Cytoplasm rna replicase. Medical search. Frequent questions

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a cellular metabolic protein, was found to colocalize with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5) in JEV-infected cells. (biomedcentral.com)
ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins involved in the replication of viral genome (the so called "replicase"), including a methyl transferase, a putative protease, an RNA helicase and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study we expressed plant DCL4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , an RNAi-depleted organism, in which we could highlight the role of dicing as neither Argonautes nor RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is present. (biomedcentral.com)
Viral replicase assembles with host proteins (ribosomal protein S1, translation elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts) to form the active RNA polymerase. (expasy.org)
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA, especially mRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
Other transcription factors and RNA polymerase then assemble on the promoter to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC). (stemcelldaily.com)
Elongation involves the synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerase along the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
The RNA polymerase transcribes one strand, the antisense (-) strand, of the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
RNA synthesis occurs in the 5' → 3' direction with the RNA polymerase catalyzing a nucleophilic attack by the 3-OH of the growing RNA chain on the alpha-phosphorus atom on an incoming ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate. (stemcelldaily.com)
Termination occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA template and releases the RNA transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)
Each RNA polymerase requires the assistance of several other proteins or protein complexes, called general (or basal) transcription factors, which must assemble into a complex on the promoter in order for RNA polymerase to bind and start transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)
Most promoters for RNA polymerase II also have a conserved sequence called the TATA box, which is recognized by a subunit of the transcription factor TFIID. (stemcelldaily.com)
The transcript is cleaved at an internal site before RNA polymerase II finishes transcribing. (stemcelldaily.com)
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. (lookformedical.com)
Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme - RNA polymerase , using DNA as a template. (wikidoc.org)

The N protein encapsulates the genomic RNA, and the S protein forms viral projections. (wikipedia.org)
The messenger RNA for translating a single lengthy open reading frame (ORF) into a substantial polyprotein is genomic RNA. (doctor-dr.com)
According to its postulated function in creating a ribonucleoprotein complex with packaged genomic RNA, the C protein (approximately 11 kD) is extremely basic. (doctor-dr.com)
Uncoating, and release of the viral genomic RNA into the cytoplasm. (expasy.org)
The coronavirus replication cycle begins with the translation of the 29-kb positive-strand genomic RNA to produce two large polyprotein species (pp1a and pp1ab), which are subse- quently cleaved to produce 15 or possibly 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp's) (11). (pdfroom.com)
Genomic RNA enters the bacterium. (expasy.org)
Replication of genomic RNA into a minus strand, which serves as template to produce new positive strand genomes. (expasy.org)
The findings suggest a pathway for newly made viral genomic RNA from the DMV interior, via the pore channel, to the cytosolic sites of encapsidation. (syntecoptics.com)
Our goal is to recapitulate RNA replication in vitro using biological relevant substrates and proteins and a biologically relevant sub-genomic replicon of HCV. (uams.edu)

Labelling with BrUTP showed that peroxisomes were the sites of nascent viral synthesis, whereas in situ hybridization indicated that DI RNA progeny were diffused throughout the cytoplasm. (microbiologyresearch.org)
CoV transcription involves a discontinuous RNA synthesis (template switch) during the extension of a negative copy of the subgenomic mRNAs. (bionity.com)
CoV N protein is required for coronavirus RNA synthesis, and has RNA chaperone activity that may be involved in template switch. (bionity.com)
The viral RNA is translated to produce the two proteins necessary for RNA synthesis (replication and transcription). (expasy.org)
It can be answerable for coordinating the cell's actions including cell metabolism, cell development, synthesis of proteins and lipids and generally the cell replica by cell division mechanisms. (e-streetlight.com)
Spiegelman also suggested that adaptation might occur via either partial or complete copies of the gene (which he called 'plasmagenes') moving out of the cell nucleus into the cytoplasm to serve as 'programs' for protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
Coronavirus genome replication is associated with virus-induced cytosolic double-membrane vesicles, which may provide a tailored micro-environment for viral RNA synthesis in the infected cell. (syntecoptics.com)
The tactic of protein synthesis takes place in quite so much of ribosomes simultaneous and all all by means of the cell cytoplasm. (worksheetanswers.com)
This RNA molecule then strikes from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm, the place the precise the strategy of protein synthesis happen. (worksheetanswers.com)
One type of RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis complexes known as ribosomes , others form vital portions of the structure of ribosomes, act as essential carrier molecules for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis, or change which genes are active. (wikidoc.org)

