Filter...

AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena

Select a category...

Subarachnoid SpaceSubarachnoid HemorrhageCystsArachnoidCerebrospinal FluidMeningesCisterna MagnaCerebrospinal Fluid PressureVasospasm, IntracranialCyst FluidArnold-Chiari MalformationArachnoid CystsPneumoencephalographyCerebral VentriculographyHydrocephalusInjections, SpinalCerebral VentriclesSubdural SpaceOvarian CystsIntracranial PressureSyringomyeliaArachnoiditisSpinal PunctureCerebral AqueductAnesthesia, SpinalIntracranial AneurysmDura MaterEpidermal CystCerebrospinal Fluid ShuntsMicroscopy, Electron, Scanning TransmissionMagnetic Resonance ImagingMyelographyMeningitisTomography, X-Ray ComputedCerebral AngiographyBattered Child SyndromeForamen MagnumAneurysm, RupturedVentriculostomyMediastinal CystEpidural SpaceSpinal CanalMeningeal NeoplasmsChloral HydrateMeningitis, PneumococcalBrainSpinal CordOptic NerveSynovial CystCranial Fossa, PosteriorCerebral ArteriesBasilar ArteryBone CystsCerebrospinal Fluid ProteinsBrain DiseasesLaminectomyBronchogenic CystDermoid CystAnesthesia, EpiduralCerebrospinal Fluid RhinorrheaBupivacaineCerebrovascular CirculationSubarachnoid Hemorrhage, TraumaticBlood-Brain Barrier

Cerebrospinal fluidArachnoid cystsHemorrhageVentricular systemCongenitalSize of the cystSymptomaticBenignVentricleIntramedullary cystsLumbarMultiple cystsEpendymal cystsSacralHydrocephalusCysticLesionsCisternsIntracranialDiagnosisLesionShuntIntraduralSuprasellarDorsalParenchymalTaeniaLarvalTumorPatient'sLeaksChoroidIncidental findingsSymptomsEpidural spaceSpinal canalHistopathologyCerebralPatientsPerivascularTypicallyObstructionMembranesBrainPlacementTissueAxialAberrantWalls

Cerebrospinal fluid9

• This space contains the cerebrospinal fluid, which flows through the meninges, fills the spaces within the brain, and helps cushion the brain and spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
• and patients who have demonstrated blockage of cerebrospinal fluid to the subarachnoid space due to trauma, hematoma, fracture or tumor. (medtronic.com)
• On the day of birth, Ommaya cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reservoir was placed into the largest outer cyst. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Tarlov perineural cysts comprise collections of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) located between the endoneurium and perineurium of the nerve root sheath near the dorsal root ganglion. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Spinal arachnoid cysts develop as accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid within an extradural or intradural diverticulum/cavitation of the arachnoid membranes (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
• Choroidal fissure cyst (CFC) is a rare embryological entity presenting as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing cysts at the level of the choroidal fissure. (j-epilepsy.org)
• Spider soft shell is separated from the subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid. (vsebolezni.com)
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found within the brain and in the space surrounding the brain and spinal cord. (bvns.net)
• An obstacle to cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the fourth ventricle toward the subarachnoid space has been evocated to explain the syndrome. (mhmedical.com)

Arachnoid cysts12

• 3 , 4 Despite good anatomic demonstration of brain and spine tissue and CSF, there are still a number of pathologic conditions in which CSF contrast enhancement may be beneficial, including assessment of continuity and outline of subarachnoid spaces, abnormal CSF collections and leakage, arachnoid cysts, 5 or as a means to study CSF dynamics. (ajnr.org)
• Arachnoid cysts can be observed anywhere along the length of the spinal canal, middle, and lower thoracic regions, which constitute for the most frequently involved areas [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Arachnoid cysts locates in the intradural, extradural, or perineural spaces. (biomedcentral.com)
• A concise categorization of spinal meningeal or arachnoid cysts in humans has been established by Nabors et al. (biomedcentral.com)
• Spinal arachnoid cysts are subdivided into five types: 1) intramedullary cysts/syrinxes, 2) subdural extramedullary, 3) subdural/epidural, 4) intraspinal epidural, and 5) intraspinal/extraspinal. (biomedcentral.com)
• Intraspinal epidural spinal arachnoid cysts are more common than other cyst types, followed by subdural extramedullary and intramedullary cysts/syrinxes. (biomedcentral.com)
• Notably, conventional systems of classification fail to consider intraspinal epidural spinal arachnoid cysts as a distinct type given it only uses anatomical location for diagnosis. (biomedcentral.com)
• More recently, a nonsurgical method with CT-guided percutaneous cyst drainage has been introduced as an alterative therapy for symptomatic sacral arachnoid cysts.5,6 Unfortunately, symptoms often recur after percutaneous cyst drainage because of recollection of CSF. (curvexpo.com)
• For these symptomatic sacral arachnoid cysts, patients presenting with mild pain or sensory abnormalities should initially undergo medical treatments with anti-inflammatory drugs, neurotrophic drugs, and physical therapy. (curvexpo.com)
• Nishiura et al9 described a history of antecedent trauma in 40% of their patients with sacral arachnoid cysts. (curvexpo.com)
• Over time, arachnoid cysts are formed. (vsebolezni.com)
• Inflammation and further formation of arachnoid cysts are associated with primary damage mechanical properties or having an infectious nature. (vsebolezni.com)

