsf.edu)
  • We use the fly transgenic technique to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the dendritic arborization (da) neurons, a group of sensory neurons with a stereotyped dendritic branching pattern. (ucsf.edu)
  • These findings, together with an analysis of an RNAi (RNA interference) screen that revealed more than 70 transcription factors regulate dendritic arbor development of class I neurons in fly, suggest that complicated networks of transcriptional regulators likely regulate type-specific dendrite arborization patterns. (ucsf.edu)
  • These results reveal the preferential role of ER-Golgi trafficking and Golgi outposts in dendrite arborization. (ucsf.edu)
  • A subset of cortical somatostatin (SST) neurons, the Martinotti cells, gate top down input by inhibiting the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in laye. (researchgate.net)
  • A commonly observed characteristic of L5 neocortical pyramidal neurons is the existence of two subpopulations generating distinct firing patterns called intrinsic bursts (IBs), characterized by a first interspike interval (ISI) less than 10 ms (firing frequency ≥ 100 Hz) or regular spiking (RS) with nonadapting ISI of ∼100-200 ms (Chagnac-Amitai et al. (inhibitorlibraries.com)
  • The stimulation of this feedback receptive field (fbRF) elicits responses that are slower and are delayed in comparison with those resulting from the stimulation of the ffRF. (nature.com)
  • Because neural responses are inherently variable (that is, their spiking pattern may depend on more than just the stimulus which is presented, although not all of this variability may be true noise, since factors other than the presented stimulus may affect the sensory neuron under study), often the same stimulus protocol is repeated many times to get a feel for the variability a neuron may have. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic and physiological studies revealed that Sdk1 loss selectively disrupts S1-RGC visual responses, which result from a loss of excitatory and inhibitory inputs and selective dendritic deficits on this neuron. (elifesciences.org)
  • Importantly, however, the responses of descending neurons are not always directly deducible from the responses of their presumed pre-synaptic counterparts (Wu et al. (springer.com)
  • Although the spatial extent and the center/surround organization of sensory receptive fields were not changed, initial excitatory responses were followed by prolonged inhibition. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • However, modeling the responses of neurons in recurrent circuits is highly challenging because each neuron's activity influences, and is influenced by, potentially every other neuron in the circuit. (alkpathway.com)
  • In the visual system, these feedforward pathways define the classical feedforward receptive field (ffRF), the area in space in which visual stimuli excite a neuron 1 . (nature.com)
  • Our results highlight the importance of using several visual stimuli as the neurons can rarely be identified based on only one response characteristic. (springer.com)
  • Fig. 2: Neuron-type specific response to inverse stimuli. (nature.com)
  • Neurons in sensory regions of the brain respond to stimuli by firing one or more nerve impulses (action potentials) following stimulus presentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • that is, to try to determine which stimuli cause the neuron to fire in what ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • One recent trend in sensory neuroscience has been the adoption of natural stimuli for the characterization of sensory neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Free software is now available to help neuroscientists interested in estimating receptive fields cope with the difficulty of using natural stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
  • We describe how the neurons can be identified based on their receptive field properties, and how they respond to moving targets, looming stimuli and to widefield optic flow. (springer.com)
  • One possibility is that CC inputs specifically modulate neurons projecting back to the source of those inputs (looped neurons) indirectly via intermediary inhibitory or excitatory cells in the local circuit. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, it remains unknown whether CC inputs selectively contact looped neurons over closely intermingled IT neurons projecting elsewhere (non-looped IT neurons), or whether they innervate IT neurons equally regardless of their projection pattern. (elifesciences.org)
  • The dendrites of each da neuron show self-avoidance and tend to spread out without crossing over. (ucsf.edu)
  • Yuh Nung Jan is interested in the basic mechanisms that control diversity of neuronal morphology, dendrite development and neuronal circuitry formation. (ucsf.edu)
  • Dendrites require exact and well timed supply of protein substrates to distal areas to make sure the proper morphology and performance of neurons. (ataxin.com)
  • Ascending neurons provide sensory and motor feedback to the brain, whereas descending neurons carry sensory and motor-related information from the brain to central pattern generators in the posterior ganglia. (springer.com)
  • In recent years, the major focus of the lab has shifted to the study of dendrite development and neuronal circuit assembly. (ucsf.edu)
  • Feedback projections may therefore enable neurons to use context to estimate information that is missing from the ffRF and to report differences in stimulus features across visual space, regardless of whether excitation occurs inside or outside the ffRF. (nature.com)
  • A typical single neuron experiment will consist of isolating a neuron (that is, navigating the neuron until the experimenter finds a neuron which spikes in response to the type of stimulus to be presented, and (optionally) determining that all of the spikes observed indeed come from a single neuron), then presenting a stimulus protocol. (wikipedia.org)
  • One common way to find the receptive field is to use linear regression to find which stimulus characteristics typically caused neurons to become excited or depressed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the receptive field of a sensory neuron can vary in time (i.e. latency between the stimulus and the effect it has on the neuron) and in some spatial dimension (literally space for vision and somatosensory cells, but other "spatial" dimensions such as the frequency of a sound for auditory neurons), the term spatio temporal receptive field or STRF is often used to describe these receptive fields. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brain state has profound effects on neural processing and stimulus encoding in sensory cortices. (researchgate.net)
  • Modeling single neurons (classical computational neuroscience, spiking models, current models, firing rate models), or what can math/physics tell us about neurons? (tum.de)
  • Sensory neuroscience is a subfield of neuroscience which explores the anatomy and physiology of neurons that are part of sensory systems such as vision, hearing, and olfaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our own lab demonstrated that KIF11 KD (knockdown) in hippocampal neurons increased dendritic branching without a change in spine density [ 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we examine the relationship of the local field potential to the activity of localized populations of neurons by simultaneously recording spiking activity and LFP from the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake, behaving macaques. (frontiersin.org)
