• The 'Yin-Yang' Activities of Tumor-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines for Cancer Immunotherapy, Detection and Prognosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • These severe cases are often associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low antiviral responses, which can cause systemic complications. (nature.com)
  • Here, we have evaluated transcriptional and cytokine secretion profiles and detected a distinct upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in infected cell cultures and samples taken from infected patients. (nature.com)
  • This is also accompanied by the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • ABSTRACT The role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of beta-thalassaemia is still unclear. (who.int)
  • gamma-PGA NPs are efficiently internalized by immature MoDCs and strongly stimulate production of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines as well as up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and immunomodulatory mediators involved in efficient T cell priming. (lu.se)
  • The influence of gut microbiota on circulating inflammatory cytokines and host: A Mendelian randomization study with meta-analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, immunotherapy is highly effective for patients who have melanoma cancer when other radiation therapies and chemotherapy do not work. (medgadget.com)
  • Various mathematical models have been studied for cancer treatments with virotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy [ 6 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • modelled the effects of immunotherapy, specifically dendritic cell vaccines and T cell adoptive therapy, on tumour growth with and without chemotherapy [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The model demonstrated that chemotherapy increases tumorigenicity, whereas CSC-targeted immunotherapy tumorigenicity. (hindawi.com)
  • Pratap proposed a model that describes the nonlinear dynamics between tumour cells, immune cells, and three forms of therapy: chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 2. Prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy (tumour vaccine, cytokine or growth factor given to control the cancer) or other anti-cancer therapy within less than 2 weeks before study drug administration, or any persistent unresolved toxicity from such previous therapy that, according to the judgement of the investigator, may pose a risk for the subject if taking part in the study. (who.int)
  • The Human Retrovirus Section designed, developed and tested vaccines and immunotherapies for AIDS and cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • We developed and tested new technologies including nucleic acid delivery methods in vivo , prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines and immunotherapies. (cancer.gov)
  • We studied the role and application of cytokines in vaccines and cancer immunotherapy. (cancer.gov)
  • The Human Retrovirus Section focused on the development of innovative vaccines and immunotherapies for AIDS and cancer based on the understanding of basic mechanisms, and by combining our expertise in molecular biology, virology and immunology. (cancer.gov)
  • A related focus area was the study of the biology and clinical applications of cytokines in vaccines and immunotherapies for cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • During the last decade a manifold of pre-clinical work was put into investigation of combination of radiotherapy either with additional immune stimulants such as cytokines or vaccines or in combination with antibodies that target immune suppressive molecules such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we report a microfluidics-based, patient-specific 'GBM-on-a-Chip' microphysiological system to dissect the heterogeneity of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and optimize anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for different GBM subtypes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is the only identified disease-modifying intervention for allergic diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Novel adjuvants and antigen-delivery systems with immunomodulatory properties that shift the allergenic Th2 response towards a Th1 or regulatory T cell response are desired for allergen-specific immunotherapy. (lu.se)
  • Thus, gamma-PGA NPs are promising as sophisticated adjuvants and allergen-delivery systems in allergen-specific immunotherapy. (lu.se)
  • The cancer research network based at OHSU is leading the first federally funded clinical trial of immunotherapy for rare cancers. (ohsu.edu)
  • Immunotherapies have greatly increased survival times in people with aggressive cancers such as advanced melanoma and advanced lung cancer. (ohsu.edu)
  • Northside Hospital Cancer Institute (NHCI) has been providing cancer immunotherapy for decades in the form of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, in which a donor's bone marrow or blood is transplanted into a patient to cure aggressive blood cancers. (northside.com)
  • There are active research protocols ongoing at Northside Hospital involving the use of immunotherapy to treat certain cancers. (northside.com)
  • Depending on a variety of factors, there are various options for the treatment of genitourinary cancers (included bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers) including immunotherapy. (sitcancer.org)
  • Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of certain types of melanoma and other skin cancers. (sitcancer.org)
  • Recommendation B. Create a translational science network devoted exclusively to immunotherapy approaches to treat and prevent adult cancers. (nih.gov)