Hemorrhage2

• Non-infectious causes include malignancy (cancer), subarachnoid hemorrhage, chronic inflammatory disease (sarcoidosis) and certain drugs. (wikipedia.org)
• Hematomyelia may be accompanied by an outpouring of blood into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord (subarachnoid hemorrhage) and the formation of meningeal hematomas (subdural, epidural). (geturox.best)

Ventricular system2

• Our preliminary results showed no side effects and potential useful clinical applications in the evaluation of CNS diseases involving the ventricular system or the subarachnoid space in selected pediatric patients. (ajnr.org)
• Syringomyelia is a disorder of CSF and therefore understanding the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disorder is dependent on understanding CSF flow dynamics, biochemistry and factors that influence its absorption and The majority of CSF is produced by the four choroid plexuses (one in each ventricle of the brain), which circulates through the ventricular system and the subarachnoid spaces of the brain and spinal cord (9, 10). (marysfamilymedicine.org)

Congenital6

• Glioependymal cysts (GECs) are rare, benign congenital intracranial cysts that account for 1% of all intracranial cysts. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Ependymal cysts, rare benign neuroepithelial congenital lesions that are typically located in the paraventricular white matter (frontal/parietal lobes), are only rarely encountered in the spine. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• A patient with a closed NTD such as a congenital dermal sinus with an intraspinal dermoid cyst or a neuro-enteric cyst can present with symptoms of spinal cord compression due to enlargement of the mass. (reanfoundation.org)
• Arachnoid cyst is the most common congenital lesion of the brain. (blogspot.com)
• Intracranial lipomas are rare congenital malformations which are present in choroid plexus or subarachnoid locations along the corpus callosum and cisterns. (ruralneuropractice.com)
• Intracranial lipomas are congenital malformations due to abnormal development of meninx primitive filling the subarachnoid cisterns that get resorbed during embryogenesis. (ruralneuropractice.com)

Size of the cyst2

• The size of the cyst had increased rapidly compared to that of the prenatal MRI, which was performed at 37 weeks and 2 days. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• On pathologic examination, the size of the cyst can vary from 2-40 mm. (medscape.com)

Symptomatic5

• Although infections with Taenia tapeworm cysts may involve many parts of the body, the most common site of severe symptomatic infection is the CNS. (medscape.com)
• Although Tarlov cysts are incidental findings in 4.6-9% of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, 1% of sacral lesions become symptomatic due to local compression, causing local pain, radiculopathy, and incontinence. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• In Voelker's report, a retrospective study of 155 patients with symptomatic RCC, the cyst was found in intrasellar and suprasellar locations in 71% of the patients. (medscape.com)
• Symptomatic RCCs are uncommon, but cysts can enlarge and cause symptoms secondary to compression of the pituitary gland, pituitary stalk, optic chiasm, or hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
• However, same principle should be obeyed in surgical treatment despite of difference among spinal canal cysts, given open surgery is melely for symptomatic cyst. (biomedcentral.com)

Benign1

• Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign, epithelium-lined intrasellar cysts believed to originate from remnants of the Rathke pouch. (medscape.com)

Ventricle4

• Fourth ventricle cysts can create a subacute hydrocephalus via a valve-and-ball mechanism. (medscape.com)
• In complex hydrocephalus or intraventricular cysts, ventriculography Gd-DTPA MR imaging helped to differentiate isolation of a ventricle or noncommunicating cyst in all 4 patients. (ajnr.org)
• These cysts were not connected to the right lateral ventricle. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• The technique is similar to an ETV but the hole is made to release an isolated (trapped) pocket of CSF into a ventricle or the subarachnoid space. (ubns.com)

