Cytoskeleton gtpase activating proteins rac gtp binding proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Surprisingly, RhoA (but not Rac1, Cdc42, or p190RhoGAP) protein levels increased due to reduced RhoA ubiquitination mediated by the adaptor protein CCM2 (cerebral cavernous malformation 2) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 and subsequent proteasomal degradation. (cytoskeleton.com)
This Rac1 antibody was developed against a synthetic peptide from amino acid region 100-150 as a part of human Rac1 conjugated to blue carrier protein. (novusbio.com)
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) localizes activated Rac1 in the direction of flow. (ox.ac.uk)
This directional Rac1 activation is downstream of shear-induced new integrin binding to extracellular matrix. (ox.ac.uk)
Gauthier-Rouviere C, Vignal E, Meriane M, Roux P, Montcourier P, Fort P. RhoG GTPase controls a pathway that independently activates Rac1 and Cdc42Hs. (medecinesciences.org)
The present invention relates generally to improved methods and pharmaceutical compositions for mobilizing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell from bone marrow into peripheral blood by administration of at least one inhibitor of a GTPase, such as Rac1 and/or Rac2 GTPase. (justia.com)

Just as other G proteins, Rac acts as a molecular switch, remaining inactive while bound to GDP and activated once GEFs remove GDP, permitting GTP to bind. (wikipedia.org)
Activation of Rho proteins through release of bound GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, is catalysed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in the Dbl family. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The exchange of GDP to GTP and thus the activation of Rho GTPases is catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which act downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, integrins, cytokine receptors, and cadherins. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPases are key integrating molecules from different extracellular signals, as they can be activated by different GEFs. (biomedcentral.com)
These various functions are controlled through distinct effector proteins and mediated through a GTP-binding/GTPase cycle involving three classes of regulating proteins: GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins), GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors), and GDIs (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors). (umbc.edu)
It is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which promote the exchange of bound GDP for free GTP, GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which increase the GTP hydrolysis activity, and GDP dissociation inhibitors which inhibit the dissociation of the nucleotide from the GTPase. (novusbio.com)
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors ("GEFs") stimulate the dissociation of the GTP hydrolytic product, GDP, from small GTP-binding proteins, to promote the binding of a new GTP molecule. (justia.com)
The possible importance of GEFs in the spatial localization of changes in the actin cytoskeleton is beginning to be understood. (justia.com)
Therefore, specific localization patterns of GEFs and GTPase-activating proteins, and a molecular network of their regulation underlie the spatiotemporal control of Rho GTPases activities in the cells. (life-science-alliance.org)

ARH04 , ARC03 , ACD03 , RT02 , PAK02 , PHDG1 , PHDR1 , and CN03 , respectively) were essential in identifying a specific feedback loop between Arp2/3 and RhoA that reveals a previously unknown actin-based regulatory role in RhoA GTPase-mediated signal transduction. (cytoskeleton.com)
Cytoskeleton, Inc. offers a wide range of kits and products for drug screening, signal transduction and cytoskeletal research. (cytoskeleton.com)
This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. (cancerindex.org)

They also activate other kinase cascades. (embl-heidelberg.de)
In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
They also have roles in cell transformation by Ras in cytokinesis, in focal adhesion formation and in the stimulation of stress-activated kinase. (umbc.edu)
Furthermore, Ca 2+ -induced GTPase activity correlated with activation of protein kinase C and required a basal activity of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, we found that the Ca 2+ effector enzyme protein kinase C (PKC) is essential for the Ca 2+ -dependent regulation of Rho GTPases during the transduction of guidance signals. (jneurosci.org)
Podosomes are structurally divided into a core, which mainly contains proteins involved in actin polymerization (such as WASP, the Arp2/3 complex and cortactin ), and a surrounding ring populated by integrin receptors and adhesion proteins (for example, paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK/Pyk2) ) [15] . (cellmigration.org)
ECM disruption leads to bFGF release, which activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway and its downstream target the Ets-like transcription factor Elk-1. (bvsalud.org)
Role of substrates and products of PI 3-kinase in regulating activation of Rac-related guanosine triphosphatases by Vav. (medecinesciences.org)
The multidomain protein Trio binds the LAR transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, contains a protein kinase domain, and has separate rac- specific and rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains. (medecinesciences.org)
p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a specific effector of the Rho GTPase Cdc42, is activated by HGF, and we have previously shown that activated PAK4 induces a loss of both actin stress fibres and focal adhesions. (silverchair.com)

Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as secretory processes, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, epithelial cell polarization and growth-factor induced formation of membrane ruffles. (novusbio.com)
Mainly associated with cytoskeleton organization, in active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as cytoskeletal dynamics, cell migration and cell cycle. (cusabio.com)
The fact that many Rho family effector proteins will specifically recognize the GTP bound form of the protein has been exploited experimentally to develop a powerful affinity purification assay that monitors RhoA protein activation. (cytoskeleton.com)

Our results demonstrate an association between cognitive impairment and a defect in a signalling pathway that depends on a Ras-like GTPase. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Chp, a homologue of the GTPase Cdc42Hs, activates the JNK pathway and is implicated in reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton. (xenbase.org)

Biochemical data have established the role of the conserved DH domain in Rho GTPase interaction and activation, and the role of the tandem PH domain in intracellular targeting and/or regulation of DH domain function. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Two factors concur to determine specific Rho GTPase function: tissue specificity of GTPase effectors and distinct intracellular localizations of closely related Rho GTPases, due to different lipid modifications [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It is suggested that G-protein-coupled receptors might modulate cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular traffic, and cellular architecture. (jneurosci.org)
Cytoskeletal proteins appear to be involved in the control of intracellular signaling. (jneurosci.org)
p190RhoGAP is known to be a major intracellular binding partner for the p120RasGAP SH2 domains. (silverchair.com)
Here we show that direct elevation of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ by extracellular application of a low concentration of ryanodine, which activated Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores, upregulated Cdc42/Rac, but downregulated RhoA, in cultured cerebellar granule cells and human embryonic kidney 293T cells. (jneurosci.org)
Inhibition of R-Ras/R-Ras2 and ROCK1 signaling also triggered the accumulation of abnormal intracellular vesicles, indicating that these signaling molecules regulate the movement of proteins and other molecules in the cellular interior. (biomedcentral.com)

By changing the cytoskeletal dynamics within the cell, Rac-GTPases are able to facilitate the recruitment of neutrophils to the infected tissues, and to regulate degranulation of azurophil and integrin-dependent phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
Small G proteins of the Rho family, which includes Rho, Rac and Cdc42Hs, regulate phosphorylation pathways that control a range of biological functions including cytoskeleton formation and cell proliferation. (rcsb.org)
The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac and CDC42 regulate a diverse array of cellular processes. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The best-characterized molecules are Rho, which controls the stress fibers and focal adhesion formation, and Rac and Cdc42, which regulate membrane ruffling, and filopodium formation, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Because most tubulin is not membrane associated, this study investigates whether tubulin translocates to the membrane in response to an agonist so that it might regulate G-protein signaling. (jneurosci.org)
Recently, the potential for the actin cytoskeleton (e.g., actin-binding protein complex Arp2/3) to regulate the activity and protein expression of upstream Rho-family GTPases (e.g. (cytoskeleton.com)
Because Cdc42/Rac positively regulate axon extension and stabilization, whereas RhoA increases the tendency of growth cone retraction, it is likely that an activity gradient of Cdc42/Rac across the growth cone triggered by extracellular guidance cues results in preferential axon extension toward the side of higher Cdc42/Rac activity, whereas higher RhoA activity results in preferential retraction of filopodia and repulsive growth cone turning. (jneurosci.org)
Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. (cancerindex.org)
Genome-wide lethality screen identifies new PI4,5P(2) effectors that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The active conformation is promoted by guanine-nucleotide exchange factors, and the inactive state by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) which stimulate the intrinsic GTPase activity of small G proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Rho GTPases are small (20-30 kDa) GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
Like all members of the Ras superfamily, the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Rho proteins belong to the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
The GTPase superfamily: conserved structure and molecular mechanism. (xenbase.org)
Human RAS superfamily proteins and related GTPases. (xenbase.org)
Small G-proteins, monomeric GTPases, or the RAS (Rat sarcoma) superfamily are a large family of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 30 kDa [ 1 , 2 ]. (oncotarget.com)

