• Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, expression of M2 in primary murine B cells leads to secretion of high levels of IL-10 along with enhanced proliferation and survival. (prelekara.sk)
  • The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
  • Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Morphine has been shown to negatively impact macrophage function by impairing the proliferation of macrophage progenitor cells, inhibiting cytokine secretion leading to decreased chemotaxis, hindering the ability of macrophages to directly phagocytize pathogens, and inhibiting nitric oxide production. (uspharmacist.com)
  • We recently showed that P. gingivalis can dampen eATP-induced IL-1ß secretion by means of its fimbriae in a purinergic P2X7 receptor-dependent manner. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we further explore the role of this purinergic receptor during eATP-induced IL-1ß processing and secretion by P. gingivalis-infected macrophages. (bvsalud.org)
  • We found that NLRP3 was necessary for eATP-induced IL-1ß secretion as well as for caspase 1 activation irrespective of P. gingivalis fimbriae. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, although the secretion of IL-1ß from P. gingivalis-infected macrophages was dependent on NLRP3, its adaptor protein ASC, or caspase 1, the cleavage of intracellular pro-IL-1ß to the mature form was found to occur independently of NLRP3, its adaptor protein ASC, or caspase 1. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our in vitro findings revealed that P2X7 receptor has a dual role, being critical not only for eATP-induced IL-1ß secretion but also for intracellular pro-IL-1ß processing. (bvsalud.org)
  • As the two major cell types in the spleen, B cells and T cells produce cytokines and chemokines [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Pancreatic acinar cell injury triggers the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (32, 36, 39, 41, 82). (pancreapedia.org)
  • This review aims to describe the roles of key cytokines and chemokines in commonly used experimental models of pancreatitis and how the cytokine profile is affected by the choice of a specific model. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Another mechanism whereby injured pancreatic acinar cells trigger the inflammatory response is through synthesis and release of cytokines (36) and chemokines (11), and upregulation of adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (136), which together promote neutrophil and monocyte infiltration (27, 71) and exacerbate tissue injury (10, 27, 37). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are positively charged polypeptides with highly conserved cysteine (C) residues within the N-terminal sequence, classifying them as 'C', 'CC', 'CXC' or 'CX3C' types (102, 143). (pancreapedia.org)
  • In the context of AP, the most extensively investigated chemokines are CC-ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP-1), CXC-ligand 1 (CXCL1, also known as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant or CINC in rat and keratinocyte cytokine or KC in mouse), and CXC-ligand 2 (CXCL2, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha or MIP2a). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in RA BM were also observed, indicating an ongoing inflammatory process in this compartment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previously, we have shown in a mouse model that exposure to hog dust extract (HDE) collected from a CAFO results in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), elevated lavage fluid cytokines/chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the development of significant lung pathology. (cdc.gov)
  • Compared with controls, the detectable proportion of HIV-1 particles derived from CD14 macrophages and CD26 lymphocytes was increased in persons with acute malaria coinfection and correlated with markedly increased plasma concentrations of both proinflammatory cytokines and soluble markers of macrophage and lymphocyte activation. (lww.com)
  • These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
  • IL-17 is a cytokine that exerts proinflammatory effects and participates in the process of bone destruction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The proinflammatory cytokine IL-15 may also be involved in IL-17 production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proinflammatory polarization is associated with increased tissue degradation and propagation of inflammation whereas alternative polarization within a Th2 cytokine environment is associated with wound healing and angiogenesis. (haematologica.org)
  • This macrophage polarization can be simulated in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ stimulation for a proinflammatory subset termed classical activation and stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 for an alternative polarization phenotype. (haematologica.org)
  • Classical polarization is usually associated with a proinflammatory response, including the increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1, and IL-6. (haematologica.org)
  • During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
  • Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • 4] After allergen exposure, that produced exceptionally large quantities of airway inflammation is orchestrated mainly by cytokine IL-9. (cdc.gov)
