Cytoplasmic androgen binding protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

Androgen receptor (AR) also konwn as Dihydrotestosterone receptor (DHTR), Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4 (NR3C4).It is one of steriod hormoen receptors, which are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. (ptglab.com)
The protein has been shown to interact with retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors, inhibiting their ligand-dependent transcriptional activation. (cancerindex.org)
Androgen receptors allow the body to respond appropriately to these hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
The receptors are present in many of the body's tissues, where they attach (bind) to androgens. (medlineplus.gov)
Androgens and androgen receptors also have other important functions in both males and females, such as regulating hair growth and sex drive. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers believe that AR gene variations may increase the activity of androgen receptors in the scalp. (medlineplus.gov)
Intrinsic activation of receptors or activation of androgen receptor (AR) coregulatory molecules ( e.g . (aacrjournals.org)
The SH3-SH2-SH3 C-terminal domains bind directly with the auto-phosphorylated cytoplasmic tails of the receptor TKs while the B- and T-cell receptors activate cytosolic TKs. (cytoskeleton.com)
Early classification of these receptors was based on ligands, DNA binding properties or other functional characterization. (indigobiosciences.com)

Sex hormone-binding globulin (shbg) is a circulating glycoprotein that transports testosterone and other steroids in the blood. (jessilafree.com)
Androgens are hormones (such as testosterone) that are important for normal male sexual development before birth and during puberty. (medlineplus.gov)
Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Androstenedione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Hyperinsulinism, caused by insulin resistance, increases the sensitivity of follicles to luteinizing hormone (LH) and inhibits liver production of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHGB) - a protein responsible for controlling the amount of testosterone that is available for use in your body. (handbvitamins.co.uk)
These reproductive glands-the testes in males and the ovaries in females, and, to a lesser extent, the suprarenal (adrenal) glands -secrete androgens (including testosterone) and estrogens. (medscape.com)

These proteins are intracellular transcription factors that directly regulate gene expression in response to lipophilic molecules. (indigobiosciences.com)
2013. Bem3, a Cdc42 GTPase-Activating Protein, traffics to an intracellular compartment and recruits the secretory Rab GTPase Sec4 to endomembranes. (purdue.edu)
Next to the features of NEP within the rate of metabolism 54965-24-1 supplier of extracellular peptides, latest research also indicate a job of its cytoplasmic website 54965-24-1 supplier in intracellular signaling [10]. (opioid-receptors.com)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)

The protein encoded by this gene is an unusual orphan receptor that contains a putative ligand-binding domain but lacks a conventional DNA-binding domain. (cancerindex.org)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
The AR gene provides instructions for making a protein called an androgen receptor. (medlineplus.gov)
Hundreds of different variants (also called mutations) in the AR gene have been identified in people with androgen insensitivity syndrome, a condition that affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. (medlineplus.gov)
Other variants insert or delete multiple base pairs in the gene or affect how the gene is processed into a protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Although androgenetic alopecia is related to the effects of androgens on hair growth, it remains unclear how changes in the AR gene increase the risk of hair loss in people with this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 40S subunit. (nih.gov)
As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. (nih.gov)

Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins. (ptglab.com)
Below is a small sample of the many proteins, growth factors, transcription factors it contains. (plurisomes.com)

Consequently we aimed to look for the system of AR repression by PHB, and what results the increased loss of such a repressor could have on AR activity and tumour development under circumstances mimicking those in individuals going through androgen ablation therapy. (bioxorio.com)
However, androgen-independent cells are eventually selected during androgen ablation therapy (4) , and progression to an androgen-independent state remains the primary cause of mortality in these patients within an average of 1.5 years. (aacrjournals.org)

Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3.Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).Affected males have female external genitalia, female breast development, blind vagina, absent uterus and female adnexa, and abdominal or inguinal testes, despite a normal 46,XY karyotype.Defects in AR are the cause of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy X-linked type 1 (SMAX1). (ptglab.com)
This treatment can reduce primary and metastatic lesions probably by inducing apoptosis of tumor cells when they express the wild-type receptor.Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome partial (PAIS). (ptglab.com)
Variants that eliminate the function of the androgen receptor cause complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Genetic changes that significantly reduce but do not eliminate the receptor's activity cause partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Variants that only slightly reduce the activity of the receptor cause mild androgen insensitivity syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)