  • In some cases, the "dendritic fate" of a particular neuron might be specified by a single transcription factor. (ucsf.edu)
  • Here we highlight recent efforts to improve our ability to analyze functions of single neurons in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
  • After my PhD I moved to modelling, working on Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity in single spiking neuron models, in the lab of Tomoki Fukai. (oist.jp)
  • Transient termination of spiking by noise in coupled neurons. (ens.fr)
  • As opposed to traditional models for RNNs (such as LSTMs) which are based on continuous-valued neurons operating in discrete time, our model consists of discrete-valued (spiking) neurons operating in continuous time. (rctn.org)
  • I then moved to the lab of Jochen Triesch, to study plasticity in networks of spiking neurons. (oist.jp)
  • Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. (nature.com)
  • Functional properties of neurons in the cortex are often organized on a very fine spatial scale, such as orientation tuning in area V1 of the macaque. (frontiersin.org)
  • He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)
  • This leads to the prediction that neural circuits should be organized such that neurons with similar functional preference are connected with stronger weights. (bvsalud.org)
  • Further exploration of PDF neuron morphological changes and the role of Mef2 might be a useful platform to dissect the interface between the contributions of circadian and homeostatic processes to sleep-wake regulation. (alkpathway.com)
  • Dendrites distinguish between sister branches and those of other cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • [6] In contrast, in the cephalopod retina, the photoreceptors are in front, with processing neurons and capillaries behind them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons are not transistors and they are not neural networks. (neurosimlab.com)
  • Neurons with fbRFs are located in cortical layers that receive strong feedback projections and are absent in the main input layer, which is consistent with a laminar processing hierarchy. (nature.com)
  • The relatively narrow, branching projections that extend from the cell bodies of neurons. (suffernomore.com)
  • Another possibility, not mutually exclusive to the previous one, is that CC projections selectively synapse onto looped neurons directly to form interareal monosynaptic loops, which would be excitatory since most long-range cortical afferents are glutamatergic. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, long-range CC projections could selectively participate in excitatory monosynaptic loops by preferentially contacting looped IT neurons, while avoiding neighboring non-looped IT, PT, and CT neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Our results reveal that CC connections are selectively wired to form monosynaptic excitatory loops and support a differential role of supragranular and infragranular neurons in hierarchical recurrent computations. (elifesciences.org)
  • Furthermore, in order to implement selective recurrent interactions, both FF and FB connections could be required to specifically engage with looped IT neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Dendrite-dendrite repulsion can have a profound influence on the size and shape of the dendritic field, as well as the spatial relationship between different dendritic fields. (ucsf.edu)
  • Collectively, our knowledge counsel that dysregulation of RBPs triggers a compensatory regulation of different functionally-overlapping RBPs to reduce RBP dysregulation-associated aberrations that hinder neuronal homeostasis in dendrites. (ataxin.com)
  • In particular, I am interested in the interplay between Hebbian-like types of plasticity and homeostasis, and how networks of neurons can process information while maintaining their optimal states of operating, in terms of synaptic strengths and firing rates for example. (oist.jp)
  • i.e., there is little overlap between the dendritic fields of adjacent neurons of the same class because their dendrites show homotypic repulsion. (ucsf.edu)
  • About computational tools, I write my simulations mostly in NEURON, and do my data analysis in Python and Matlab. (oist.jp)
  • I have expertise in detailed modeling of neurons with ion channels and intracellular ion dynamics, mainly in the NEURON platform. (oist.jp)
  • Looking at early sensory processing is advantageous since brain regions that are "higher up" (e.g. those involved in memory or emotion) contain neurons which encode more abstract representations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, these connectomic data support a model in which neurons recognize targets in their immediate vicinity and synapse specifically with them. (elifesciences.org)
  • In flies, three paired thoracic ganglia are fused with the abdominal ganglion to form the ventral nerve cord (Power 1948 ), which is connected to the anterior brain via the cervical connective containing both ascending and descending neurons. (springer.com)
  • It has long been believed that the number of neurons does not increase after birth, but some studies have shown that in adult rodents and primates new neurons are formed after damage (Rakic, 2002). (encyclopedia.com)
  • We conclude that Sdk1 shapes dendrite growth and wiring to help S1-RGCs become feature selective. (elifesciences.org)
  • We discuss their similarities with previously published visual neurons, in the optic lobes and ventral nerve cord, and suggest that they can be classified as target-selective, looming sensitive and optic flow sensitive, based on these similarities. (springer.com)
  • FF and FB afferents showed similar cell-type selectivity, making stronger connections with looped neurons than with other projection types in layer (L)5 and L6, but not in L2/3, resulting in selective modulation of activity in looped neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Neurons with more complex dendritic branching patterns and larger dendritic fields (classes III and IV) express higher levels of Cut. (ucsf.edu)
  • A better understanding is necessary for experimental studies of sensory processing, in particular regarding possible effects on the dynamic structure of excitatory and inhibitory receptive fields and to improve the knowledge of the mechanisms of anesthesia in general. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • By contrast, Dscam diversity ensures that inappropriate repulsive interactions between dendrites sharing the same receptive field do not occur. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Studies of the epistatic relationship between Cut and Ss indicate that these transcription factors are likely acting in independent pathways to regulate morphogenesis of da neuron dendrites. (ucsf.edu)
  • Descending neurons can thus initiate and modify behavior based on sensory input, and other higher order processing that takes place in the brain. (springer.com)
  • Atonal is a basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein, which is the founding member of an important family of proneural genes that function to initiate the development of two major types of sensory neurons used in vision and hearing. (ucsf.edu)