  • Certain cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), but not viral replication, correlate with cardiac inflammation and can overcome resistance to chronic myocarditis ( 7 - 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Cytokines are known to regulate the migration of neutrophils and macrophages during inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6) seems to regulate both plasmacytoma development in BALB/c mice and oil granuloma formation in C57BL/6 mice during pristane-induced inflammation [ 10 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • [ 7 ] The inflammation may be triggered by clonally expanded T cells, predominantly of the Th2 type. (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 ] These abnormal T cells presumably secrete cytokines that promote autoimmune as well as allergic inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • The Role of Cytokines and Inflammation in the Genesis of Experimental Pancreatitis. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel plays an important role in pain and inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The toxic Aβ activates astrocytes and microglia to trigger chronic inflammation, thereby releasing cytokines, pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leading to progression of AD [ 6 - 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, which type of cation channel is responsible for the Aβ-activated Ca 2+ signaling and inflammation remains for further investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates pleiotropic roles in immune regulation, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and oncogenesis. (sbhsciences.com)
  • It is assumed that this cytokine overproduction plays a crucial role in inflammation and the development of several autoimmune diseases, including RA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acute P. falciparum malaria coinfection impacts virus-host dynamics in HIV-1-infected persons at the cellular level, notably showing a reversible induction of HIV-1 replication in CD14 macrophages that is associated with changes in immune activation. (lww.com)
  • The loss of TNF α receptor 1/2 resulted in reduced recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells into the spleen, but only neutrophil recruitment was inhibited in the peritoneal cavity. (hindawi.com)
  • As with macrophages, opioids also impair cytokine production, migration, and microbial clearance capacity of neutrophils. (uspharmacist.com)
  • In addition, mice exposed to smoke have increased levels of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in circulation and in the heart/aorta tissue, have increased macrophages in the arterial walls, and have decreased levels of adiponectin, an EC-protective protein. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The peptide specifically interacts with one type of receptor on the surface of murine splenocytes and with two types of receptors on the surface of murine peritoneal macrophages . (copewithcytokines.de)
  • 1 Some tissue macrophages and precursors are already established embryonically in the yolk sac and fetal liver before the onset of definitive hematopoiesis. (haematologica.org)
  • 7 In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages are characterized by increased expression of IL-10 and of scavenger receptors. (haematologica.org)
  • Following the cloning of CB1 and CB2 receptors, two endocannabinoid ligands were identified and characterized: arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) (Devane et al. (420magazine.com)
  • The cytokines of a possible significance in that range include interleukin 17 family (IL-17) containing the group of IL-17A-F ligands and IL-17RA-E receptors. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
  • Secreted autoantibodies specific to receptors or receptor ligands can activate or inhibit receptor functions. (hindawi.com)
  • [ 2 ] Lymphocytosis results from the expansion of an oligoclonal population of activated and antigen-stimulated T helper 2 (T H 2) cells that produce elevated levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 5 (IL-5). (medscape.com)
  • Aside from these two receptors, evidence exists supporting the presence of yet uncloned cannabinoid receptors, a hypothesis predominantly based on pharmacological activity of cannabinoid compounds in CB1 and CB2 receptor-deficient mice or following the administration of 'selective' CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists (Jarai et al. (420magazine.com)
  • 4. UsherwoodEJ, StewartJP, RobertsonK, AllenDJ, NashAA (1996) Absence of splenic latency in murine gammaherpesvirus 68-infected B cell-deficient mice. (prelekara.sk)
  • Wild-type (WT), TRPA1 −/− , amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic (APP/PS1 Tg) mice, the mouse model of AD, and APP/PS1 Tg/TRPA1 −/− mice were used to examine the role of TRPA1 in pathogenesis of AD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ablation of TRPA1-channel function in APP/PS1 Tg mice alleviated behavioral dysfunction, Aβ plaque deposition and pro-inflammatory cytokine production but increased astrogliosis in brain lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of TRPA1 channel activity exacerbated Aβ 1-42 -induced astrogliosis but inhibited Aβ 1-42 -increased PP2B activation, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activities of transcriptional factors NF-κB and NFAT in astrocytes and in APP/PS1 Tg mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 5-9 Mechanistically, this is believed to occur through mu opioid receptors, as inhibition of phagocytosis was reversed in a study looking at mu opioid receptor knockout mice. (uspharmacist.com)
  • However, GFAP-IL6/sgp130 mice had decreased pY 705 -STAT3 in the brain due to a reduction in the total number of pY 705 -STAT3-positive cells and a marked loss of pY 705 -STAT3 in specific cell types. (jneurosci.org)