ARHGAP21 interacts with RhoA-GTP, and acts as a GAP to increase RhoA GTPase activity. (uth.edu)
For the first time, it was observed that downregulated Snail expression is correlated with a significant inhibition of the expression and activity of RhoA GTPase, as well as MMP‑2. (spandidos-publications.com)

Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton plays crucial roles in many cellular functions, including morphology, motility, and adhesion. (biomedcentral.com)
A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
These proteins are all involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to external stimuli. (umbc.edu)

Their rate of hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by virtue of their intrinsic GTPase activity is slow, but can be accelerated by up to 10(5)-fold through interaction with rhoGAP, a GTPase-activating protein that stimulates Rho-family proteins. (rcsb.org)
RhoGAP also appears to function by stabilizing several regions of RhoA that are important in signalling the hydrolysis of GTP. (rcsb.org)
The fact that the RBD region of Rhotekin has a high affinity for GTP-RhoA and that Rhotekin binding results in a significantly reduced intrinsic and catalytic rate of GTP hydrolysis make it an ideal tool for affinity purification of GTP-RhoA from cell lysates. (cytoskeleton.com)

Small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and an inactive GDP-bound state. (cusabio.com)
The Rho switch operates by alternating between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state. (cytoskeleton.com)

The proteins encoded by members of the Dbl family share a common domain, presented in this entry, of about 200 residues (designated the Dbl homology or DH domain) that has been shown to encode a GEF activity specific for a number of Rho family members. (embl-heidelberg.de)
It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl-heidelberg.de)
They are small (21-25 kDa) molecules that share structural homology and become activated only when bound to GTP. (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphorylated Tyr31/118 was found to bind to two src homology (SH)2 domains of p120RasGAP, with coprecipitation of endogenous paxillin with p120RasGAP. (silverchair.com)
We show that the DOCK homology region (DHR)-1 domain of DOCK8 binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and is required for its recruitment to the plasma membrane. (life-science-alliance.org)

There is a rotation of 20 degrees between the Rho and rhoGAP proteins in this complex when compared with the ground-state complex Cdc42Hs.GMPPNP/rhoGAP, in which Cdc42Hs is bound to the non-hydrolysable GTP analogue GMPPNP. (rcsb.org)

The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl-heidelberg.de)
In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Originally demonstrated to control the dynamics of the F- actin cytoskeleton , Rho GTPases have been implicated in many basic cellular processes that influence cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, adhesion, survival, or secretion. (xenbase.org)
We specialize in the production of purified proteins and easy-to-use kits to study biochemical and cellular processes. (cytoskeleton.com)
Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics identified thirteen protein networks distinctly regulated by DN R-Ras, including multiple networks regulating cellular movement and morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
We have previously shown that three related Ras proteins (the classic Ras proteins) are highly activated in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells with neurofibromin loss and that they drive cancer cell proliferation and survival by activating multiple cellular signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Closer study of an R-Ras regulated pathway containing the signaling protein ROCK1 showed that inhibition of either R-Ras, R-Ras2 or ROCK1 similarly impaired cellular migration and invasion and altered cellular morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like GTPases Also called Dbl-homologous (DH) domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Acts as an allosteric activator of guanine nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 by binding in its activated GTP-bound form to the PH domain of ECT2 which stimulates the release of PH inhibition and promotes the binding of substrate RHOA to the ECT2 catalytic center. (cusabio.com)
Seipel K, O'Brien SP, Iannotti E, Medley QG, Streuli M. Tara, a novel F-actin binding protein, associates with the Trio guanine nucleotide exchange factor and regulates actin cytoskeletal organization. (medecinesciences.org)
The Trio guanine nucleotide exchange factor is a rhoA target : binding of rhoA to the Trio immunoglobulin-like domain. (medecinesciences.org)

