Cytoplasmic cell membrane. Medical search. Frequent questions

To quantitatively and qualitatively characterize uptake, we created a biologically relevant system using the Epstein Barr virus latent membrane protein 2 and the melanoma protein gp100, each fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and expressed at the outer plasma membrane of a tumor cell line, along with a cell line expressing EGFP in the cytoplasm. (pitt.edu)
Each plasmodesma allows the transport of molecules between cells through the connected cytoplasm as well as through a desmotubule, the tubular continuation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (jove.com)
The tubule is consist of two sub-unit (tubule proximal and distal) and the cells present in common basal membrane enfolding associated with mitochondria, and cytoplasm including numerous vacuoles and mitochondria. (civilica.com)
Cytoplasm starts to leak out, and the cell bursts and dies, Davies said. (sciencedaily.com)
Microvilli are covered in plasma membrane, which encloses cytoplasm and microfilaments . (wikipedia.org)
Histologically, ALCL is characterized by sheets of large pleomorphic cells with abundant cytoplasm, horseshoe- or wreath-shaped nuclei, and multiple prominent nucleoli. (medscape.com)
A neurone consists of a cell body (with a nucleus and cytoplasm), dendrites that carry electrical impulses to the cell, and a long axon that carries the impulses away from the cell. (medscape.com)

This study aimed to add to the field of DC biology by further describing how DCs handle cell-associated proteins from both live and apoptotic cells. (pitt.edu)
We hypothesized that the DCs ability to capture, internalize, and process integral membrane proteins would vary based on the target cell's viability and that the DCs ability to capture cell-associated protein would vary based on the protein's intracellular localization. (pitt.edu)
We hope that by uncovering the intricacies of DC handling of cell-associated proteins we will gain a better understanding of how to possibly manipulate DCs in order to influence the immune response. (pitt.edu)
MemBrite™ Fix dyes covalently label cell surface proteins, and are available in with a wide selection of bright and photostable colors. (biotium.com)
Only anti-EspA is found in LEE proteins is triggered by close contact with host cells. (cdc.gov)
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed when a set of six proteins called connexins arrange themselves to form a cylindrical structure within the plasma membrane. (jove.com)
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P 2 ) plays an essential role in neuronal activities through interaction with various proteins involved in signaling at membranes. (jneurosci.org)
However, the distribution pattern of PI(4,5)P 2 and the association with these proteins on the neuronal cell membranes remain elusive. (jneurosci.org)
PI(4,5)P 2 interacts with various ion channels and receptors to regulate membrane signaling but its nanoscale distribution and association with these proteins remain elusive. (jneurosci.org)
Proteins that are found exclusively or predominantly in a sub-cellular location will be more enriched in a lysate of the sub-cellular fraction compared with whole cell or tissue lysates. (abcam.com)
This is a popular buffer for studying proteins that are cytoplasmic or membrane-bound, or for whole cell extracts. (abcam.com)
RIPA buffer is useful for whole cell extracts and membrane-bound proteins, and may be preferable to NP-40 or Triton X-100-only buffers for extracting nuclear proteins. (abcam.com)
In these cases, a simple Tris buffer will suffice, but as noted above, buffers with detergents are required to release membrane- or cytoskeleton-bound proteins. (abcam.com)
In those patients with bvFTD + ALS or ALS bearing an expansion in C9orf72 , none of the commercially available antibodies detected TDP-43 inclusions in anterior horn cells, nor were dipeptide repeat proteins demonstrated. (figshare.com)
This Special Issue, "Plant Cell Wall Proteins and Development", will cover a selection of recent research topics in the field of cell wall biology focused on cell wall proteins and their roles during development. (mdpi.com)
They mainly comprise polymers like polysaccharides and lignin in lignified secondary walls and a minute amount of cell wall proteins (CWPs). (mdpi.com)
Cell wall proteomics, as well as numerous genetic or biochemical studies, have revealed the high diversity of CWPs, among which proteins acting on polysaccharides, proteases, oxido-reductases, lipid-related proteins and structural proteins. (mdpi.com)
Proteins are then transported to their final destination within the cell through membrane-bound vesicles. (jove.com)
The microvilli are covered with glycocalyx , consisting of peripheral glycoproteins that can attach themselves to a plasma membrane via transmembrane proteins . (wikipedia.org)
The replicase proteins p33 and p92 of Cymbidium ringspot virus (CymRSV) were found to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Sorting and function of peroxisomal membrane proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
PEX3 functions as a PEX19 docking factor in the import of class I peroxisomal membrane proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Some ICM vesicles have no connection with other structures, others are found nearer to the cytoplasmic membrane (CM), often forming interconnected structures that retain a connection to the CM, and possibly having access to the periplasmic space. (nih.gov)
Free-living' ICM vesicles, which possess all the machinery for converting light energy into ATP, can be regarded as bacterial membrane organelles. (nih.gov)
PI(4)P is enriched in the membrane of the Golgi apparatus and synaptic vesicles (SVs), PI(4,5)P 2 and PI(3,4,5)P 3 mainly exist in the plasma membrane, PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P 2 are selectively concentrated on early and late endosomes, respectively. (jneurosci.org)
These cells have Golgy complex system, vacuoles, endocytotic vesicles and they posses distinctive pedicels. (civilica.com)
The labyrinth cells present basal membrane inflowing, apical vesicles, apical microvillus and apical extrusion cytoplasmic. (civilica.com)
Subsequent movements even happen within small chemical microcosms called vesicles while en route to their final destinations. (jove.com)

