• Many of the mammalian Dbl family proteins are tissue-specific and their number in Metazoa varies in proportion of cell signaling complexity. (wikipedia.org)
  • For membrane proteins, a third mechanism, based on the interaction of their transmembrane domain (TMD) with lipid microdomains, must also be considered. (biologists.com)
  • A co-fermentation strategy was explored to rapidly improve the characteristic components and quality of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) using Monascus anka and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the enzymatic mechanism was investigated. (bvsalud.org)
  • GEF binding induces conformational changes in the P loop and switch regions of the GTPase while the rest of the structure is largely unchanged. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secretory proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles and then progress through the Golgi complex before delivery to their final destination. (biologists.com)
  • In this Commentary, I review evidence in favor of the idea that partitioning of TMDs into bilayer domains that are endowed with distinct physico-chemical properties plays a pivotal role in the transport of membrane proteins within the early secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
  • The combination of such self-organizational phenomena with canonical intermolecular interactions is most likely to control the release of membrane proteins from the ER into the secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
  • The exocyst complex, a set of eight proteins first identified from secretory mutants in yeast, is an attractive candidate for mediating directed traffic. (sdbonline.org)
  • The coat on the budding vesicle comprises two layers, an inner layer of adaptor proteins (gray ovals) and an outer layer that forms a polyhedral cage. (biologists.com)
  • This process depends on the general physico-chemical features of the cargo membrane protein and on the interactions of these features with the collective properties of the bilayer, instead of the one-to-one intermolecular interactions that exist between discrete signals and their receptors. (biologists.com)
  • The fungal plasma membrane proton pump Pma1 is an integral plasma membrane protein of the P-type ATPase family. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is an essential enzyme responsible for maintaining a constant cytosolic pH and for energising the plasma membrane to secondary transport processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Such processes require membrane traffic to particular domains of the cell surface, in order to insert proteins at restricted regions of the membrane, to enlarge particular regions of the cell membrane, or to signal asymmetrically to neighboring cells. (sdbonline.org)
  • Neurons generate their polarity by directing membrane traffic to growing neurites and growth cones, and by sorting proteins differentially between the axon and dendrites. (sdbonline.org)
  • This protein is required for many aspects of membrane traffic within neurons, including the elaboration of neurites, but the release of neurotransmitter at the synapse is independent of this exocyst component (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
  • Two important pathways were examined in the current study: (1) a basic pathway of exocytosis that brings new proteins to the cell surface and permits the cell to grow, and (2) synaptic transmission, a specialized form of exocytosis, regulated by Ca 2+ entry, in which vesicles already present at synapses fuse with the membrane and recycle locally (Murthy, 2003). (sdbonline.org)
  • Another distinction that has been drawn contrasts the constitutive and the regulated pathways to distinguish the ongoing transport of protein and lipid to the cell surface from the ability to secrete hormones and transmitters in response to specific stimuli. (sdbonline.org)
  • When the Ran GAP catalyzes conversion of RanGTP to RanGDP in the cytosol, the protein cargo is released. (wikipedia.org)
  • The binding of GTP to the GTPase results in the release of the GEF, which can then activate a new GTPase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within neurons, multiple pathways are known to transport proteins and transmitters to the cell surface. (sdbonline.org)
  • These regions and the phosphate-binding loop of the GTPase interact with the phosphates of the nucleotide and a coordinating magnesium ion to maintain high affinity binding of the nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Though this general scheme is common among GEFs, the specific interactions between the regions of the GTPase and GEF vary among individual proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • GTPases are active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP, allowing their activity to be regulated by GEFs and the opposing GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains involved in the activation of small GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
  • sec5 mutations have been identified and characterized in Drosophila in order to delineate the role of the protein in neurons and particularly at synapses. (sdbonline.org)
  • The binding of the GEF sterically hinders the magnesium-binding site and interferes with the phosphate-binding region, while the base-binding region remains accessible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sec10 is found to redistribute to ruffling areas of the plasma membrane in cells expressing GTP-ARF6, whereas dominant inhibition of Sec10 interferes with ARF6-induced cell spreading. (silverchair.com)
  • This study evaluated how sourdough fermentation interferes with wheat protein profiles and if it can be related to the reduction expression of allergenic proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many of the mammalian Dbl family proteins are tissue-specific and their number in Metazoa varies in proportion of cell signaling complexity. (wikipedia.org)