  • J Interferon Cytokine Res;43(10): 439-440, 2023 Oct. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cancer Immunotherapy Market Size to reach $101.6 billion at 14.8% CAGR by 2023. (medgadget.com)
  • The cancer immunotherapy market is anticipated to surpass a valuation of USD 101.6 billion, attaining a CAGR of 14.8% during the forecast period (2016-2023), Market Research Future (MRFR) unveils in a detailed report. (medgadget.com)
  • Nevertheless, ex vivo activation with cytokines can restore cytolytic activity of NK cells against GB, indicating that NK cells have potential for adoptive immunotherapy of GB if potent cytotoxicity can be maintained in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
  • Immunotherapy includes the use of antigen- and nonantigen-specific substances, such as cytokines, as well as adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The aim of our research was to determine how immunotherapy changes the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in dog peripheral blood and the levels of cytokines secreted by these cells during therapy. (mdpi.com)
  • PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of pre-operative locoregional cytokine therapy (IRX-2 regimen) in early stage breast cancer, and to evaluate for intratumoral and peripheral immunomodulatory activity. (bepress.com)
  • Continuous renal replacement therapy in cytokine release syndrome following immunotherapy or cellular therapies? (bmj.com)
  • In March 2021, we became the first center in the world to use NK therapy, a type of immunotherapy, in a patient with advanced lymphoma. (ohsu.edu)
  • OHSU's Dr. Richard Maziarz leads research on CAR T-cell therapy, a type of immunotherapy that's bringing powerful new options to children and adults with blood cancer. (ohsu.edu)
  • However, a lack of clinical biomarkers to predict response represents a critical unmet need to identify potential responders and dissect resistance mechanisms to personalize immunotherapy and combinatorial therapy. (elifesciences.org)
  • For example, the side effects of monoclonal antibodies used for targeted therapy are not like those used for immunotherapy. (cancer.net)
  • Immunotherapy , also known as biological therapy, is a type of cancer treatment that refers to ways we stimulate the immune system to identify and better fight cancer. (northside.com)
  • Cell-based immunotherapies, including CAR T-cell therapy, refer to a treatment option where immune cells are taken directly from a patient and genetically modified to be more effective tumor-fighting immune cells. (northside.com)
  • Northside Hospital Cancer Institute is among select centers in the country offering chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, one of the most promising cell-based cancer immunotherapies available. (northside.com)
  • Immunotherapy is a type of biological therapy that helps your body fight cancer by stimulating the immune system or helping it identify "hidden" cancer cells. (dignityhealth.org)
  • If targeted therapy or immunotherapy is not an option for your type and stage of cancer, ask your doctor if you are a candidate for a clinical trial at Dignity Health. (dignityhealth.org)
  • St. Joseph's Cancer Institute offers advanced care through immunotherapy and targeted therapy in Stockton and the surrounding areas. (dignityhealth.org)
  • The type of immunotherapy, dose, and treatment schedule your doctor recommends will depend on many factors. (cancer.net)
  • This webinar will discuss the critical biological roles and therapeutic applications of γc cytokines and receptors. (news-medical.net)
  • Furthermore, similar to T cells, specific recognition and elimination of cancer cells by NK cells can be markedly enhanced through expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which provides an opportunity to generate NK-cell therapeutics of defined specificity for cancer immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cytokines transmit their message by attaching to specific molecules called receptors on the surface of another cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cytokines and their receptors are a bit like a key and lock. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Different cytokines have different receptors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cytokines or their receptors can be produced in a laboratory. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Therapies aimed at modulating immune activation to attenuate the detrimental inflammatory response or promote an antiviral cytokine response represent an important avenue for treating patients with severe COVID-19. (nature.com)
  • Here, we show that natural expression of NKG2D ligands on tumors provides an effective target for some cytokine-stimulated NK cells to recognize and suppress tumor metastases. (silverchair.com)
  • Researchers say T cells used in immunotherapy may be hindered by stress responses induced when encountering solid tumors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Now, immunotherapy experts suggest that one reason immunotherapy may not always be effective could be the stress response encountered by T cells when they enter solid tumors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, the researchers in the current study said that this natural T cell response to stress would actually harm the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy when it comes to stopping tumors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • however, it is far from ideal because PD-L1-negative tumors may respond to immunotherapy and positive tumors may not. (medscape.com)
  • Cytokines are man-made versions of the natural proteins interferon and interleukin found in the body that activate the immune system to help it attack cancer cells. (northside.com)