8 Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides and a lipoprotein layer underlain by a thin peptidoglycan layer and the cytoplasmic membrane (Figure 2). (dentalcare.com)
Acetone extracts lipids from the outer membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. (dentalcare.com)
Normally, PBP2 moves along the bacterial cell's cytoplasmic membrane, reaching out into the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane, looking for peptides to bind to. (sciencedaily.com)
Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)

In order to study the biogenesis of ICM in this bacterium mature (ICM) and precursor (upper pigmented band - UPB) membranes were purified and compared at the single membrane level using electron, atomic force and fluorescence microscopy, revealing fundamental differences in their morphology, protein organization and function. (nih.gov)
and (5) internalized membrane protein from both live and apoptotic cells was found in early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. (pitt.edu)
Using truncated versions of the protein we found that both the cytoplasmic filaments and the filopodia formation were exclusively dependent on the glutaredoxin domain of the protein. (houstonmethodist.org)
Gap junctions are specialized protein channels that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. (jove.com)
Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein facilitates transfer of bacterial cell wall components to inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
Western blot sample preparations, including lysis buffers, lysate from cell culture, lysate from tissues and determination of protein concentration. (abcam.com)
Pre-embedding immunogold labeling to optimize protein localization at subcellular compartments and membrane microdomains of leukocytes. (harvard.edu)
The recent FDA approvals of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeted checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab mark the latest successes in the rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapies. (frontiersin.org)
The protein is walking around the membrane layer as normal, but its active site is blocked by antibiotic, so all those potential interactions with the peptide substrate are fruitless," Davies said. (sciencedaily.com)
With the protein out of commission and not building the mesh, holes start to appear in the cell wall. (sciencedaily.com)
In the enterocyte microvillus, the structural core is attached to the plasma membrane along its length by lateral arms made of myosin 1a and Ca 2+ binding protein calmodulin . (wikipedia.org)
The Hansenula polymorpha PER9 gene encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein essential for peroxisome assembly and integrity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Overexpression of Pex15p, a phosphorylated peroxisomal integral membrane protein required for peroxisome assembly in S. cerevisiae , causes proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. (microbiologyresearch.org)
By combinatorial screening using H4 and molecules with defined targets, we demonstrated that H4 induces differentiation by the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway, and in line with this, activates PKC phosphorylation and translocation of PKC to the cell membrane. (lu.se)

Phosphoinositides (PIs) are minor components on the cytoplasmic side of eukaryotic cell membranes, but they play essential roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. (jneurosci.org)
General organization of the eukaryotic cell. (sns.it)
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous internal compartments. (jove.com)
One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. (jove.com)
The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is compartmentalized within the nucleus, surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. (jove.com)