  • The contribution of serotonin 5-HT2C and melanocortin-4 receptors to the satiety signaling of glucagon-like peptide 1 and liragultide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, in mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Contribution of central SGK-1 to the acute phase responses of mice to social isolation. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Serotonin 5-HT2C receptor-independent expression of hypothalamic NOR1, a novel modulator of food intake and energy balance, in mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Fluvoxamine exerts anorexic effect in 5-HT2C receptor mutant mice with heterozygous mutation of beta-endorphin gene. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Serotonin systems upregulate the expression of hypothalamic NUCB2 via 5-HT2C receptors and induce anorexia via a leptin-independent pathway in mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Social isolation affects the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and 5-HT2C receptor inactivation induce appetite-suppressing effects in mice via 5-HT1B receptors. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Increased hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptor gene expression and effects of pharmacologic 5-HT2A receptor inactivation in obese Ay mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Also, cytokine arrays revealed that mice exposed to smoke do not undergo the switch from the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile (that develops when the mice are initially exposed to second-hand smoke) to the adaptive response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A large and persistent production of TNF was found in wild-type (B6) mice. (aai.org)
  • These results were relevant in vivo since P2X7 receptor expression was upregulated in a P. gingivalis oral infection model, and reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 were detected in draining lymph node cells from P2rx7(-/-) mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent studies in mice models of Chagas disease indicated that captopril can potentiate the T helper type 1 (Th1)-directing natural adjuvant property of BK. (bvsalud.org)
  • Parasite clearance following treatment with antimalarial drugs resulted in decreased detection of HIV-1 particles derived from the CD14 macrophage cell subset and correlated with a marked diminution in systemic immune activation. (lww.com)
  • 98%) is thought to be derived from short-lived lymphocytes ordinarily [ 11,12 ], HIV-1 replication within the macrophage reservoir is increased during mycobacterial and Pneumocystis carinii coinfections [ 13-15 ]. (lww.com)
  • Pristane administration induces macrophage activation [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Alternative polarization with interleukin-4 and IL-13 led to a macrophage phenotype characterized by increased tissue factor (TF) production and release and by an increase in extracellular vesicle production. (haematologica.org)
  • Endorphin is the ligand for mu receptors and has a significant impact on analgesia, respiratory inhibition, and heart rate reduction. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Enkephalin is the ligand for delta receptors and has no significant analgesic effect. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Dynorphin is the ligand for kappa receptors and is responsible for analgesic properties, and it can induce anxiety with its weak respiratory inhibition effects. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Pharmacological inhibition of PP2B activity diminished the fibrilized Aβ 1-42 -induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of NF-κB and NFAT and astrogliosis in astrocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results suggest that the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines may be one possible mechanism for the observed beneficial effects of fatty acids on chronic inflammatory diseases ( 5 ). (ispub.com)
  • Aberrantly expressed cytokines in the bone marrow (BM) niche are increasingly recognized as critical mediators of survival and expansion of leukemic stem cells. (haematologica.org)
  • Cytokines are mediators that, among other functions, can cause bone resorption and dissolution of the extracellular matrix. (bvsalud.org)
  • CCL2 acts predominantly via the CC-receptor CCR2, although it also binds to CCR4 (138), whereas CXCL1 and CXCL2 both act via CXCR2 (125). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Interleukin-17 is predominantly expressed by a specific subset of human T-helper cells-Th17 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fig. 4: Specific combinations of cytokines and corticosterone act together to induce PD-1 expression on NK cells. (nature.com)
  • The requirement for JAK2 in the stimulation of the DUB-1 enhancer was further supported by the suppression of DUB-1 induction in Ba/F3 cells stably expressing the dominant-negative JAK2 polypeptide. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Serotonin activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via serotonin 2C receptor stimulation. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a stimulation of production of uPA, PAI-1 and interleukin-6 before and after operation in plasma patients with gynecological diseases, and whether vitamin E could inhibit this process. (ispub.com)
  • Thus, the local immunological milieu in tissue compartments forms the nature and magnitude of the host responses, i.e., frequencies of regulatory T cells (Tregs) vs. T-helper 17 (Th17) cells, amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines vs. anti-inflammatory cytokines, extent of neutrophilia and antigen-presenting-cell (APC) activation, among others. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the present study we investigated Th17-related cytokines in RA BM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To verify this hypothesis, we examined the frequency of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell populations as well as the concentrations of cytokines involved in Th17 cell differentiation and migration in BM from RA and OA patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