The resulting androgen-receptor complex then binds to DNA and regulates the activity of androgen-responsive genes. (medlineplus.gov)
One essential person in PIP3 binding proteins may be the proteins kinase (PK) B/Akt that phosphorylates many proteins substrates and thus regulates a number of mobile features, including cell success, differentiation and proliferation [20], [21]. (opioid-receptors.com)
The C-terminal tail of PTEN could be phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues by proteins kinase CK2 which adversely regulates its phosphatase activity [29], [30]. (opioid-receptors.com)
FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)

This domain occurred 422 times on human genes ( 968 proteins). (umbc.edu)
By turning the genes on or off as necessary, the androgen receptor helps direct the development of male sexual characteristics. (medlineplus.gov)
Expression profile of differentially-regulated genes during progression of androgen-independent growth in human prostate cancer cells. (nih.gov)
[10] In addition, both complexes are derived from the same family of related genes and proteins but differ in their subunit composition. (wikidoc.org)

Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. (nih.gov)
Synthesis:Estriol is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta from 16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate , an androgen steroid made in the fetal liver and adrenal glands.The human. (absoluteastronomy.com)
If the estrogen receptor (ER) is present in breast cancer cells, estrogen enters into tumor cells and binds with ER, promoting mRNA and DNA synthesis of tumor cells, stimulating tumor cell growth. (lookchem.com)
It participates in androgen synthesis enhancing LH action in the ovary and testis . (wikidoc.org)

Used for the most common side effects of Aveed include: acne beneficial adult males for conditions associated can bind to the androgen receptor, or can be reduced to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5alpha-reductase. (onevpn.com)
binding to the AR takes place either directly or after conversion to 5?dihydrotestosterone DHT by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5-alpha reductase. (theactiverhema.org)

The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. (ox.ac.uk)
The importance of such proteins in enhancing nuclear hormone receptor-mediated transcriptional activation is widely accepted, and this work suggests that Tip60 may have an equally important role to play. (ox.ac.uk)
Studies suggest that the protein represses nuclear hormone receptor-mediated transactivation via two separate steps: competition with coactivators and the direct effects of its transcriptional repressor function. (cancerindex.org)
Upon removal of soluble nuclear protein, PHB was apparent in nuclear foci (Number 1a), quantity and intensity which modified with PHB modulation. (bioxorio.com)
Fractionation shown that PHB exists in both cytoplasmic small fraction as well as the nucleus C both soluble nuclear small percentage but to a larger level the chromatin-associated small percentage (Amount 1b). (bioxorio.com)
This nuclear design is similar to known PHB-interacting protein Horsepower1 and HDAC1, which colocalise carefully with PHB (Amount 1c). (bioxorio.com)
Chromatin association of PHB was low in cells harvested completely serum in comparison to hormonally-starved cells (Amount 1d), using a concomitant upsurge in soluble nuclear PHB, while total and cytoplasmic PHB amounts were unchanged. (bioxorio.com)
Also, this region may contain nuclear localization signals and protein-protein interaction sites. (indigobiosciences.com)

Catalytic domain of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Activated Cdc42-associated kinase. (umbc.edu)
Ack subfamily members include Ack1, thirty-eight-negative kinase 1 (Tnk1), and similar proteins. (umbc.edu)
The PTKc family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other kinases such as protein serine/threonine kinases, RIO kinases, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). (umbc.edu)

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard treatment for patients with prostate-specific antigen progression after treatment for localized prostate cancer. (wikipedia.org)
The data suggested that DHX15 enhances AR transcriptional activity and contributes to PCa progression through Siah2 mediated ubiquitination of androgen receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Ack1 is also associated with androgen-independent prostate cancer progression. (umbc.edu)
Importantly, circRNAs usually bind miRNAs to modulate the levels of downstream proteins, acting as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and participating in tumor progression [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, the biogenesis of circRNA GGNBP2 (cGGNBP2) was mediated by IL-6/STAT3 pathway activation, and IL-6/cGGNBP2-184aa (a protein encoded by cGGNBP2)/STAT3 formed a positive feedback loop to promote tumor progression for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. (biomedcentral.com)