Echoviruses (EVs) are RNA viruses of the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. (medscape.com)
for BVDV frequently nonhomologous RNA recombination events lead to the appearance of genetically distinct viruses that are lethal to the host. (bionity.com)
Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. (bionity.com)
Numerous studies have shown that replication of RNA viruses is involved in many specific RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, and protein-protein interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
Infections caused by several positive-stranded RNA viruses allow the characterization of DCLs involved in the RNA-silencing-based antiviral immune responses of plants. (biomedcentral.com)
As I know very well from experience of working with mRNA, it is intrinsically unstable, because both the extra- and intracellular environment is full of RNAses (as our most primitive defense against RNA viruses). (icpcovid.com)
Coronaviruses are spherical RNA viruses with a particle size of about 100 nm. (medschool.cc)
This group consists of viruses which have (+) sense single stranded RNA genomes. (wikidoc.org)
These genomes share the structure of eukaryotic mRNA and so the viruses can use some host cell proteins during replication and gene expression which occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell. (wikidoc.org)
These viruses encode one main proteinase and between one and three accessory proteinases which are mainly involved in expressing the replicase gene. (wikidoc.org)
Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA (+RNA) viruses that replicate their unusually large genomes in the host cell's cytoplasm. (syntecoptics.com)
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA. (lookformedical.com)

These structural proteins are important to determine host range and tropism, and they play a crucial role in delivering the RNA genome into the cytoplasm of new host cells. (medscape.com)

7. HirashimaK, WatanabeY (2003) RNA helicase domain of tobamovirus replicase executes cell-to-cell movement possibly through collaboration with its nonconserved region. (prelekara.sk)
NS3 is an RNA helicase that is capable of unwinding DNA. (uams.edu)

The 3' segment of about 8000 nucleotides encodes subgenomic RNAs. (wikipedia.org)
The remaining part of the genome encodes viral replicase. (wikipedia.org)
It contains a single-stranded positive RNA genome of 10,976 nucleotides (nts) in length that encodes a single large open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR, 95 nts) and a 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR, 585 nts). (biomedcentral.com)
Two-thirds of the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes the replicase, while one-third encodes the protease. (medschool.cc)

The RdRp recognizes internal subgenomic promoters on the negative-sense RNA to transcribe the 3'co-terminal subgenomic RNAs that will generate the movement protein and viral suppressor of RNA silencing . (expasy.org)
RDRP_TRVPP Replicase large subunit (EC 2.1.1. (expasy.org)

It is an enveloped virus with a positive single stranded RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
The 11 kb long, positively polarised single-stranded RNA genome is likewise contained within the nucleocapsid. (doctor-dr.com)
The genome is a monopartite, positively polarised, linear single-stranded RNA genome. (doctor-dr.com)

The immune fluorescent study using overexpression constructs revealed that Velo resides both in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but the majority (~ 75%) is localized in the nucleus. (cnrs.fr)
Taken together, these data suggest that Velo is an additional new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, possibly acting in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. (cnrs.fr)
cytoplasm In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. (theinfolist.com)
it regularly remains throughout the nucleus of the system and lined with the cytoplasm. (differencey.com)

Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerases (I, II and III), each responsible for transcribing different types of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not terminate transcription at a specific site but rather transcription can stop at varying distances downstream of the gene. (stemcelldaily.com)
RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and is generally further processed by other enzymes, some of them guided by non-coding RNAs . (wikidoc.org)

Instead, enzymes learn and replica the DNA code. (worksheetanswers.com)
Helicases are enzymes that manipulate DNA and RNA in all aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. (uams.edu)
In this fashion, RNAs can achieve chemical catalysis , like enzymes. (wikidoc.org)

They use their self-synthesized replicase and protease to produce four structural proteins: spike protein (S), envelope protein (E), membrane glycoprotein (M), and nucleocapsid protein (N). The constant evolution of the novel coronavirus enables it to spread rapidly in populations [8] . (medschool.cc)

Plant Dicer-like proteins (DCLs) are RNase III, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-specific endonucleases with specialized functions in producing short (s)RNAs of 21- to 24-nucleotides (nt), including micro (mi)RNAs and short interfering (si)RNAs of endogenous or viral origin. (biomedcentral.com)
Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid , consisting of many nucleotides that form a polymer . (wikidoc.org)
RNA nucleotides contain ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom), and RNA uses the nucleotide uracil in its composition, instead of thymine which is present in DNA. (wikidoc.org)
First, unlike DNA which is double-stranded, RNA is a single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides. (wikidoc.org)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) has multiple roles in cellular functions, from coding genes to non-coding regulatory activities. (biomedcentral.com)