Intramedullary cysts1

• Locate intramedullary cysts (MRI). (mhmedical.com)

Lumbar3

• Monitoring pressure from the lumbar subarachnoid space can be done only in instances where lumbar puncture does not pose a danger to the patient. (medtronic.com)
• Via lumbar puncture, a single dose of either 0.2 ml, 0.5 ml, or 1.0 ml of gadolinium (500 mmol/l) mixed with 5 ml of previously removed CSF was slowly injected into the lumbar subarachnoid space. (nih.gov)
• doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2016.12.002, Klessinger S. The incidence of dural tears after complete resection of lumbar synovial cysts and the relation to the outcome. (expressextension.com)

Multiple cysts3

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at birth revealed multiple cysts with smooth and rounded borders and a non-enhancing wall in the right parieto-occipital region. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• b) 3D-heavily T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (3D-hT2WI) at birth (at 38 weeks and 6 days) revealed multiple cysts with various intensities in the right parieto-occipital region (white arrowheads). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Although 13 patients had multiple cysts in this study, these individuals only underwent fibrin glue therapy of 1 or 2 cysts that were considered to be the main source of symptoms. (curvexpo.com)

Ependymal cysts2

• Synchronous spinal intradural ependymal cysts and sacral Tarlov cysts in adult onset tethered cord syndrome are extremely rare. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Gross total resection (GTR) may only be possible in 28% of the patients with intramedullary ependymal cysts, and may even be difficult to those located elsewhere. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

Sacral2

• Magnetic resonance imaging identified a low lying conus medullaris, syringomyelia with septations extending from T12 to S1, a tethered cord, and a thickened filum terminale with a sacral Tarlov cyst. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Here, we present a 23-year-old patient with a thoracolumbar intradural ependymal cyst and sacral Tarlov cyst with adult TCS/syringomyelia, which was treated successfully with microsurgical decompression (e.g. laminectomy L3-4 and S1-2) and shunting. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

Hydrocephalus3

• Other presentations include encephalitis, symptoms of space-occupying lesions (e.g., seizures), and hydrocephalus. (cdc.gov)
• this is not true as the majority of cases of communicating hydrocephalus have obstruction to CSF flow through the subarachnoid space or impaired absorption at the arachnoid granulations. (radiopaedia.org)
• In acute obstructive hydrocephalus, as is the case with a colloid cyst obstructing the foramina of Monro, a sudden increase in intraventricular pressure can lead to rapid loss of consciousness and even death. (radiopaedia.org)

Cystic5

• Various types of cystic lesions are confronted in the spinal canal and are classified based on their relationship to the adjacent structures and nature of the cyst content. (biomedcentral.com)
• Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to differentiate between the CFC and other differential diagnoses of cysts located at the choroidal fissures including cystic neoplasm, dermoid/epidermoid cysts, and enlargement of the choroidal fissure due to focal temporal lobe atrophy. (j-epilepsy.org)
• Figure 1: Unenhanced CT shows a heterogeneous attenuation mass with cystic spaces in the posterior fossa. (blogspot.com)
• Figure 4: Axial T1 weighted image showing extra- axial mass with multiple cystic spaces. (blogspot.com)
• The cystic spaces appear hyperintense. (blogspot.com)

Lesions3

• Monitoring can also be used to evaluate the status pre- and postoperatively for space-occupying lesions. (medtronic.com)
• We reviewed and summarized classification, mechanisms and treatments of these true spinal canal cysts respectively, except for the cyst-like lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
• Among the cysts in the spinal canal, the arachnoid derived lesions are most common. (biomedcentral.com)

Cisterns1

• Actually this 150 ml of fluid is contained in the ventricles of the brain in the cisterns around the brain and in the subarachnoid space around both the cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cord. (biologydiscussion.com)

Intracranial3

• Ultrasonography revealed an intracranial cyst in the baby. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Therefore when the heart beats and there is increase in volume of intracranial blood, CSF is displaced from the cranial to the spinal subarachnoid space through the foramen magnum thus avoiding a deleterious increase in intracranial pressure. (marysfamilymedicine.org)
• 13 A computed tomographic (CT) scan can detect a fused suture, dilated ventricles, enlarged subarachnoid space, brain size, or an intracranial or extracranial mass. 14 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect cortical and white-matter abnormalities, such as degenerative diseases, and document the extent of calvarial masses. (aafp.org)