Protected from both the cytoplasmic interior and the extracellular surroundings. (jove.com)
Microvilli are observed on the plasma surface of eggs, aiding in the anchoring of sperm cells that have penetrated the extracellular coat of egg cells. (wikipedia.org)

These clusters show preferential accumulation in specific membrane compartments of different cell types, in particular, in Purkinje cell (PC) spines and granule cell (GC) presynaptic active zones. (jneurosci.org)
Furthermore, we revealed extensive association of PI(4,5)P 2 with Ca V 2.1 and GIRK3 across different membrane compartments, whereas its association with mGluR1α was compartment specific. (jneurosci.org)
This method revealed PI(4,5)P 2 clusters preferentially accumulated in specific membrane compartments and its distinct associations with Ca V 2.1, GIRK3, and mGluR1α in the mouse cerebellum. (jneurosci.org)
However, this method has insufficient spatial resolution to observe the nanoscale PIs distribution in small membrane compartments, such as presynaptic active zones (AZs) and postsynaptic densities (PSDs). (jneurosci.org)

In patients with bvFTD + ALS, or ALS alone, this C9-S nuclear staining was redistributed to the plasma membrane. (figshare.com)

Membrane permeability studies proved its efficacy to permeate through cell membrane, thereby increasing the leakage of cytoplasmic contents. (nih.gov)
For the sake of this review, "hyperpermeability" will refer to an increased state of permeability in the otherwise semipermeable membranes. (hindawi.com)
Both plant extracts showed some significant effects on permeability of the bacterial membrane when a 24-28% increase of diSC3-5 dye release was observed for S. aureus and 45-53% of dye was released from P. aeruginosa cell membrane after a 60 minute incubation period. (biomedcentral.com)

B-type ephrins bind to B-type receptors, which have a single transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic region. (rndsystems.com)
The transmembrane beta subunit contains tyrosine kinase activity on its cytoplasmic domain that results in rapid receptor autophosphorylation. (weeksmd.com)

Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical membrane of epithelial cells. (qedbio.com)

Transplantation is the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another, typically between different individuals. (medscape.com)
In some tissues, cell junctions, such as gap junctions act as contact points between neighboring cells and facilitate contact-dependent signaling. (jove.com)
In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants. (jove.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we established an electron microscopic method to visualize and analyze the quantitative distribution pattern of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P 2 ) on cell membranes using cryo-fixed brain tissues and SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling. (jneurosci.org)
Similar staining was seen in Purkinje cells in healthy control tissues and in other neurodegenerative disorders, and in pyramidal cells of CA4 and dentate gyrus of hippocampus. (figshare.com)
The tumor size and the number of proliferating cells were reduced in the tumor tissues obtained from the formononetin-treated group. (spandidos-publications.com)
Physiologically, the cell membranes of the body's tissues possess a variety of mechanisms through which substances on one side of a biomembrane may be selectively transported across to the other side. (weeksmd.com)

Here, we review current knowledge how proteases act on platelet receptors and the platelet membrane surface. (frontiersin.org)
However, evidence is now accumulating for rapid corticosteroid actions 25 , 26 , and the existence of membrane-bound steroid receptors that may mediate these rapid actions 27 , 28 . (ersjournals.com)
A-type ephrins bind A-type receptors, which are tethered to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. (rndsystems.com)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
There are insulin receptors on the capillary endothelial cells making up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and it is proposed that these may play a role, along with exogenously administered insulin, in enhancing the transport of drug molecules across the BBB. (weeksmd.com)
Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)

Thioredoxin reductases are important selenoproteins maintaining cellular redox balance and regulating several redox dependent processes in apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. (houstonmethodist.org)
All three methods verified apoptosis and reduction in cancer cell proliferation, making the formulation a promising candidate as an alternative cancer drug. (nih.gov)
However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
Among its different constituents, Astragalus polysaccharides have been most widely studied particularly for their immunopotentiating properties, such as stimulation of murine B cell proliferation and cytokine production ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Our results indicated that AST inhibits cell proliferation through phase-specific cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
However, only the expression of p33, but not p92, increased the number of peroxisomes and induced membrane proliferation. (microbiologyresearch.org)