In an effort to understand the fundamental signaling elements, or 'core machinery', required for the function of these GTPases, we describe here the conservation and functional similarities of Cdc42 and Rac effectors in five different species: plant, yeast, fruit fly, roundworm and human. (biomedcentral.com)
In this article, we focus on the signaling mechanisms of two of these three subgroups, Cdc42 and Rac, as they are often linked in their physiological functions and have several effectors in common. (biomedcentral.com)
Many, but not all, of these effectors contain a conserved 18 amino-acid binding motif that has been termed CRIB (Cdc42-Rac interactive binding), PBD (p21-binding domain) or GBD (GTPase-binding domain) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Among other members, we will focus our attention on the Rac and Rho subfamilies, as they are the main effectors of cell motility. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
When GTP is bound, for instance, Ras proteins can interact with effectors and other molecules to affect cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. (justia.com)

As an essential subunit of NOX2 (NADPH oxidase enzyme complex), Rac is required for ROS (reactive oxygen species) production involved in the formation of NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps, thus, facilitating the pathogen and debris clearance by neutrophils, and the reduction of inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
Cdc42 and Rac - ancient, highly conserved, small GTPases - mediate extracellular signals, triggering changes in transcription and in the actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytoplasmic Ca 2+ elevation and changes in Rho GTPase activity are both known to mediate axon guidance by extracellular factors, but the causal relationship between these two events has been unclear. (jneurosci.org)

The Rho subfamily is divided in three main subgroups - Cdc42, Rac, and Rho - examples of which are represented in all eukaryotes from plants to man. (biomedcentral.com)
This motif is found in Cdc42/Rac-associated proteins such as the protein kinases Pak, MRCK and Ack, the adaptor proteins Spec and WASP, and, in degenerate form, in the kinases MLK, Mekk4, adaptor Par6, scaffold protein IRSp53, and the Borg proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

This gene is highly expressed in fetal brain and encodes a protein of relative molecular mass 91K, named oligophrenin-1, which contains a domain typical of a Rho-GTPase-activating protein (rhoGAP). (embl-heidelberg.de)
these proteins are also important in regulating gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic structure and assignment of the RhoH/TTF small GTPase gene (ARHH) to 4p13 by in situ hybridization. (xenbase.org)
Mutations of the NF1 gene potentially results in the activation of multiple Ras proteins, which are key regulators of many biologic effects. (biomedcentral.com)
The protein encoded by this gene is prenylated at its C-terminus, and localizes to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. (cancerindex.org)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
The intersection between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the HNK-targets was determined using a Venn diagram, and the results were analyzed using a protein-protein interaction network, hub gene selection, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses, genetic alteration analysis, survival rate, and immune cell infiltration levels. (hindawi.com)
Here, we show that activation of the small GTPase Rac is essential for gene expression and for providing spatial information for shear stress-induced cell alignment. (ox.ac.uk)
It is multiply phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which it recruits into pre-initiation complexes on target gene promoters. (bvsalud.org)
Forced respiration leads to increased expression of the MAPK ERK5, which activates MHC-I gene promoters, and ERK5 accumulation in mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)

These proteins control the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and thus represent key regulatory molecules that are active during cell migration ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Migration and invasion require coordinated reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and regulation of cell-adhesion dynamics. (silverchair.com)

Residues conserved across the rhoGAP family are largely confined to one face of this bundle, which may be an interaction site for target G proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Structural determinants required for the interaction between Rho GTPase and the GTPase-activating domain of p190. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The interaction of tubulin with these polypeptides involves a GTP transfer from the exchangeable GTP-binding site (E site) of tubulin to Gα, which activates the G-protein (transactivation) ( Roychowdhury and Rasenick, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
These findings implicate the potential role of PCAIs as anticancer agents through their direct interaction with monomeric G-proteins. (oncotarget.com)