  • Other factors have been suggested to correlate with response to immunotherapy based on clinical and preclinical studies, including elevated type 1 helper T cell (Th1) tumoral gene signature, [ 11 ] and IFN-γ expression, possibly attributable to its ties to other proteins and cytokines within the tumor microenvironment. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusions XmAb bispecific NKEs engineered to engage innate and adaptive immunity show encouraging tumor cell killing activity and synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with proinflammatory cytokines. (bmj.com)
  • However, one has always to keep in mind that many challenges do still exist such as what is the best sequence and timing of joint applications, what are the best immunotherapy approaches, how to overcome tumor resistances, what about healthy tissue cytotoxicity, or which biomarkers or matrices of biomarkers are most beneficial for patients stratification, just to mention the most burning ones. (frontiersin.org)
  • Data highlight the potentiality of this novel immunotherapy strategy where a nonspecific cytotoxic cell population can be converted into tumor-specific effectors with clinical-grade antibodies, thus providing not only a therapeutic option for TNBC but also a valid alternative to more complex approaches based on chimeric antigen receptor-engineered cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dario Neri, co-founder, CEO and CSO, is giving a presentation to address the question on how to achieve the therapeutic dose at the tumor site with cytokine-based targeted products. (philogen.com)
  • Immunostimulatory cytokines can enhance anti-tumor immunity and are part of the therapeutic armamentarium for cancer treatment. (weeksmd.com)
  • Lunasin represents a different class of immune modulating agent that may augment the therapeutic responses mediated by cytokine-based immunotherapy. (weeksmd.com)
  • Novel therapeutic strategies have been investigated, and immunotherapy has been recently approved for the treatment of various types of cancer [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Altered signaling pathways and universal pattern of immune infiltrates on account of CAL protein-coding associated gene-set mutations involved key components of oncogenesis in various cancer types and well established therapeutic targets including MAPK signaling pathway and implied an inflamed tumor immunity that might be highly responsive to immunotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some cancer patients may benefit from cytokine treatment including those diagnosed with kidney cancer and melanoma. (northside.com)
  • Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) checkpoint immunotherapy efficacy remains unpredictable in glioblastoma (GBM) patients due to the genetic heterogeneity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. (elifesciences.org)
  • EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Sixteen patients with stage I-III early stage breast cancer (any histology type) indicated for surgical lumpectomy or mastectomy were enrolled to receive pre-operative locoregional immunotherapy with the IRX-2 cytokine biologic (2mL subcutaneous x 10 days to peri-areolar skin). (bepress.com)
  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received reports of T-cell malignancies, including chimeric antigen receptor CAR-positive lymphoma, in patients who received treatment with BCMA- or CD19-directed autologous CAR T cell immunotherapies such as idecabtagene vicleucel injection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Efficacy was seen in both doses with the higher dose generating rapid and complete rejection of the tumour in some of the mice treated with each cytokine. (biorxiv.org)
  • This study was to investigate the efficacy of cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) combined micro-invasive treatments (transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation) on the recurrence of HCC. (immunotherapychina.com)
  • Bright Peak's Immunocytokines allow tissue- and cell-specific targeting of the cytokine payload with the added potential for synergistic efficacy through potency-enhancing avidity effects, the company said. (biospace.com)
  • Active immunotherapy has been successful against infectious agents that cause self-limiting diseases. (oncolink.org)
  • Effective immunotherapy for chronic diseases and cancer, however, will require the optimization of many aspects of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
  • Surging prevalence of cancer and soaring lifestyle diseases to Spur Global Cancer Immunotherapy Market Growth. (medgadget.com)
  • In order to investigate the significance of lL-4 blood levels in measuring the diseases activity and the effectiveness of immunotherapy in the early stages, serum lL-4 levels were evaluated in patients with allergic rhinitis both at the outset of immunotherapy and six months into it. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • When given to a person, the artificial cytokine or cytokine receptor can be used to modify the person's natural immune response and treat many diseases. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The company is developing next-generation cytokine immunotherapies to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. (biospace.com)
  • Cytokines are somewhat like hormones, in that they can be generated at one site and travel through the bloodstream to stimulate an action at a distant site. (oncolink.org)
  • These NK cells are activated by these cytokines to stimulate an infection and induce an adaptive immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • These cytokines strongly stimulate the proliferation and maturation into CIK cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunotherapy for Cancer Immunotherapy is used to stimulate the body's immune system against cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The purpose of this specific FOA is to establish a Data Resource associated with clinical trials in cellular immunotherapy as a component of the Immuno-Oncology Translation Network (IOTN). (nih.gov)