We conclude that the glutaredoxin domain of TXNRD1_v3 is an atypical regulator of the cell cytoskeleton that potently induces formation of highly ordered cytoplasmic filaments and cell membrane filopodia. (houstonmethodist.org)
Similarly, adherence junctions (AJs) are more basal than TJs and are defined by their cytoplasmic face being linked to the actin cytoskeleton [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc. (cdc.gov)

We show here that a splice variant of human thioredoxin reductase 1, TXNRD1_v3, forms both dynamic cytoplasmic filaments and provokes instantaneous formation of dynamic cell membrane protrusions identified as filopodia. (houstonmethodist.org)
Interestingly, actin polymerization was required for filopodia formation triggered by TXNRD1_v3, but not for generation of cytoplasmic filaments. (houstonmethodist.org)
Actin filaments, present in the cytosol , are most abundant near the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
These filaments are thought to determine the shape and movement of the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)

CellBrite™ Fix dyes are fluorogenic membrane dyes that covalently stain the plasma membrane in live cells. (biotium.com)
We also offer classic membrane and membrane potential dyes, including CellBrite™ and CellBrite™ NIR dyes , which are lipophilic carbocyanine dyes that stain the plasma membrane of cells and are non-toxic for long-term tracking. (biotium.com)
The proteases involved are of different origins and types: (i) present as precursor in plasma, (ii) secreted into the plasma by activated platelets or other blood cells, or (iii) intracellularly activated and cleaving cytosolic receptor domains. (frontiersin.org)
TJs appear as apparent sites of fusion involving the leaflets of plasma membrane of adjacent endothelial cells. (hindawi.com)
As mentioned, microvilli are formed as cell extensions from the plasma membrane surface. (wikipedia.org)
Deficiency in plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 2 increases susceptibility to noise -induced hearing loss in mice. (cdc.gov)
Mice homozygous for a null mutation in the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2) gene are deaf (Kozel et al. (cdc.gov)

Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. (jove.com)
Background The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a membrane-bound ion-channel that is selectively permeable to Na+ ions and that is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits alpha, beta, and g. (qedbio.com)

DiA 4-(4-Dihexadecylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide) is a green fluorescent membrane dye which diffuses much faster than DiO in cell membranes. (biotium.com)
C ) Histogram representing the percentage of embryos lacking fluorescent neural crest cell in the migration pathway. (elifesciences.org)
D ) Photographs of representative embryos with or without fluorescent migrating neural crest cells. (elifesciences.org)
In a Cell Painting assay you would use up to six fluorescent dyes to label different components of the cell. (moleculardevices.com)

Targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) with 68 Ga-labeled and 18 F-labeled PET agents has become increasingly important in recent years. (snmjournals.org)
Microvilli are also present on immune cells, allowing the immune cells to sense features on the surface of pathogens and other antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)
ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)

We demonstrate that PI(4,5)P 2 forms tiny clusters with a mean size of ∼1000 nm 2 rather than randomly distributed in cerebellar neuronal membranes in male C57BL/6J mice. (jneurosci.org)
C9-L and C9-S antibodies immunostained cytoplasmic 'speckles', and the nuclear membrane, respectively, in cerebellar Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and in patients with ALS alone. (figshare.com)

Both extracts inhibited bacterial efflux pumps which resulted in the accumulation of R6G inside the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
Efflux pumps reduce the accumulation of antibiotics inside of the bacterial cells, and the slow phase in which the process of antibiotic efflux takes place provides sufficient time for the bacterium to adapt to the antibiotics and become resistant through mutations or alteration of antibiotic targets [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

It is suggested that replication in these cells was targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. (microbiologyresearch.org)

EHEC causes nonbloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic cell as part of the translocation mechanism (8). (cdc.gov)
MWCNT translocation to the tracheobronchial lymph node progressed with time and localized to the deep paracortex, the normal location of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. (cdc.gov)