  • Fig. 3: Infection with MCMV induces glucocorticoid-dependent PD-1 expression in spleen NK cells. (nature.com)
  • This signal together with the T Cell Receptor (TCR) induces the expression of GATA-3. (bvsalud.org)
  • Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ) stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Also, proteolysis is found in pathological conditions such as tumor growth, metastasis, arthritis and autoimmune diseases ( 1 ). (ispub.com)
  • These studies demonstrate that many in vivo effects of vaccination (apparent tumor cell death and loss of HER-2 expression) could be replicated in vitro using only the principle Th1 cytokines. (oncotarget.com)
  • Infliximab is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist that is a chimeric human-murine monoclonal antibody. (medscape.com)
  • In response to cerulein (a CCK-8 ortholog widely used to elicit early pancreatitis responses in isolated acini an ex-vivo pancreatitis model), murine pancreatic acinar cells upregulate mRNA expression of both CXCL1 and CXCL2 within 90 min, with a supramaximally stimulating cerulein concentration of 0.1 mM producing 8 fold increase in CXCL1 and 10 fold increase in CXCL2 expression (87). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, autoimmune disease leading to joint destruction and ultimately disability [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1. DamaniaB (2004) Oncogenic gamma-herpesviruses: comparison of viral proteins involved in tumorigenesis. (prelekara.sk)
  • In Omenn syndrome, the mutated RAG-1 and RAG-2 proteins remain normally distributed in the nucleus of cells. (medscape.com)
  • Of these, HER-2 and HER-3 are particularly inter-dependent proteins, since by themselves they are functionally incomplete receptors. (oncotarget.com)
  • In Ba/F3 cells, IL-3 induced a dose-dependent activation of DUB-1-luciferase (luc) and GAS-luc reporter constructs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Indeed, antigen-presenting cells are important reservoirs of HIV-1 [ 16,17 ] and induction of HIV-1 replication within these cells may contribute significantly to the cofactor effect of confections on HIV-1 pathogenesis. (lww.com)
  • However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • Mechanistically, endogenous glucocorticoids produced shortly after infection induced selective and tissue-specific expression of the checkpoint receptor PD-1 on NK cells. (nature.com)
  • This glucocorticoid-PD-1 pathway limited production of the cytokine IFN-γ by spleen NK cells, which prevented immunopathology. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 5: MCMV-induced IFN-γ production by spleen NK cells is regulated by a glucocorticoid-PD-1 axis. (nature.com)
  • Host resistance to endotoxic shock requires the neuroendocrine regulation of group 1 innate lymphoid cells. (nature.com)
  • Reactivation of the gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) from latently infected B cells has been linked to plasma cell differentiation. (prelekara.sk)
  • We have previously shown that the MHV68 M2 protein is important for virus reactivation from B cells and, when expressed alone in primary murine B cells, can drive B cell differentiation towards a pre-plasma cell phenotype. (prelekara.sk)
  • In primary murine B cells, addition of cyclosporine (CsA) resulted in a significant decrease in M2-induced IL-10 levels as well as IRF4 expression, emphasizing the importance of the NFAT pathway in M2- mediated induction of IL-10. (prelekara.sk)
  • Murine Gammaherpesvirus M2 Protein Induction of IRF4 via the NFAT Pathway Leads to IL-10 Expression in B Cells. (prelekara.sk)
  • [ 5 ] Thus, the inability to productively rearrange VDJ regions in T-cell and B-cell receptors leads to abnormal T cells and absent B cells. (medscape.com)
  • 2 Previous studies have evaluated the opioid receptors on a wide array of immune cells. (uspharmacist.com)
  • We also found that SRC-3 depletion in cultured HESCs results in a significant attenuation in the induction of a wide-range of established biomarkers of decidualization, despite exposure of these cells to a deciduogenic stimulus and normal progesterone receptor expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • This type of activation, called "trans-signalling", renders virtually all cells capable of responding to IL-6/sIL-6R alpha complexes, making for a large new spectrum of IL-6 activities, ranging from the control of the immune response to involvement in pathological states. (sbhsciences.com)
  • To identify regulators of primitive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, we performed a high-content cytokine screen using primary CD34 + CD38 low chronic phase CML cells. (haematologica.org)
  • 1 The BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase and triggers a cascade of aberrant downstream signaling pathways leading to clonal outgrowth of CML cells and subsequent disease manifestation. (haematologica.org)
  • 2 1 There is growing evidence to suggest that primitive CML cells affect the bone marrow (BM) niche, contributing to deregulated cytokine levels. (haematologica.org)
  • Cytokines are essential for the function and maintenance of cells, and altered cytokine levels influence not only leukemic cells, but also the normal HSC within the BM. (haematologica.org)
  • The early events in atherogenesis are stimulated on the one hand by cytokines that chemoattract leukocytes and on the other hand by decrease in circulating molecules that protect endothelial cells (ECs) from injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aim: To evaluate the involvement of Th2 cells in different periods of the active phase of experimental periodontal disease and expression of the R1 subunit of the receptor for IFN-γ during the early and advanced progression of the disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes play an import role in the inflammatory response, as these cells may manage the profile of cytokines produced against an infectious agent 4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • They can be distinguished based on the profile of cytokines produced: Th1 cells produce characteristic cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-12, while active Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-136. (bvsalud.org)