Deciphering soluble and membrane protein function using yeast systems. (leibniz-fli.de)
The retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins across the ER membrane is an energy-consuming process, with the detailed transportation mechanism still needing clarification. (bvsalud.org)
Transmembrane proteins have unique requirements to fold and integrate into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. (bvsalud.org)
2014. Heterodimeric capping protein from Arabidopsis is a membrane-associated, actin-binding protein. (purdue.edu)
Neprilysin (NEP) is a sort II membrane metalloproteinase that cleaves physiologically dynamic peptides on the cell surface area thus regulating the neighborhood concentration of the peptides designed for receptor binding and indication transduction. (opioid-receptors.com)
NEP is certainly a sort II essential membrane proteins with a little N-terminal cytoplasmic tail, an individual transmembrane area and a more substantial extracellular C-terminal area which has the catalytic middle [1]. (opioid-receptors.com)
PIP3 reliant signaling consists of recruitment of protein which contain pleckstrin homology (PH) and PH-like domains towards the plasma membrane [19]. (opioid-receptors.com)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)

Outcomes PHB influences the pace and degree of AR binding to chromatin A set of doxycycline-inducible LNCaP prostate tumor cell lines was founded, one ectopically expressing PHB cDNA (LNCaP/Luc/PHB-cDNA) and one expressing PHB-siRNA (LNCaP/Luc/PHB-RNAi) (27), JAK3 each using its particular bare vector or scrambled control range. (bioxorio.com)
In addition, loss of tumor suppressor activity or proapoptotic factors can contribute to androgen-independent growth (8) and has been reviewed (9) . (aacrjournals.org)
Discovery and optimization of chromenotriazolopyrimidines as potent inhibitors of the mouse double minute 2-tumor protein 53 protein-protein interaction. (leibniz-fli.de)
Meanwhile, BON decreases the protein level of PD-L1 in a tumor xenograft model of NCI-H460 cells. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, the cytoplasmic website of NEP may possibly also connect to PTEN (Phosphatase and pressure homologue erased on chromosome 10), a significant tumor suppressor proteins [14], [15]. (opioid-receptors.com)

Western blot analysis of whole cell lysates probed with Mouse anti Human proliferation associated protein 2G4 antibody ( VMA00111 ) followed by detection with HRP conjugated Goat anti Mouse IgG (1/10,000, STAR207P ) and visualized on the ChemiDoc MP with 28 second exposure. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)

Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the development of androgen independence in prostate cancer cells (4) . (aacrjournals.org)
Down-regulation of cold-inducible proteins including RBM3 in prostate cancer cells by exposure to hyperthermia enhanced cancer cell response to chemotherapy [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) maintains protein homeostasis by retrieving misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen into the cytosol for degradation. (bvsalud.org)
Most notably, transmembrane proteins must fold in three separate environments: extracellular domains fold in the oxidizing environment of the ER lumen, transmembrane domains (TMDs) fold within the lipid bilayer, and cytosolic domains fold in the reducing environment of the cytosol. (bvsalud.org)

The principal steroid binding proteins in plasma are albumin, corticosteroidbinding globulin (cbg, transcortin) sex-hormone binding globulin (shbg) which is. (jessilafree.com)
Basal endogenous steroid hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin, physical fitness, and health risk factors in young adult men. (jessilafree.com)
Sex hormone binding globulin (shbg) is a glycoprotein composed of 373 amino acid residues and three carbohydrate side chains. (jessilafree.com)

In this report, we show that Tip60, which was originally identified as a coactivator for the human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein, can enhance AR-mediated transactivation in a ligand-dependent manner in LNCaP and COS-1 cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
Our studies also demonstrate that Tip60 co-immunoprecipitates with the full-length AR in vitro and that, in our system, Tip60 enhances transactivation to levels observed with the coactivators steroid receptor coactivator 1, p300, and CREB-binding protein. (ox.ac.uk)

Circulating at fairly high amounts and unaffected by chemical substance castration, adrenal androgens certainly are a significant way to obtain androgens in these individuals. (bioxorio.com)