Diagnosis1

• MR imaging has proved invaluable in anatomic depiction of the CSF spaces and the surrounding neural and non-neural tissue, though there are still some clinical situations (ie, CSF-flow alterations, communicating or noncommunicating cyst masses bordering CSF pathways, or craniospinal CSF leaks) in which further imaging tests may be required for a definitive diagnosis. (ajnr.org)

Lesion3

• The patient underwent a L3-4 laminectomy for decompression of syringomyelia and excision/biopsy of a space occupying lesion along with S1-2 laminectomy for cord untethering and Tarlov cyst fenestration. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Postoperative histopathology confirmed that the lesion was an ependymal cyst. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Simultaneous decompressive laminectomy of L3-4 and S1-2 effectively decompressed the syringomyelia while allowing for excision/biopsy of a space occupying lesion at the former and untethering and Tarlov cyst fenestration at the latter levels. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

Shunt5

• For cases that do not respond to medical therapy, shunt placement, removal of large solitary cysts for decompression, and the removal of mobile cysts that cause ventricular obstruction should be considered. (medscape.com)
• Here, we report a male infant case of GECs that successfully underwent minimally invasive combined neuroendoscopic cyst wall fenestration and cyst-peritoneal (CP) shunt. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• At 2 months, he underwent combined neuroendoscopic cyst wall fenestration and CP shunt through a small hole. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• Combined neuroendoscopic cyst wall fenestration and CP shunt are a minimally invasive and effective treatment for infants with GECs. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• 3 ] Therefore, surgery may involve just decompression and cyst subarachnoid shunt placement, and not complete removal. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

Intradural4

• Spinal meningeal cysts are classified as intradural and extradural ones. (biomedcentral.com)
• and Type III are intradural cysts. (biomedcentral.com)
• A giant extradural and intradural arachnoid cyst occupied more than six segments intracanal (Left image, shown by right square bracket). (biomedcentral.com)
• The intrathecal gadolinium-enhanced MR myelography revealed disk herniation (n = 4), posttraumatic spinal stenosis (n = 3), postsurgical noncommunicating cyst (n = 1), myelitis (n = 1), intradural extramedullary mass formation (n = 1), and intradural vascular malformation (n = 1). (nih.gov)

Suprasellar1

• T1-weighted sagittal image obtained before contrast enhancement depicts a well-marginated sellar mass, a Rathke cleft cyst, extending into the suprasellar cistern. (medscape.com)

Dorsal1

• Consistent findings on MR imaging indicative of CM are attenuation/obliteration of the dorsal subarachnoid space at the cervicomedullary junction and rostral displacement of the caudal cerebellum by the occipital bone. (vin.com)

Parenchymal1

• The most important clinical manifestations are caused by cysts in the brain, where cysts can be parenchymal or extraparenchymal (ventricular, subarachnoid). (cdc.gov)

Taenia1

• Cysticercosis is a tissue infection that involves larval cysts of the cestode Taenia solium (the human pork tapeworm). (medscape.com)

Larval1

• Larval cysts of T. solium infect brain, muscle, or other tissues. (cdc.gov)

Tumor1

• A myelogram is a radiographic examination that uses a contrast medium to detect spinal cord pathology, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cyst, or tumor. (bvns.net)

Patient's3

• Medical treatment depends on the location of the cysts and the patient's symptoms. (medscape.com)
• The patient's postoperative course was uneventful and there was no recurrence of the cyst. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
• The report described five patients with a seizure disorder, none of them electroencephalographically correlated to the cyst location as the epileptogenic cortex usually was not adjacent to the patient's cyst. (j-epilepsy.org)

Leaks2

• Noninfectious meningitis may also develop after a brain cyst ruptures and the fluid in it leaks into the subarachnoid space. (msdmanuals.com)
• The potential clinical applications include the evaluation of obstructions and communications of the subarachnoid space, spontaneous or traumatic CSF leaks, and CSF dynamics. (nih.gov)

Choroid2

• The choroid plexuses located in the ventricles produce CSF, which fills the ventricles and subarachnoid space, following a cycle of constant production and reabsorption. (medscape.com)
• 2 and Krawchenko and Collins, 4 2) in response to temporal lobe agenesis, resulting in forming a cyst in the subarachnoid space, 5 and 3) from invagination of the vascular mesenchyme of the primitive choroid plexus into adjacent brain picked up an outer covering of glial tissue. (j-epilepsy.org)