  • Projects proposed should focus on establishing an efficient infrastructure to collect and analyze outcomes data of cellular immunotherapy trials (NCI-sponsored, investigator-initiated, or pharmaceutical company-sponsored) or with an FDA-approved agent and facilitating analysis of the observational data for the design of pre-clinical research in the Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CIC) and elsewhere, as well as inform design of future trials. (nih.gov)
  • Idecabtagene vicleucel injection is in a class of medications called autologous cellular immunotherapy, a type of medication prepared using cells from the patient's own blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In this study, side-by-side comparisons show that provision of CD137 costimulation in-cis with regard to the TCR-CD3-ligating cell is superior to that provided in-trans in terms of T cell activation, proliferation, survival, cytokine secretion and mitochondrial fitness in mouse and human. (lu.se)
  • We then outline preclinical approaches that employ CAR-NK cells for GB immunotherapy, and give an overview on the ongoing clinical development of ErbB2 (HER2)-specific CAR-NK cells currently applied in a phase I clinical trial in glioblastoma patients. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additionally, work about IL-12 and IL-15-based immunotherapy approaches is presented. (frontiersin.org)
  • Besides cytokines, active stimulation of the immune system can be achieved by vaccination approaches. (frontiersin.org)
  • Unlike other immunotherapy approaches which reprogram T cells from the patient or a healthy donor in the lab, Umoja's platform turns T Cells into cancer-fighting soldiers in vivo. (biospace.com)
  • Feng and Navaratna demonstrated that the initial ratio between regulatory T cells and effector T cells impacts the tumour recurrence time and that the effectiveness of IL-2 use may reverse the immunotherapy outcome [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • For the last 10 years, immunotherapy has made a clinically significant impact on the treatment of several different types of cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses biological substances derived from living organisms to treat cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A novel potential application for cancer is DNA-delivered immunotherapies, based on the development of efficient expression vectors for cytokines and other immunomodulators. (cancer.gov)
  • This led to high variability in the reported percentage of cytokine-positive cells and consequently in response detection in Phase I. However, variability was dramatically reduced when all laboratories used the same gating strategy (Phase II). (nih.gov)
  • Proximity of the cytokine gate to the negative population most impacted true-positive and false-positive response detection. (nih.gov)
  • Mouse splenocytes treated with 100 ng/mL LPS for 20 hours were mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies, and then incubated with the Mouse Cytokine Array. (rndsystems.com)
  • γc family cytokines generally activate three major signaling pathways (PI3K-Akt, RAS-MAPK, and JAK-STAT) to regulate the development, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and function of cells in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. (news-medical.net)
  • Previous results from two proficiency panels of intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) from the Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium and panels from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy highlight the variability across laboratories in reported % CD8+ or % CD4+ cytokine-positive cells. (nih.gov)
  • Recommendations are provided for the (1) placement of the cytokine-positive gate, (2) identification of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive T cells, (3) placement of lymphocyte gate, (4) inclusion of dim cells, (5) gate uniformity, and 6) proper adjustment of the biexponential scaling. (nih.gov)
  • Immunotherapies change how the immune system works so it can find and destroy cancer cells. (ohsu.edu)
  • Active immunotherapy against cancer is less effective, mainly because cancer cells have developed strategies to escape the normal immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) cells are a group of immune effector cells featuring a mixed T- and natural killer (NK) cell-like phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically, immune cells detect major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presented on infected cell surfaces, triggering cytokine release, causing lysis or apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • These NK cells referred to as cytokine induced memory-like natural killer cells are induced using cytokines, most commonly a mix of IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18. (wikipedia.org)
  • They were given the name "cytokine-induced killer" because cultivation with certain cytokines is mandatory for the maturation into terminally differentiated CIK cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • It came up with the conclusion that immunotherapy ( Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells , CIK ) play an important role in controlling the cancer cells, the rate of tumor recurrence was reduced. (immunotherapychina.com)
  • The real-time analysis in GBM-on-a-Chip showed that mesenchymal GBM niche attracted low number of allogeneic CD154+CD8+ T-cells but abundant CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and expressed elevated PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints and TGF-β1, IL-10, and CSF-1 cytokines compared to proneural GBM. (elifesciences.org)