  • Differentiation into Th1 depends on the presence of IFN-γ and IL-12, which bind to receptors on the surface of CD4 T cells 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Equipped with kinin-releasing cysteine proteases, T. cruzi trypomastigotes were shown previously to invade non-professional phagocytic cells, such as human endothelial cells and murine cardiomyocytes, through the signalling of G protein-coupled bradykinin receptors (B(2) KR). (bvsalud.org)
  • Cyclosporine binds to cyclophilin, an intracellular protein, which, in turn, prevents formation of interleukin 2 and the subsequent recruitment of activated T cells. (medscape.com)
  • The DUB-1 gene contains a 112-bp enhancer element that is specifically induced by the beta c subunit of the interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor. (ox.ac.uk)
  • IL-6 Receptor (IL-6R, gp80) is 80 kDa alpha subunit, transmembrane glycoprotein that is 449 aa long. (sbhsciences.com)
  • Upon binding of IL-6 to the receptor (alpha subunit), gp130 is homodimerized and is subsequently involved in down-stream signal processes binding tyrosine kinases and activating STAT1 and STAT3 transcriptional factors. (sbhsciences.com)
  • Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is a type of nonselective transmembrane cation channel with multiple ankyrin repeats on its N-terminal [ 17 - 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Classic signaling involves IL-6 binding to a specific transmembrane receptor termed IL-6Rα. (jneurosci.org)
  • The secreted form of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an acute-phase protein intervening in the counterregulation of inflammatory processes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We previously showed that this cytokine antagonist is upregulated in the serum of obese patients, correlating with BMI and insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a member of the interleukin (IL)-1 family that binds to IL-1 receptors without inducing a cellular response, thereby antagonizing the effects of IL-1α and -1β ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The potential therapeutic applications emerging from the roles of these cytokines will be discussed as well. (cdc.gov)
  • Roles of HTLV-1 basic Zip Factor (HBZ) in Viral Chronicity and Leukemic Transformation. (mdpi.com)
  • Emerging evidence suggests a role for purinergic signaling in the activation of multiprotein intracellular complexes called inflammasomes, which control the release of potent inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) -1ß and -18. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, the pharmacologic caspase-3 activator PAC-1 mimicked both the killing effects and HER-2-suppressive activities of Th1 cytokines, while a caspase 3/7 inhibitor could prevent cytokine-induced HER-2 loss. (oncotarget.com)
  • Of these, only the longest form conserved all functionally important domains (such as three fibronectin type III domains, the Ig C2-like domain, a pair of WSXWS motifs, two JAK2-binding motif boxes, and a STAT-binding domain), while the other four forms have only the intra-cellular region. (wikipedia.org)
  • Toll-like receptors and the innate immune system, critical components of the normal human response to infection, are essential to naturally and experimentally induced autoimmunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Exogenous and endogenous opioids can affect the innate and acquired immune systems and influence the immune response by interacting with the activation of different opioid receptors. (uspharmacist.com)
  • We have recently identified a hematopoietic cell-specific immediate-early gene, DUB-1, that encodes a growth-regulatory deubiquitinating enzyme. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we found that the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell function by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was required for host survival after infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). (nature.com)
  • Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are the central molecules for uPA/uPAR/plasmin-dependent proteolysis, which is thought to play a significant role in the development of pregnancy, as well as its many complications during pregnancy. (ispub.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Progression of periodontal lesions is caused by dysregulation of molecules (cytokines) released by specific cell populations 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • 13 Morphine has been shown to decrease IL-23 production in murine models, decreasing dendritic cell antimicrobial protein production. (uspharmacist.com)
  • 3 In CML, several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, 5 4 IL-1β, 6 and TNF-α, 4 have been shown to be up-regulated in patient serum. (haematologica.org)
  • Additionally, opioid peptides may be released from the nervous system with differing functionality on the immune system (TABLE 1) . (uspharmacist.com)
  • Additionally, alcohol inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), via the p38 ERK1/2 MAPK pathway [ 9 ]. (cdc.gov)
  • Cytokine receptors activate multiple signal transduction pathways, resulting in the induction of specific target genes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 2003). Here cannabinoids are defined as ingredients of the cannabis plant or other compounds that bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, and Table 1 summarizes their pharmacological properties. (420magazine.com)