Ack subfamily members are cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinases containing an N-terminal catalytic domain, an SH3 domain, a Cdc42-binding CRIB domain, and a proline-rich region. (umbc.edu)
Like the other Vav proteins, Vav3 is phosphorylated (activated) following ligand binding to a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases (TKs), including EGF receptor, PDGF receptor, insulin receptor, and insulin-like growth factor I receptor. (cytoskeleton.com)
Classification of nonenzymatic homologues of protein kinases. (leibniz-fli.de)

The sequence of the ligand binding domain (LBD) or E/F domain varies substantially between NRs, but they all share a common structure of 11-13 a-helices organized around a hydrophobic binding pocket. (indigobiosciences.com)

PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. (umbc.edu)

Spironolactone and its metabolites are more than 90% bound to plasma proteins. (kieran101.com)

DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)

A number of actin-binding proteins, including spectrin, alpha-actinin and fimbrin, contain a 250 amino acid stretch called the actin binding domain (ABD). (embl.de)
All of the disease-causing ACTN4 mutations identified to date are located within the actin-binding domain of the encoded protein, increasing its binding affinity to F-actin and leading to abnormal actin rich cellular aggregates. (biomedcentral.com)
α-Actinin monomers contain three distinct domains: an N-terminal actin binding domain (ABD), four spectrin-like repeats (SRs), and a C-terminal EF hands (calmodulin like domain). (biomedcentral.com)

At the same time, most guys prefer to keep the Dbol dosage low in order to prevent water retention, steroid hormone binding protein. (jessilafree.com)
However, you could increase the chances of getting amazing results if you learn how to use it, steroid hormone binding protein. (jessilafree.com)

Our group is interested in characterizing the role of epididymal and testicular proteins in male reproductive physiology. (uohyd.ac.in)

ARA55, ARA54, ARA70, BRCA1, and heat-shock proteins) may allow cells to become independent of androgens (intrinsic activation). (aacrjournals.org)
The N-terminal CH domain has the intrinsic ability to bind actin, albeit with lower affinity than the complete ABD, whereas the C-terminal CH bind actin extremely weakly or not at all. (embl.de)

Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. (nih.gov)
[7] [8] Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as anti-Müllerian hormone , bone morphogenetic protein , and growth differentiation factor belong to the TGF-β protein superfamily . (wikidoc.org)

Protein, which is both involved in DNA repair and protein ubiquitination. (plurisomes.com)

Arrow points to proliferation associated protein 2G4 (molecular weight 44 kDa). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)

Consistent with increase in serum T, piperine increased Leydig cell number, cell size, and multiple steroidogenic pathway proteins, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, 17α-hydroxylase/20-lyase, and steroidogenic factor 1 expression levels. (frontiersin.org)
Piperine in vitro also increased androgen production and stimulated cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and 17α-hydroxylase/20-lyase activities in immature Leydig cells. (frontiersin.org)

Therefore, we targeted to study if the reduced amount of a repressor such as for example SB 203580 PHB could certainly cause or lead for the apparent androgen self-reliance seen in CRPC as well as the failing of hormonal therapies. (bioxorio.com)

Characterization of the plasma sex steroid-binding protein. (jessilafree.com)
Systematic characterization of the protein interaction network and protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry. (leibniz-fli.de)

Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
Some variants lead to an abnormally short version of the androgen receptor protein, while others result in the production of an abnormal receptor that cannot bind to androgens or to DNA. (medlineplus.gov)

Dealing with hormone-starved LNCaP cells with androgen exposed improved AR chromatin association as time passes having a concomitant decrease in PHB co-purification (Shape 2a, left hands part). (bioxorio.com)
As a result of these changes, cells that are normally sensitive to androgens become less responsive to these hormones or unable to use these hormones at all. (medlineplus.gov)
Although the extended CAG region changes the structure of the androgen receptor, it is unclear how the altered protein damages nerve cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers believe that a fragment of the androgen receptor protein containing the CAG repeats accumulates within these cells and interferes with normal cell functions. (medlineplus.gov)
Androgens are necessary for normal prostate cell growth (1) , and in animal models, androgen ablation causes cell atrophy and death of prostate epithelial cells (2) . (aacrjournals.org)
Likewise, in the early stages of prostate cancer, the growth of cancerous prostatic epithelial cells is often androgen dependent (3) . (aacrjournals.org)
Constructing glucagon like peptide-1 receptor fused with derivatives of GFP for visualizing protein-protein interaction in living cells. (leibniz-fli.de)
In this study, we discover that BON significantly reduces PD-L1 protein level in NCI-H460 and HT-1080 cells. (bvsalud.org)
The second approach is to isolate actin-associated proteins using molecular and biochemical techniques, to characterize their function in vitro, and to use these as probes to dissect cytoskeletal function in living plant cells. (purdue.edu)
However, Tamoxifen Z isomer enters into the cell, competitively binding with ER to form receptor complexes, inhibiting that estrogen plays an role, and inhibiting proliferation of breast cancer cells. (lookchem.com)

