• Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) is a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. (wikipedia.org)
  • These chemical defenses can act as repellents or toxins to herbivores or reduce plant digestibility. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another approach diverts herbivores toward eating non-essential parts or enhances the ability of a plant to recover from the damage caused by herbivory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each type of defense can be either constitutive (always present in the plant) or induced (produced in reaction to damage or stress caused by herbivores). (wikipedia.org)
  • While most plant defenses are directed against insects, other defenses have evolved that are aimed at vertebrate herbivores, such as birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early insect herbivores were mandibulate and bit or chewed vegetation, but the evolution of vascular plants lead to the co-evolution of other forms of herbivory, such as sap-sucking, leaf mining, gall forming and nectar-feeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • One way that plants could differ in their susceptibility to herbivores is through defense trade-off. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is a long-term coevolutionary relationship between plants and their insect herbivores, which results in plants mounting defenses against the insects. (psu.edu)
  • Thorns and hairs of plants can serve as defenses against herbivores, although they may not have evolved under selection by herbivory. (researchgate.net)
  • My main interests are investigating the countermeasures herbivores use in overcoming host plant defenses. (psu.edu)
  • Wouter tested the role of G-proteins in defense against herbivores. (unil.ch)
  • Protective perfumes: the role of vegetative volatiles in plant defense against herbivores. (scienceopen.com)
  • Macroalgal abundance of recruitment tiles increased with nutrient loading and herbivory reduction combined whereas on succession tiles nutrient loading increased abundance of articulated-calcareous only when herbivores were excluded. (fiu.edu)
  • Latitudinal clines in defense and palatability to herbivores are expected to exist in native plant species but the evolution of these clines may lag behind for invasive plant species resulting in non-parallel latitudinal clines that may impact invasion success. (lincoln.ac.nz)
  • Using native and invasive genotypes of P. australis collected across a 17° latitudinal range, we performed experiments in replicate northern and southern common gardens to investigate whether these two lineages exhibited different genetically based latitudinal clines in defenses, nutritional condition, and palatability to their herbivores, the aphid Hyalopterus pruni and the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. (lincoln.ac.nz)
  • Although invasive genotypes did not exhibit higher defense levels (leaf toughness, phenolics, percent carbon), they were considerably less palatable to their herbivores than native genotypes. (lincoln.ac.nz)
  • In accordance to the resource-availability hypothesis, widespread species from resource rich habitats where more damaged by herbivores (less defended) than widespread species from resource poor habitats -such a growth-defense tradeoff was lacking in rare species. (datadryad.org)
  • These data highlight the complexity of defense signaling interactions among plants, pathogens, and herbivores. (harvard.edu)
  • Some plants avoid herbivory by decreasing their apparency or 'hiding' from herbivores in spatial or temporal refuges . (scientistcindy.com)
  • Plants may reduce herbivory by growing in areas inaccessible to herbivores as represented in the figure above. (scientistcindy.com)
  • Chemical defenses include compounds with chemical properties that directly deter herbivores from feeding on a plant. (scientistcindy.com)
  • Adaptive responses of herbivores to plant defenses. (psu.edu)
  • Since the cost of replacing damaged leaves is higher in conditions where resources are scarce, it may also be that plants growing in areas where water and nutrients are scarce may invest more resources into anti-herbivore defenses, resulting in slower plant growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study of plant herbivore defense is a popular field that allows researchers to investigate the mechanisms of plant defense. (psu.edu)
  • Particular interest is on the role of herbivore salivary signals in suppressing the induced defenses of host plants. (psu.edu)
  • A beta-glucosidase of an insect herbivore determines both toxicity and deterrence of a dandelion defense metabolite. (mpg.de)
  • Herbivore damage to leaves and other vegetative tissues often stimulates the emission of volatile compounds, suggesting that these substances have a role in plant defense. (scienceopen.com)
  • Even below ground herbivory results in the release of volatiles that attract herbivore enemies. (scienceopen.com)
  • Genetically based latitudinal clines were evident for both native and invasive P. australis and for all defenses, nutrients, and at least one palatability trait for each herbivore. (lincoln.ac.nz)