Coronavirus (CoV) genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment, and starts with the translation of the genome to produce the viral replicase. (bionity.com)
The RNA-1 5'proximal ORFs are directly translated to produce the viral constituents of the replicase complex. (expasy.org)

Two yeast strains were used, differing in the biogenesis of peroxisomes, the organelles supplying the membranous vesicular environment in which CymRSV RNA replication takes place in infected plant cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)
The phosphate groups have a negative charge each at physiological pH, making RNA a charged molecule. (wikidoc.org)
A second consequence of the presence of the 2'-hydroxyl group is that in conformationally flexible regions of an RNA molecule (that is, not involved in formation of a double helix), it can chemically attack the adjacent phosphodiester bond to cleave the backbone. (wikidoc.org)

We have therefore tested the DCL4 functionality in processing exogenous dsRNA-like substrates, such as a replicase-assisted viral replicon defective-interfering RNA and RNA hairpin substrates, or endogenous antisense transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)

Viral RNA as well as viral proteins interact with different components of the host cell, acting as key determinants of viral pathogenesis. (bionity.com)
A viral replicase is built from NS proteins, the viral RNA, and maybe some host components once the viral proteins have been translated and processed. (doctor-dr.com)
The vesicle is thought to include viral RNA, some of which may be in double-stranded form. (rcsb.org)

Subgenomic RNAs may be synthesized during replication of RNA-1 and RNA-2 and give rise to the movement protein and viral suppressor of RNA silencing . (expasy.org)

This RNA is approximately 7.5 kilobase (kb) long and contains an RNA replicase, viral-coded proteases, a single polyprotein that is responsible for forming structural polypeptides, and other proteins necessary for cellular replication. (medscape.com)

In order to obtain more detailed information regarding the interaction between host proteins and the defined viral nucleic acid and/or proteins, we investigated the host factors associating with the main replicase enzyme, NS5, in the JEV-infected cells using yeast-two hybrid screening. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, determination of the structure of the ribosome - an enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation - revealed that its active site is composed entirely of RNA. (wikidoc.org)

The simplest form of RNA silencing, widely known as RNA interference (RNAi), is conserved in diverse eukaryotic species, including the fungal kingdom, but has been lost in the model budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription in eukaryotes is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. (stemcelldaily.com)

Cp protein represses replicase translation by binding a RNA hairpin at the start site of this gene. (expasy.org)
Late in infection CP protein bind to a RNA hairpin on the genome, and new virus particles are assembled in the cytoplasm. (expasy.org)

An extensive bioinformatics analysis of the coronavirus replicase proteins by Snijder et al. (pdfroom.com)

The results all together confirm the role of sense/antisense RNA-based regulation of gene expression, expanding the sense/antisense atlas of S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)

The release of the virus' RNA genome into the cytoplasm is caused by the fusion of the host endosomal membrane with the viral membrane. (doctor-dr.com)
at the bottom, the viral nucleocapsid protein is condensing the RNA genome and interacting with the viral membrane (M) protein to package the genome as the virus buds into an endosome. (rcsb.org)
Here, the membrane-bound components of the replicase are shown in green. (rcsb.org)
Cellular cryo electron microscopy helped visualize a molecular pore complex that spans both membranes of the double-membrane vesicle and would allow the export of RNA to the cytosol. (syntecoptics.com)

The latter function is associated with the ability of RNA to form double-stranded (ds) or ds-like secondary structures. (biomedcentral.com)
RNA is very similar to DNA, but differs in a few important structural details: RNA is usually single stranded, while DNA is usually double stranded. (wikidoc.org)
Like DNA, most biologically active RNAs including tRNA, rRNA, snRNAs and other non-coding RNAs are extensively base paired to form double stranded helices. (wikidoc.org)

The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA. (expasy.org)

194K_TRVSY Replicase large subunit (EC 2.1.1. (expasy.org)
However, it is notable that in ribosomal RNA, many of the post-translational modifications occur in highly functional regions, such as the peptidyl transferase center and the subunit interface, implying that they are important for normal function. (wikidoc.org)

The most important structural feature of RNA, that distinguishes it from DNA is the presence of a hydroxyl group at the 2'-position of the ribose sugar. (wikidoc.org)
Structural analysis of these RNAs have revealed that they are highly structured. (wikidoc.org)

SARS-CoV-2 is a spherical, enveloped, single-stranded positive RNA virus with a diameter of 80 nm-160 nm and a genome size of 29.9 kb [ 8 ]. (newvita.com)