Doxycycline-induced PHB-RNAi decreased the quantity of PHB co-purifying using the chromatin needlessly to say, but accelerated AR binding, leading to improved binding at shorter time-points of androgen treatment (Shape 2a right hands part). (bioxorio.com)

Shbg binds reversibly to sex steroids. (jessilafree.com)

Small molecule protein-protein interaction inhibitors as CNS therapeutic agents: current progress and future hurdles. (leibniz-fli.de)
By using specific inhibitors and RNA interference technology, we confirm that the decline of PD-L1 protein by BON is mediated by AMPK-activated endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway, which is like to the action of metformin. (bvsalud.org)

2015. Capping protein integrates multiple MAMP signalling pathways to modulate actin dynamics during plant innate immunity. (purdue.edu)

The EM analysis showed that p97 formed a functional protein complex with Derlin-1, revealing the coupling mechanism between the ERAD retrotranslocation and the ATP hydrolysis activities. (bvsalud.org)

The activin and inhibin protein complexes are both dimeric in structure, and, in each complex, the two monomers are linked to one another by a single disulfide bond . (wikidoc.org)

Continued development of an empirical function for predicting and rationalizing protein-protein binding affinities. (leibniz-fli.de)
However, the three dimensional structure of the RXR heterodimer complex produces different DNA binding affinities. (indigobiosciences.com)

Kumari Sangeeta, Suresh Yenugu (2022) , Ablation of the sperm-associated antigen 11A (SPAG11A) protein by active immunization promotes epididymal oncogenesis in the rat. (uohyd.ac.in)
2013. Plk1-dependent microtubule dynamics promotes androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. (purdue.edu)

Amaar YG, Thompson GR, Linkhart TA, Chen ST, Baylink DJ, Mohan S. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) interacts with a four and a half LIM protein 2 (FHL2). (nature.com)

The α-actinins are 100 kD rod shaped proteins that form head-to-tail homodimers [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Binding of human ribosomal protein S16 with the 18S rRNA fragment 1203-1236/1521-1698]. (nih.gov)

where he used animal model to increase the efficacy of Intermittent Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer patients. (wikipedia.org)
MicroRNA-7641 is a regulator of ribosomal proteins and a promising targeting factor to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. (nih.gov)

The most highly conserved region is the C4 zinc finger domain, which as described above, is a DNA binding motif. (indigobiosciences.com)
RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3), involved in cell survival, has paradoxically been linked to both oncogenesis as well as an increased survival in several cancers, including urothelial carcinoma (UCA). (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy3

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs8

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Receptors9

Testosterone6

Intracellular4

Gene9

Transcription2

Ablation therapy2

Insensitivity syndrome5

Regulates4

Genes4

Synthesis4

Dihydrotestosterone2

Nuclear8

Kinase3

Progression5

Membrane8

Tumor5

Antibody1

Prostate cancer cells2

Cytosol2

Hormone-binding3

Transactivation2

Adrenal1

Kinases3

Ligand-bindin1

Substrates1

Plasma proteins1

Ligands1

Actin bindin3

Steroid hormone2

Testicular1

Intrinsic2

Structurally2

Ubiquitination1

Molecular Weight1

Enzyme2

Therapies1

Characterization2

Abnormal2

Cells10

Chromatin1

Shbg1

Inhibitors2

Modulate1

Mechanism1

Dimeric1

Affinities2

Promotes2

Interacts1

Homodimers1

Fragment1

Efficacy2

Motif2