  • Tolerance to herbivory and ambient herbivore damage on the other hand, did not differ between widespread and rare species. (datadryad.org)
  • As a form of indirect defense against herbivory, plants emit VOCs (volatile organic compounds) that carry specific information about the herbivore species and their abundance. (uci.edu)
  • By studying the dynamics of plant communication and indirect defense we can further our understanding of plant-herbivore interactions, as well as provide insight in applications for agricultural pest management with the goal of reducing pesticides. (uci.edu)
  • Because young leaves are rich in nutrients and have a lower concentration of carbon-based defenses, many herbivore species in seasonal environments have their life cycles highly adjusted to the phenology of their host trees. (ufrj.br)
  • We examined the effects of belowground root fly (Delia radicum) herbivory on the performance of an aboveground herbivore (Plutella xylostella) and its endoparasitoid wasp (Cotesia vestalis). (vu.nl)
  • Plant resistance to HERBIVORY by causing injury, death, reduced longevity, or reduced reproduction of the herbivore. (bvsalud.org)
  • Plant's resistance to HERBIVORY by effecting the way an herbivore perceives the desirability of the plant as a food source. (bvsalud.org)
  • By examining the plant defense responses in leaf and root, I hypothesize that aboveground herbivory induces defense gene transcript levels in both the aboveground and belowground parts of the insect-resistant maize inbred line Mp708. (psu.edu)
  • The results indicate that leaf herbivory does induce defense gene expression in insect-resistant maize leaves and roots. (psu.edu)
  • At different development stages maize may exhibit various levels of insect resistance and defense. (psu.edu)
  • This research reveals that aboveground herbivory increases defense genes transcript levels both in aboveground and belowground parts of insect-resistant maize inbred line Mp708. (psu.edu)
  • Rapid and selective absorption of plant defense compounds from the gut of a sequestering insect. (mpg.de)
  • By unraveling how plants defend themselves against insect attacks and how specialized insects have evolved to circumvent these defenses, we hope to provide ideas for novel, sustainable strategies for the control of agricultural pests. (unine.ch)
  • Bottom-up effects of plant defenses and climate on geographic variation in insect herbivory on wild cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ). (unine.ch)
  • Natacha studied the signaling pathways involved in the plant response to insect herbivory. (unil.ch)
  • Using available Arabidopsis mutants lacking important defense signals, she studied gene expression changes with microarrays and tried to correlate transcript profiles with insect performance in order to assess the effect of plant defenses on insect growth. (unil.ch)
  • She worked in the lab on plant defense signalling in response to insect oviposition in Arabidopsis. (unil.ch)
  • 2018 ). In agriculture, however, farmers suffer significant crop losses from insect herbivory (Deutsch et al. (springer.com)
  • Indeed, insect herbivory early in the season can affect the community of insects surrounding that plant even after the initial attacker is gone (Poelman et al. (springer.com)
  • Understanding sources of variation in EFN production is important because such variations affect the number and identity of insect visitors and the effectiveness of plant defense. (datadryad.org)
  • Around 27% of species in these habitats produce EFN and may rely on insect communities for defense. (datadryad.org)
  • Postdoctoral fellows (PDFs) sought for this project to assess the activities of tree defense and ecophysiological responses to insect herbivory and drought. (esc-sec.ca)
  • The PDFs will characterize the secondary compounds, anatomy, and ecophysiology of two conifer species (lodgepole pine and white spruce) in response to insect herbivory and drought treatments in both greenhouse trials and associated progeny field trials in Alberta. (esc-sec.ca)
  • Virulent P. syringae also has the potential to induce net systemic susceptibility to herbivory by an insect (Trichoplusia ni, cabbage looper), but this susceptibility is not caused by COR. (harvard.edu)
  • In general, insect performance was more strongly affected by plant population than by herbivory in the opposite compartment, suggesting that population-related differences in plant quality are larger than those induced by herbivory. (vu.nl)
  • Plants also produce compounds, called defense compounds, to help defend them against herbivory by insects. (usda.gov)
  • She showed that insects are able to weaken plants defenses in the case of an attack. (unil.ch)
  • Extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates food-for-protection mutualisms between plants and insects and provides plants with a form of indirect defense against herbivory. (datadryad.org)
  • Insects were reared on three populations of wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea) plants, exhibiting qualitative and quantitative differences in root and shoot defense chemistry, that had or had not been exposed to root herbivory. (vu.nl)
  • Behavior and chemical ecology of multi-trophic interactions, including plant responses to below-ground herbivory and nematode. (psu.edu)