Nim1-related kinases coordinate cell cycle progression with the organization of the peripheral cytoskeleton in yeast. (microbiologyresearch.org)

By enhancing their GTPase activity, GAP proteins inactivate small Rho and Ras proteins, so inactivation of rhoGAP proteins might cause constitutive activation of their GTPase targets. (embl-heidelberg.de)

GTPase activator proteins towards Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like small GTPases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
A cell-adhesion molecule fasciclin 2 (FAS2), which is required for synaptic growth and still life (SIF), an activator of RAC, were found to localize in the surrounding region of the active zone, defining the periactive zone in Drosophila neuromuscular synapses. (biologists.com)

Rho GTPases are the key to the assembly and rearrangement of the dynamic actin cytoskeleton, which is the basis of cell adhesion and migration. (immune-system-research.com)
Growth cone turning requires rearrangement of cytoskeleton at the growth cone. (jneurosci.org)
Although a report has shown that RhoB, a small GTPase involved in cytoskeletal actin rearrangement, lies downstream of Slug ( 11 ), another member of the Snail super-family, there is no evidence to support a link between Snail and Rho GTPases. (spandidos-publications.com)

They are endowed with GTP hydrolytic activity, mainly involved in cytoskeleton rearrangements and cell motility, but also involved in cell proliferation, transformation and differentiation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The structure of the GTPase-activating domain from p50rhoGAP. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Today, we will introduce a selective GTPase Cdc42 inhibitor, MLS-573151 . (immune-system-research.com)
First of all, MLS-573151 is a selective GTPase Cdc42 inhibitor with an EC 50 of 2 μM. (immune-system-research.com)
Cells were transfected with doxycycline-inducible vectors expressing either a pan-inhibitor of the R-Ras subfamily [dominant negative (DN) R-Ras] or enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). (biomedcentral.com)

Rac is a subfamily of the Rho family of GTPases, small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins (more specifically a GTPase). (wikipedia.org)
Neurofibromin loss potentially hyperactivates classic Ras (H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras), M-Ras, and R-Ras (R-Ras, R-Ras2/TC21) subfamily proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

This domain occurred 117 times on human genes ( 211 proteins). (umbc.edu)
Using bioinformatics analyses, we predicted HNK protein targets from several databases and retrieved the genes differentially expressed in mBCSCs from the GEO database. (hindawi.com)
To date, 1527 human miRNAs have been identified (Sanger miRBase 18 http://www.miRbase.org/index.shtml), forming less than 1% of all human genes, potentially regulating more than 10% of all protein coding genes [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)

Members of the Rho family of small G proteins transduce signals from plasma-membrane receptors and control cell adhesion, motility and shape by actin cytoskeleton formation. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Ras also cooperates with Rho and Ras to activate other downstream signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
Specifically, human Cdc42 is a small GTPase of the Rho family, which regulates the signaling pathways controlling various cell functions. (immune-system-research.com)
R-Ras proteins function distinctly from classic Ras proteins by regulating distinct signaling pathways that promote MPNST tumorigenesis by mediating migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
We examined the activation of cytoplasmic signaling pathways in the presence and absence of R-Ras signaling and found that R-Ras proteins regulated 13 signaling pathways distinct from those regulated by classic Ras proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

Activated Rac also regulates the effector functions of the target proteins involved in downstream signaling. (wikipedia.org)