Incidental findings1

• The authors suggested that these cysts are often incidental findings and do not necessarily reflect the location of the seizure focus. (j-epilepsy.org)

Symptoms1

• Symptoms depend on the number, location, and stage of cysts. (cdc.gov)

Epidural space2

• Between the vertebra (spinal bone) and dura is the epidural space. (expressextension.com)
• Perimedullar anesthesia should be avoided and is contraindicated at the level of the cyst because of the size diminution of epidural space. (mhmedical.com)

Spinal canal2

• Up to now, many treatment methods are available for these different spinal canal cysts. (biomedcentral.com)
• For example, bone spurs, cysts, and narrowing of the spinal canal are typical effects seen in the older adult's spine. (expressextension.com)

Histopathology1

• Classifications of cysts vary based on etiology, histopathology, and localization. (biomedcentral.com)

Cerebral1

• Porencephalic cysts result from strokes that involve large portions of the cerebral parenchyma (ie, loss of both gray and white matter leading to a communication between the subarachnoid space and the cerebral ventricles). (medscape.com)

Patients5

• This strategy fills a critical need for an improved classification of spinal arachnoid cyst patients, and potentially improve treatment selection and overall prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
• In the Sherman series, 1 26 patients had cysts in or near the choroidal fissure of the temporal lobe, and it was bilateral in two patients. (j-epilepsy.org)
• Arroyo and Santamaria 9 describe a series of 17 patients with epilepsy and an arachnoid cyst. (j-epilepsy.org)
• Millichap 10 describes three patients with a temporal arachnoid cyst, one of them being a CFC, presenting with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and headache. (j-epilepsy.org)
• Follow-up MR imaging in most patients revealed that the cyst had not re-accumulated CSF after fibrin glue therapy during the follow-up period. (curvexpo.com)

Perivascular5

• Earlier arrival of peak CSF pressure compared to peak spinal arterial pressure encourages flow of CSF into the perivascular space. (marysfamilymedicine.org)
• The perivascular space changes in size during the cardiac cycle and is widest when spinal arteriole pressure is low. (marysfamilymedicine.org)
• If at that time peak CSF pressure is high then the perivascular space could act as a 'leaky' one-way valve (8, 24-27). (marysfamilymedicine.org)
• From the perivascular space, fluid flows into the central canal ultimately resulting in a syrinx (28-30). (marysfamilymedicine.org)
• The CSF is being formed continually and also being reabsorbed continually into the blood through the veins via the arachnoidal villi and through the "perivascular spaces" of the brain. (biologydiscussion.com)

Typically2

• Strokes in the neonate, unlike in the older individual, are typically associated with porencephalic cysts. (medscape.com)
• At histologic examination, the cysts typically are composed of vascularized stroma of connective tissue and 3 types of epithelial cells: ciliated, nonciliated epithelial, and mucous secreting. (medscape.com)

Obstruction1

• The currently most accepted theory of pathogenesis of syringomyelia is that obstruction to CSF flow in the subarachnoid space results in a mismatch in timing between the arterial pulse peak pressure and CSF pulse peak pressure. (marysfamilymedicine.org)

Membranes1

• Other thin membranes and cyst walls within or around the brain can be opened using the endoscope to relieve pressure caused by the blockage of CSF circulation. (ubns.com)

Brain3

• Oncospheres that invade the brain may lodge in the brain parenchyma, subarachnoid space, ventricular space, or spinal cord. (medscape.com)
• Noninfectious meningitis is inflammation of the layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges) and of the fluid-filled space between the meninges (subarachnoid space) when it is caused by disorders that are not infections or by drugs or vaccines. (msdmanuals.com)
• Introduction to Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges) and of the fluid-filled space between the meninges (subarachnoid space). (msdmanuals.com)

Placement1

• The procedure involves cyst aspiration and placement of fibrin glue into the cyst cavity with CT guidance. (curvexpo.com)

Tissue1

• The spinal cells that died as a result of hematomyelia are not restored, but are replaced by glial tissue with the formation of cysts. (geturox.best)

Axial1

• T2-weighted axial image shows the mass, a Rathke cleft cyst, is isointense relative to the cortex. (medscape.com)

Aberrant1

• 1 - 3 There are several theories exist to explain the mechanism of primary choroidal cysts development: 1) as a result of aberrant splitting and duplication in the arachnoid membrane as proposed by Starkman et al. (j-epilepsy.org)

Walls1

• The cyst walls are thin and contrast enhancement, surrounding edema, and gliosis are absent. (j-epilepsy.org)