  • Understanding the inducible volatile signals that cotton plants emit and that trigger defense responses in neighboring plants. (unine.ch)
  • The mutations in genes for plasmodesmal proteins have provided valuable genetic tools for the dissection of the complex spectrum of responses to herbivory and shown us that the responses to herbivory can be separated into a calcium-activated oxidative response and a K(+) -dependent Vm-activated jasmonate response associated with the release of VOCs. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Many pathogens are virulent because they specifically interfere with host defense responses and therefore can proliferate. (harvard.edu)
  • In this study, we show that virulent greenbugs are able to damage so many wheat varieties because they express molecules, called proteins, which help them cope with plant defense compounds better than other greenbugs. (usda.gov)
  • Unraveling the intricacies of how different stages of Diabrotica beetles sequester defense compounds for their own protection. (unine.ch)
  • However, little is known about how plants grown in a low CO 2 environment balance their carbon demand for growth while meeting their requirement for nitrogen acquisition, the establishment of mycorrhizal fungal associations, and the production of defense compounds. (uwo.ca)
  • Lastly, I examined whether plants growing at low CO 2 conditions would be able to form compounds that are used as defense against herbivory. (uwo.ca)
  • Yamamichi, M., T. Klauschies, B. Miner and E. van Velzen (2019) Modelling inducible defenses in predator-prey interactions: assumptions and dynamical consequences of three distinct approaches. (uni-potsdam.de)
  • Little is known, however, about how such informational light signals might affect indirect defenses such as EFN, and the interactions that they mediate. (datadryad.org)
  • Trophic cascades, above- and below-ground interactions, chemotaxis of soil nematodes, and evolution of plant defense strategies. (psu.edu)
  • We argue that artificial low density inoculations that allow the appreciation of fungus ability to stimulate tree defenses and thus to help beetles in overcoming tree resistance must be used in complement to mass inoculations. (afs-journal.org)
  • Fungal species stimulating tree defenses are generally not those that grow the best in the sapwood. (afs-journal.org)
  • We argue that beetle development in the phloem, fungal invasion of the sapwood and phloem, and tree death, occur after tree defenses are exhausted, and that any fungus present in the beetle gallery could thus potentially invade the sapwood after defense exhaustion. (afs-journal.org)
  • the necessity of a considerably low level of tree resistance for fungus extension into the tree is the selection pressure that has led fungi to develop their intrinsic ability to stimulate tree defenses, through their ability to grow into the phloem. (afs-journal.org)
  • Beetle species using the strategy of overcoming tree resistance are associated with a fungal complex, of which species could assume three roles regarding relationships between beetles and trees: 1- to stimulate tree defenses in the phloem and superficial sapwood, 2- to grow into the sapwood after tree resistance is overcome, and 3- to control phloem extension of the first other two categories. (afs-journal.org)
  • We conclude with suggesting that most sapwood invading fungi might be "cheaters" which have taken advantage of the efficiency of the relationship between beetles and fungi that stimulate tree defenses. (afs-journal.org)
  • The PDFs will be responsible for conducting and coordinating both lab and field investigations that include anatomical and chemical characterization of tree defenses, assessment of 13 C, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence plant drought response, implementation of greenhouse and field experiments, data management, statistical analyses, writing reports and peer-reviewed journal manuscripts, and interact with industrial and government partners. (esc-sec.ca)
  • Understanding the effects of light on indirect defenses is of particular importance for plants in the threatened pine rockland habitats of south Florida, where light conditions are changing in predictable ways following extensive fragmentation and subsequent mismanagement. (datadryad.org)
  • With our work, we are investigating whether plant communication results in primed indirect defenses in receivers, causing an enhanced "cry for help" via VOCs following attack, and thus increases the recruitment and attraction of the herbivore's natural enemies. (uci.edu)
  • van Velzen, E ., T. Thieser, T.U. Berendonk, M. Weitere and U. Gaedke (2018) Inducible defense destabilizes predator-prey dynamics: the importance of multiple predators. (uni-potsdam.de)
  • Flöthe CR & M Molis (2013) Temporal dynamics of inducible anti-herbivory defenses in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae). (uit.no)
  • Recent findings indicate that saliva is enriched with an array of molecules that function in defense against microbial infection, digestion of plant tissues, and in suppressing induced defenses of plants. (psu.edu)