Consequently, in the transition state complex but not in the ground state, the rhoGAP domain contributes a residue, Arg85(GAP) directly into the active site of the G protein. (rcsb.org)
Like all other GTPases, Rho proteins act as molecular switches, with an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Rho GTPases work as sensitive molecular switches existing either in an inactive, GDP-bound form or an active GTP-bound form. (biomedcentral.com)
2019. Arp2/3-branched actin maintains an active pool of GTP-RhoA and controls RhoA abundance. (cytoskeleton.com)
Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. (novusbio.com)
loss of neurofibromin could cause these Ras proteins to become persistently active, leading to the development of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
They were first observed in cells expressing a constitutively active form of Rac [8] . (cellmigration.org)
Finding effective therapies against cancers driven by mutant and/or overexpressed hyperactive G-proteins remains an area of active research. (oncotarget.com)

The Rhotekin-RBD protein supplied in this kit contains Rhotekin residues 7-89 and is in the form of a GST fusion protein, which allows one to "pull-down" the Rhotekin-RBD/Rho-GTP complex with brightly colored glutathione affinity beads. (cytoskeleton.com)

The abnormal activities of Rac including its hyperactivation, resistance to degradation, and abnormal localization of its signaling protein components were found to facilitate the development of cancerous cells and resist to anticancer treatment. (wikipedia.org)
In turn, membrane-bound APC allows the localization of the MACF1 to the cell membrane, which is required for microtubule capture and stabilization. (cusabio.com)

Loss of the Ras GTPase-activating protein neurofibromin promotes nervous system tumor pathogenesis in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (biomedcentral.com)
We have shown that classic Ras proteins promote proliferation and survival, but not migration, in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Typically Rho proteins are 190-250 residues long and consist only of the GTPase domain and short terminal C-terminal extensions. (biomedcentral.com)
These proteins share a core structure, the conserved G-box (GDP/GTP) binding domain, of approximately 170 residues [ 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Substitution of the two basic residues, K576 and R581, with alanine abolished PI(4,5)P2 binding in vitro, ablated the ability of DOCK8 to activate Cdc42 and support leukocyte migration in three-dimensional collagen gels. (life-science-alliance.org)

All members contain the sequence motifs characteristic of all GTP-binding proteins, bind to GDP and GTP with high affinity. (biomedcentral.com)

By regulating filamentous actin, Cdc42 and Rac exert a profound effect on cell shape, polarity, migration, cell:cell and cell:matrix adhesion, protein traffic, and cytokinesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
Paxillin, an integrin-assembly protein, has four major tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and the phosphorylation of Tyr31 and Tyr118 correlates with cell adhesion and migration. (silverchair.com)
We assessed the expression and activation of these proteins in MPNST cells and inhibited them to determine the effect this had on proliferation, migration, invasion, survival and the phosphoproteome. (biomedcentral.com)

Association of the proto-oncogene product dbl with G protein betagamma subunits. (embl-heidelberg.de)

The extensive cross-talk within these groups of GTPase provides a significant impact on the biological responses of the cell, influencing the activity of the cell cycle machinery. (wikipedia.org)

Meanwhile, Cdc42 promotes the expression of β1 integrin by activating a transcription factor called SRF. (immune-system-research.com)

In mammalian cells, as many as twenty types of protein have been reported to bind to activated Cdc42 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Conversely, in amoeboid movement cells have a rounded morphology, the movement is independent from proteases but requires high Rho GTPase to drive elevated levels of actomyosin contractility. (biomedcentral.com)
This review will focus on the role of Rac and Rho small GTPases in cell motility and in the complex relationship driving the reciprocal control between Rac and Rho granting for the opportunistic motile behaviour of aggressive cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins in cells with or without DN R-Ras expression were differentially labeled with SILAC and mass spectrometry was used to identify phosphoproteins and determine their relative quantities in the presence and absence of DN R-Ras. (biomedcentral.com)
Both proteins were activated in neurofibromin-null MPNST cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we examined the expression, activation and action of R-Ras proteins in MPNST cells that have lost neurofibromin. (biomedcentral.com)
Both R-Ras and R-Ras2 are expressed in MPNST cells and activated. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, existing techniques and current knowledge have not used nor addressed the interactions of GEF-H1 with other proteins as a means by which cell proliferation can be controlled or the detection and treatment of cancerous, tumorigenic cells and tissues be developed. (justia.com)
BCSCs are mostly dormant and therefore activating dormant cells, and modulating the cell cycle is important for achieving successful BCSCs therapy [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
C3b and C4b bind to CR1, which is present on various phagocytes and also on erythrocytes and B cells. (medscape.com)
CR2 binds C3dg, and C3d is present on B cells and dendritic cells (see the Table 1). (medscape.com)
Evidence suggests that C1q binds a receptor present on phagocytic cells, termed C1qRP. (medscape.com)
culture conditions that force respiration in leukemia cells upregulate MHC-I transcription and protein levels at the cell surface, whereas these decrease in cells forced to perform fermentation as well as in leukemia cells lacking a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain. (bvsalud.org)
Modulation of chloride secretory responses and barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells by the Salmonella effector protein SigD. (microbiologyresearch.org)