Accordingly, GAPDH binds to the minus strand more efficiently than to the plus strand of JEV RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
A genome-length minus-strand RNA is produced at the start of replication, and this minus-strand RNA acts as a template for the production of further plus-strand RNAs. (doctor-dr.com)

Plant DCL4 is involved in the biogenesis of either functional endogenous or exogenous (i.e. viral) short interfering (si)RNAs, thus playing crucial antiviral roles. (biomedcentral.com)
The RNAs play important roles in the pathological and physiological tissues including cancer. (peerj.com)
RNA plays several important roles in the processes of translating genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) into proteins . (wikidoc.org)
There are also numerous modified bases and sugars found in RNA that serve many different roles. (wikidoc.org)
The specific roles of many of these modifications in RNA are not fully understood. (wikidoc.org)

Replication of flavivirus RNA takes place in the cytoplasm by an asymmetric and semiconservative mode resulting in 10 to 100-fold greater plus strands compared to minus strands [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This will prolong the expression of the mRNA, but it is quite possible that immune responses against the viral replicase will limit the response to a booster or to a 2nd, 3rd … vaccine encoding a different pathogen, but using the same replicase in a SAM format. (icpcovid.com)
A "helper" phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol are needed to stabilize the LNP in the extra-cellular milieu, but also enhance the release of the mRNA from the endosomes into the cytoplasm (where translation to the actual immunogenic protein can proceed). (icpcovid.com)
The primary transcript undergoes various processing steps before becoming a mature mRNA that can be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. (stemcelldaily.com)
This releases the upstream portion of the transcript, which will serve as the initial RNA prior to further processing (the pre-mRNA in the case of protein-encoding genes). (stemcelldaily.com)

The E2 protein is thought to be involved in pathogenesis by helping the virus enter the host cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)

Conversely, DCL4 did not efficiently process a replicase-assisted viral replicon in vivo, providing evidence that viral RNAs are not accessible to DCL4 in membranes associated in active replication. (biomedcentral.com)

This study is to explore the biogenesis mechanism of a secondary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on the function of RNA binding proteins (RBPs)-encoding genes in the physiological microenvironment (PM). (peerj.com)

instead, GAPDH binds to the 3' termini of plus- and minus-strand RNAs of JEV by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. (biomedcentral.com)

It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. (wikipedia.org)

In prokaryotic cells (bacteria, cyanobacteria and archaea) their DNA is fairly short and circular, although it appears as a diffuse blob in the cytoplasm, not associated with any other structures within the cells. (biotopics.co.uk)

This idea anticipated the influential 'messenger' concept developed by French investigators François Jacob and Jacques Monod ten years later, which led to the discovery of messenger RNA as the transmitter of the genetic information in DNA. (nih.gov)

This RNA lacks a polyadenylate tail and has a 5′ cap (m7G5'ppp5'A) at the 5′ end. (doctor-dr.com)

6. HirashimaK, WatanabeY (2001) Tobamovirus replicase coding region is involved in cell-to-cell movement. (prelekara.sk)
These filaments and tubules normally lengthen all around the cell, by way of the cell cytoplasm. (e-streetlight.com)
They play a primary position is a division of the cell cytoplasm by a mechanism often recognized as cytokinesis, forming two daughter cells. (e-streetlight.com)

The samples were analyzed using the technology of RNA-seq and bioinformatics. (peerj.com)

These led to the conclusion that DCL4 and DCL2 act redundantly and one of the two alone is sufficient to perceive dsRNA of viral origin, process it into siRNA of viral origin (vsiRNAs) and initiate the plant RNA silencing-based antiviral defense [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

8. Guenoune-GelbartD, ElbaumM, SagiG, LevyA, EpelBL (2008) Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replicase and movement protein function synergistically in facilitating TMV spread by lateral diffusion in the plasmodesmal desmotubule of Nicotiana benthamiana. (prelekara.sk)

The replicase proteins p33 and p92 of Cymbidium ringspot virus (CymRSV) were found to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Virus assembly in the cytoplasm. (expasy.org)
Another possibility is use of " self-amplifying RNA " (SAM): the vaccine gene is inserted after the viral replicase of an alpha virus. (icpcovid.com)

Soon after infection, the single stranded positive RNA that constitutes the viral genome is efficiently translated using a cap-independent mechanism driven by the internal ribosome entry site element (IRES). (bionity.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms21

Chemicals and Drugs27

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes19

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Polymerase16

Genomic9

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Encodes4

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ENZYMES3

Protease1

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Produce the viral2

Replication takes place1

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Enzyme2

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Coronavirus1

GENE EXPRESSION1

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