  • Non-specific immunotherapies, also called non-specific immunomodulating agents, help your immune system destroy cancer cells. (cancer.net)
  • Cancer immunotherapy enables the immune system to target cancerous tumor cells. (medgadget.com)
  • With immunotherapy, instead of directly targeting cancer cells themselves, we indirectly boost one's immune system to fight the cancer. (northside.com)
  • The inflammatory cytokine response is involved in the recruitment and activation of immune cells. (nature.com)
  • With the goal of further improving cytokine-based immunotherapy, we examined the effects of a soybean peptide called lunasin that synergistically works with cytokines on natural killer (NK) cells. (weeksmd.com)
  • The combination of lunasin and cytokines (IL-12 plus IL-2) was capable of restoring IFNγ production by NK cells from post-transplant lymphoma patients. (weeksmd.com)
  • In addition, NK cells stimulated with lunasin plus cytokines displayed higher tumoricidal activity than those stimulated with cytokines alone using in vitro and in vivo tumor models. (weeksmd.com)
  • The primary aim of cancer immunotherapy is to enhance immune cells to prevent cancer cells from escaping the immune system's control. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Ig-E-mediated food allergy involves the binding of food allergens to Ig-E molecules leading to the activation of effector cells releasing histamine (immediate response) followed by allergic inflammation with increased leukotrienes, platelet activating factor (PAF), and IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Nature Cancer's Series on Cancer immunotherapy comprises commissioned Reviews, Perspectives and opinion pieces on the latest advances in the evolving palette of immunotherapies, the challenges in clinical translation of promising preclinical discoveries and their application to a wider patient population. (nature.com)
  • We have many clinical trials to test promising new immunotherapies, and more on the way. (ohsu.edu)
  • Soypeptide lunasin in cytokine immunotherapy for lymphoma. (weeksmd.com)
  • We have previously reported that post-transplant lymphoma patients have an acquired deficiency of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4, which results in defective IFNγ production during clinical immunotherapy. (weeksmd.com)
  • Identifying potential biomarkers of response to immunotherapy in different malignancies including gastric cancer has been a daunting task. (medscape.com)
  • The approval of immunotherapeutic agents and immunotherapy-based combination strategies in recent years has revolutionized the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC). (sitcancer.org)
  • These cytokines are used in the immune system for cell-to-cell communication. (oncolink.org)
  • Therefore, NKEs have a potential to provide an additional treatment option to patients who respond poorly to T cell tailored immunotherapies. (bmj.com)
  • IL-4 is a T-cell-derived cytokine that is required for the synthesis of lgE. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The Mouse Cytokine Array detects multiple analytes in cell culture lysates and supernates. (rndsystems.com)
  • Blood samples for further analyses were collected from patients in the third and sixth month of immunotherapy. (mdpi.com)
  • A phase Ib study of pre-operative, locoregional IRX-2 cytokine immunotherapy to prime immune responses in patients with early stage breast cancer. (bepress.com)
  • The Knight Cancer Institute was among the first in the nation to treat patients who have advanced prostate cancer with the immunotherapy medication Provenge. (ohsu.edu)
  • Our ex vivo patient-specific GBM-on-a-Chip provides an avenue for a personalized screening of immunotherapies for GBM patients. (elifesciences.org)
  • Of these, the hospital's segment captures the highest share as a large number of patients are treated in hospitals for cancer immunotherapy. (medgadget.com)
  • Single and combination cytokines offer promise in some patients with advanced cancer. (silverchair.com)
  • Although patients before immunotherapy showed slightly higher serum levels of lL-4 and these diminished during six months of immunotherapy, this wasn't statistically important. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • 0ur results suggest that serum lL-4 levels aren't helpful in measuring the diseaseÕs activity or the effectiveness of immunotherapy in atopic patients. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • These agents have largely replaced cytokines (immunotherapy) in treatment-naive patients. (medscape.com)
  • Although promising, no immunotherapy drugs have been approved by the FDA to treat gastrointestinal malignancies outside of the recent approval of pembrolizumab for the treatment of patients with colon cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI). (medscape.com)
  • Nevertheless, pharmacology progress comes with a variety of side effects, of which cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a potential complication of some immunotherapies that can lead to multiorgan failure if not diagnosed and treated accordingly. (bmj.com)
  • cytokine release syndrome (CRS). (bmj.com)
  • Idecabtagene vicleucel injection may cause a serious or life-threatening reaction called cytokine release syndrome (CRS). (medlineplus.gov)
  • We tested the hypothesis that DNA-delivered immunotherapies would be beneficial in cancer models. (cancer.gov)
  • Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment. (cancer.net)
  • These immunobiological mechanisms are being utilised for cancer immunotherapy with agonist CD137-binding and crosslinking-inducing agents that elicit CD137 intracellular signaling. (lu.se)