  • To investigate the mechanism of DUB-1 induction, we examined the effects of dominant-negative forms of JAK kinases, STAT transcription factors, and Raf-1 in transient transfection assays. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Although the complete mechanism of the interaction between opioids and opioid receptors on the immune system is not fully elucidated, this review aims at furthering this discussion. (uspharmacist.com)
  • 6 ) suggest that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) regulates PAI-1, uPA, and tPA in biphasic patterns in HMC, and the up regulation of PAI-1, uPA, and tPA after long-term LDL exposure seems to be mediated by a delayed protein kinase C (PKC) activation associated with an increased PA inhibitory activity. (ispub.com)
  • Omenn syndrome has been identified in leaky SCIDs caused by hypomorphic mutations in recombinase genes RAG-1 and RAG-2 , which impair but do not eliminate recombination of variable, diversity, and joining (VDJ) segments of TCR and Ig genes. (medscape.com)
  • 1990), expressed primarily by neurons, and CB2 receptors (Munro et al. (420magazine.com)
  • To explain these observations, we investigated actions of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) on murine and human breast cancer cell lines that varied in the surface expression of HER-family receptor tyrosine kinases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Immune activation and induction of HIV-1 replication within. (lww.com)
  • To determine the impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria coinfection and its treatment on cellular reservoirs of viral replication in HIV-1-infected persons and to relate this to changes in systemic immune activation. (lww.com)
  • Immunomagnetic HIV-1 capture analysis was used to determine the cellular origin of cell-free virus particles present in all 30 plasma samples and indices of immune activation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (lww.com)
  • Cytokines are important in asthma and play a critical role in orchestrating the allergic inflammatory response, although the precise role of each cytokine remains to be determined. (cdc.gov)
  • Sepsis is generally defined as the result of a systemic inflammatory response caused by uncontrolled infection ( 1 ). (aai.org)
  • Since their discovery in the mid 1930s as potent bioactive compounds in human semen ( 1 ), prostaglandins and their relatives have fascinated several generations of scientists. (jci.org)
  • Increased concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and CCL20 were observed in RA compared to OA BM plasma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Women's activities can also increase exposures to chronic disease pathogens (e.g., schistosomiasis attributable to chores or agriculture), and gender can affect transmission (e.g., increased male-to-female transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus-1). (cdc.gov)
  • The clinical significance of these events is highlighted by the utility of cytokine measurements in predicting outcome in human acute pancreatitis (116). (pancreapedia.org)
  • We previously demonstrated the critical involvement of SRC-2 in murine embryo implantation as well as in human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) decidualization, a cellular transformation process required for trophoblast invasion and ultimately placentation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Out of the 313 unique human cytokines evaluated, 11 were found to expand cell numbers ≥2-fold in a 7-day culture. (haematologica.org)
  • The human epidermal growth factor receptor family is comprised of four known members (HER-1-4). (oncotarget.com)
  • Furthermore, we demonstrated that P2X7 receptor and NLRP3 transcription were modulated in human chronic periodontitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rønnestad and colleagues recently detected five isoforms of the leptin receptor (lepr) that have differences in 3'-end of the mRNA sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4 ) found that uPA mRNA seems to be up-regulated in endometriotic glands and endometrial stroma as well as PAI-1 mRNA in endometriotic and endometrial stroma from women with endometriosis. (ispub.com)
  • The high prevalence of recurrent malaria, tuberculosis, chronic helminth infections, and water-borne pathogens in developing countries may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection in persons living in such regions [ 1,2 ]. (lww.com)
  • 10 8 By contrast, chronic exposure to IL-1 leads to exhaustion of normal HSC. (haematologica.org)
  • 1. NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, UK. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The findings indicate that in the CNS: (1) sgp130 is able to block IL-6 trans-signaling, (2) trans-signaling is important for IL-6 cellular communication with selective cellular and molecular targets, and (3) blocking of trans-signaling alleviates many of the detrimental effects of IL-6. (jneurosci.org)
  • Periodontal disease is the result of microbial aggression as well as metabolic and environmental factors and life-style habits influence the pathogenesis of this disease 1 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Overall, we conclude that the P2X7 receptor has a role in periodontal immunopathogenesis and suggest that targeting of the P2X7/NLRP3 pathway should be considered in future therapeutic interventions in periodontitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • We hypothesize that IL-3 activates a JAK2/Raf-1 signaling pathway that is required for DUB-1 induction and is independent of STAT5. (ox.ac.uk)