  • de la Cruz Barron, M., E. van Velzen , U. Klümper, M. Weitere, T. U. Berendonk and D. Kneis (2023) "Shifts from cooperative to individual-based predation defense determine microbial predator-prey dynamics. (uni-potsdam.de)
  • [10] Plants can make a trade-off response to resource allocation, such as between defense and growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory. (mpg.de)
  • In contrast, unlike WT plants, the mutant line showed an almost complete loss of voltage gated K(+) channel activity and Vm depolarization, a loss of shoot-induced root-Vm depolarization, a loss of activation and regulation of gene expression of the JA defense pathway, and a much diminished release and altered profile of VOCs. (jic.ac.uk)
  • Understanding how plants defend themselves may provide new information for plant breeders to select crop varieties that are better able to resist herbivory. (springer.com)
  • Light represents a potentially crucial tool for regulating resource allocation to defense, as it not only contributes energy but may help plants to anticipate future conditions. (datadryad.org)
  • Growth at low CO 2 decreased the formation and size of resin ducts and terpene production, suggesting that plants growing at past CO 2 conditions had reduced capacity to chemically defend against herbivory. (uwo.ca)
  • Sensitive plants (Mimosa pudica) limit herbivory by folding up their leaves after being touched (b), thus mimicking a dead, leafless plant. (scientistcindy.com)
  • Flöthe CR, M Molis, I Kruse, F Weinberger, U John (2014) Molecular support for temporal dynamics of induced anti-herbivory defences in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus . (uit.no)
  • however, herbivory, and therefore the need for plant defenses, undoubtedly evolved among aquatic organisms in ancient lakes and oceans. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2) It is a remarkable hyperaccumulator of Ni (the chemical element Nickel) which apparently provides defense against herbivory by selected organisms (see this paper for details ). (berkeley.edu)
  • Indeed application of oral secretions to wounded leaves suppressed the induction of two defense-related genes. (unil.ch)
  • Within-and among-year variation in the levels of herbivory on the foliage of trees from a Mexican tropical deciduous forest. (ufrj.br)
  • Exposure to such light ratios has been shown to promote competitive behaviors that coincide with reduced resource allocation to direct chemical defenses. (datadryad.org)
  • To prove this hypothesis, I examined changes in different defense gene expression in response to caterpillar feeding in maize whorl and root tissues. (psu.edu)
  • Defense gene expression during the different growth stages of maize was also investigated in this study. (psu.edu)
  • He revealed a crucial role for MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 as master regulators of defense gene expression in the JA pathway. (unil.ch)
  • TOC1 in Nicotiana attenuata regulates efficient allocation of nitrogen to defense metabolites under herbivory stress. (mpg.de)
  • We show that a close correspondence exists between beetles' aggressiveness and the ability of their main associated fungal species to stimulate the defenses of their host tree. (afs-journal.org)
  • We suggest that previously marginal species can achieve a degree of functional redundancy, and that their compensatory herbivory may play an important role in ecosystem resilience. (nature.com)
  • Hence, to determine the true value of these substances in defense, more research is needed especially in natural communities with non-agricultural species. (scienceopen.com)
  • Flöthe CR, U John, M Molis (2014) Comparing the relative importance of water-borne cues and direct grazing for the induction of defenses in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus . (uit.no)
  • Other quantitative defenses include chemicals that cause pain, inflammation, or swelling in the skin or mouth when touched as in the case of stinging nettle (see 'Structural defenses' above) or poison ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans ). (scientistcindy.com)
  • Evolution of chemical and structural defense. (psu.edu)
  • We conclude that stimulation of the tree defense reactions in both the phloem and the superficial sapwood is a real benefit brought by fungi to the beetles during the first phase of establishment (overcoming tree resistance). (afs-journal.org)
  • This could result in variations of defense gene transcript levels in response to herbivory. (psu.edu)
  • In addition to population-related differences, amino acid concentrations primarily changed locally in response to herbivory. (vu.nl)
  • Whether GS concentrations changed in response to herbivory (indole GS) or whether there were only population-related differences (aliphatic GS) depended on GS class. (vu.nl)
  • In both cases, results must be expressed in terms of tree defense stimulation rather than in terms of tree killing. (afs-journal.org)
  • Herbivory results in an array of physiological changes in the host that are separable from the associated physical damage. (jic.ac.uk)
  • These results support that inbreeding has the potential to reduce plant defenses in S. latifolia, which magnifies inbreeding depression in the presence of enemies. (uni-bielefeld.de)