In particular, we propose that Arg 85 and Asn 194 are involved in binding G proteins and enhancing GTPase activity. (embl-heidelberg.de)
This activity is strongly conserved and probably represents a primordial function of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Transforming activity of the Rho family GTPase, Wrch-1, a Wnt-regulated Cdc42 homolog, is dependent on a novel carboxyl-terminal palmitoylation motif. (xenbase.org)
The GTPase-activating protein p190RhoGAP reduced RhoA activity through increased physical interactions between the two proteins. (cytoskeleton.com)
We found that Tyr31/118-phosphorylated paxillin competes with p190RhoGAP for binding to p120RasGAP, and provides evidence that p190RhoGAP freed from p120RasGAP efficiently suppresses RhoA activity during cell adhesion. (silverchair.com)
It is concluded that the Salmonella SigD protein deprived of its phosphatase activity is able to disrupt yeast morphogenesis by interfering with Cdc42 function, opening the possibility that the SigD N-terminal region might directly modulate small GTPases from the host during infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)

In its activated state, Rac participates in the regulation of cell movement, through its involvement in structural changes to the actin Cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
Cdc42 is a protein involved in cell cycle regulation. (immune-system-research.com)

Interestingly, small GTPases related to Rac are found even in organisms that lack Ras, such as plants. (biomedcentral.com)
A structural feature that distinguishes the Rho proteins from other small GTPases is the so-called Rho insert domain located between a β strand and an α helix within the small GTPase domain [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)
Most Rho proteins contain a lipid modification site at the C-terminus, with a typical sequence motif CaaX, where a = an aliphatic amino acid and X = any amino acid. (umbc.edu)

The authors have previously reported that the Salmonella typhimurium SigD protein, a phosphatidylinositol phosphatase involved in invasion of the host cell, inhibits yeast growth, presumably by depleting an essential pool of phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bis phosphate, and also that a catalytically inactive version, SigD R468A , was able to arrest growth by a different mechanism that involved disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The present invention envisions phosphorylated forms of any one of these GEF-H1 peptides, polypeptides and proteins. (justia.com)

Anatomy31

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs147

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Rac16

GEFs9

Signal transduction3

Kinase10

Effector proteins4

Signalling pathway1

Implicated in reorganizing the actin1

Intracellular8

Regulate9

Promoted by guanine-nucleot1

Superfamily6

RhoA GTPase2

Reorganization3

Hydrolysis3

Inactive GDP-bound state2

Homology5

Cdc42Hs1

Cellular8

Guanine nucleo5

Effectors6

Extracellular3

Cdc42-Rac2

Gene10

Dynamics2

Interaction4

Kinases1

Inactivation1

Activator2

Rearrangement3

Hydrolytic1

P50rhoGAP1

Inhibitor3

Subfamily2

Genes3

Receptors1

Pathways4

Downstream1

Active8

Affinity Beads1

Localization2

Tumor2

Residues3

High affinity1

Migration4

PROTO-ONCOGENE1

Biological1

Integrin1

Cells14

Activity6

Regulation2

Small GTPases2

Amino-acid2

Phosphatidylinositol1

Polypeptides1