There are three cellular components that make up the BBB: this includes the capillary basement membrane (BM), astrocyte end-feet ensheathing the vessels, and pericytes (PCs) embedded within the BM. (hindawi.com)
Another important mechanism for the progression of colorectal cancer is the ability of the transformed cells to invade and traverse the basement membrane, which in turn facilitates the conversion of adenomas into carcinomas and then metastases ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Ultrastructure and origin of cytoplasmic multivesicular bodies induced by carnation Italian ringspot virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Biotium offers two new classes of dyes for covalent labeling of the cell surface that are unique in that they can withstand fixation and permeabilization for subsequent IF staining. (biotium.com)
Following that, you would apply the set of Cell Painting dyes so that you stain and label all these different parts of the cell, and then you take your plate, and put it in a high-content imager, such as our ImageXpress® Micro High-Content Imaging System. (moleculardevices.com)

the most important are pro- cell membrane and cytosol (7). (cdc.gov)
For example, lysosomes in the animal cells maintain an acidic environment compared to the surrounding cytosol. (jove.com)

Bacterial efflux pump inhibition using both leaf extracts was determined by monitoring the transport of Rhodamine 6 G (R6G) across the cell membrane and IC 50 values were obtained. (biomedcentral.com)
Membrane permeabilizing properties of both extracts were also evaluated using the membrane potential sensitive dye 3'3 dipropylthiadicarbocyanine (diSC3-5). (biomedcentral.com)
These plant extracts may provide new lead compounds for developing potential efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) or permeabilising agents that could aid the transport of antibacterial agents into bacterial cells. (biomedcentral.com)

In the present study, we aimed to further examine the potential of formononetin in controlling angiogenesis and tumor cell invasiveness in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenografts. (spandidos-publications.com)
These findings suggest that formononetin inhibits angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion, and thus support its use in the treatment of advanced and metastatic colon cancers. (spandidos-publications.com)

The monoclonal antibody 2F4 was produced against the cytoplasmic domain (Red). (elifesciences.org)
However, in the spinal cord there was little cytoplasmic staining with C9-L antibody. (figshare.com)
C9-S antibody immunostained the nuclear membrane of anterior horn cells in healthy neurons. (figshare.com)
For ultrastructuralstudy of the cells, samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde and observed under electron microscopy, Na+-K+ ATPase localization were performed through immunoflourescence light microscopy by using antibody IgGa5. (civilica.com)
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy is presumed to occur because of immunologic antibody-mediated reaction along with interstitial and perivascular infiltration of the endoneurium with inflammatory T cells and macrophages. (medscape.com)
I have chosen to study a group of severe autoimmune diseases with acute inflammation in the vessels, called anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated systemic vasculitis (AAV). (lu.se)

PD-L1 Antibodies to Its Cytoplasmic Domain Most Clearly Delineate Cell Membranes in Immunohistochemical Staining of Tumor Cells. (harvard.edu)

Staining with mAb 2F4 ( B ) clearly shows a membrane staining while DAPI stains the nuclei ( C ). ( D ) Wholemount immunostaining of tailbud stage embryo fixed in DENTS (20% DMSO 80% Methanol) using mAb 2F4. (elifesciences.org)
In many macrophages, cytopathologic changes included 1) MWCNT penetration of the cytoplasmic membrane, 2) MWCNT penetration of nuclei, and 3) karyolysis. (cdc.gov)

This inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (C5b-C9), which prevents membrane damage and bacterial cell death. (medscape.com)

Cephalosporins work by attacking the bacterial cell wall. (sciencedaily.com)

Scholars@Duke publication: Phospholipid distribution in the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is highly asymmetric, dynamic, and cell shape-dependent. (duke.edu)

Cell-associated antigens are of special interest because they play a role in both the induction of immunity and tolerance. (pitt.edu)
Members of the Klebsiella genus typically express 2 types of antigens on their cell surface. (medscape.com)
Sixty percent of cases express 1 or more T-cell antigens (CD3 + , CD43, or CD45RO). (medscape.com)

The nucleation of actin fibers occurs as a response to external stimuli, allowing a cell to alter its shape to suit a particular situation. (wikipedia.org)

Only membrane bound or Fc-clustered ephrin ligands are capable of activating the receptor in vitro . (rndsystems.com)
Membrane bound organelles allowing for very specific functions to occur within microenvironments. (jove.com)

The Science Explorer interviews Angeline Lim, an Applications Scientist at Molecular Devices, to learn more about Cell Painting and the impact it is having on cell biology research and drug discovery. (moleculardevices.com)
5] "Molecular Biology of the cells", B. Alberts et al. (sns.it)
Efforts at using NK cells as antitumor agents began over two decades ago, but recent advances in elucidating NK cell biology have accelerated the development of NK cell-targeting therapeutics. (frontiersin.org)

Thousands of microvilli form a structure called the brush border that is found on the apical surface of some epithelial cells , such as the small intestines . (wikipedia.org)

Tight junctions (TJs) are present between the cerebral endothelial cells and serve the function of limiting the paracellular flux of molecules across the BBB. (hindawi.com)

Conduction of an impulse along a neurone occurs from the dendrites to the cell body to the axon. (medscape.com)

In contrast to the motor system, the cell bodies of the afferent sensory fibers lie outside the spinal cord, in dorsal root ganglia. (msdmanuals.com)
Schwann cells form a thin cytoplasmic tube around each fiber and further wrap larger fibers in a multilayered insulating membrane (myelin sheath). (msdmanuals.com)

Mitochondria also have acidic interiors between their two membranes which help produce energy. (jove.com)

Performing skin cytology is key for the identification of bacteria and inflammatory cells, with cocci and neutrophils being the most common findings. (merckvetmanual.com)
CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)

Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick peptidoglycan cell wall interspersed with lipoteichoic acid underlain by the cytoplasmic membrane (Figure 1). (dentalcare.com)
Ultra structural observations have shown that the cells of coelomosac possess pdocytic feature. (civilica.com)

The nucleus: chromosomal DNA and its organization, the Nuclear Pore Complex and nucleus-cytoplasmic transport. (sns.it)

As the total PE content increases from nearly zero to 75%, cells progressively adopt a rod shape and PE appears in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the IM. (duke.edu)

The anterior horn cells are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord and thus are technically part of the CNS. (msdmanuals.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of immune cells that influence a wide variety of immune responses, including immunity to infectious diseases and malignant tumors, and in the generation of tolerance. (pitt.edu)
Some sites, such as the eye and the brain, are immunologically privileged (ie, they have minimal or no immune system cells and can tolerate even mismatched grafts). (medscape.com)
In the early phases of cancer immune surveillance, NK cells directly identify and lyse cancer cells. (frontiersin.org)
instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
The recently described role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the regulation of immune cell infiltration of microenvironment tumor resumes interest because of its potential impact to rection of immune therapy. (chemdiv.com)
Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)

This capsule encases the entire cell surface, accounts for the large appearance of the organism on gram stain, and provides resistance against many host defense mechanisms. (medscape.com)

It is a carbohydrate-binding lectin that has high affinity for sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and stains yeast bud scars as well as the cell membrane of gram+ bacteria and mammalian cells. (biotium.com)

Upon prolonged high intracellular rises in Ca 2+ , platelets develop a procoagulant phenotype that is characterized by the surface membrane exposure of phosphatidylserine and by the inactivation of integrin α IIb β 3 (procoagulant platelet population) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
PIs contribute to various aspects of neuronal activity, such as synaptic transmission and maintenance of membrane excitability by regulating ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways. (jneurosci.org)

Because of this vital function, the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compounds that are more easily absorbed. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, microvilli not only increase the cellular surface area for absorption, they also increase the number of digestive enzymes that can be present on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)

This regulates the electrical signal that passes through the cells, allowing the heart muscles to contract and relax in coordination. (jove.com)
Apart from the membrane transport of glucose, insulin also regulates the transport of some amino acids, some fatty acids, potassium, magnesium, and certain other monosaccharides. (weeksmd.com)

In addition to inflammatory cell infiltration in the bronchial wall 1 , histological analysis of endobronchial biopsy specimens and new methods of blood flow measurements have revealed prominent alterations of the tracheobronchial (airway) vasculature in patients with asthma. (ersjournals.com)
NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)

First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)

Anatomy54

Organisms13

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes59

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Proteins22

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Permeability3

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