Cycle progression somatic cells cell proliferation. Medical search. Frequent questions

To date, RUNX2 has been involved in diverse physiological processes, including osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, chondrocyte hypertrophy, immunomodulation, vascular invasion and endothelial cell migration via modulating a variety of signaling cascades (e.g. (spandidos-publications.com)
In recent years, interest in the possible molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in a wide range of regeneration models has grown significantly, but the cell kinetics of this process remain largely a mystery. (mdpi.com)
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key enzyme which regulates proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, representing a pharmacological target for tumor therapy. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
promoting abnormal regulation of signalling pathways involved in cell cycle regulation, genetic stability, apoptosis and cell differentiation. (kdwis.com)
Our scientists have developed a wide array of stem cell-focused reagents and resources for many applications including flow cytometry , western blotting , ELISAs , and recombinant proteins for cell differentiation. (biolegend.com)
RUNX1 is also required for the differentiation of CD8+, Th17, and regulatory T cells. (biolegend.com)
These findings revealed that RUNX1 acts as a tumor suppressor for myeloid leukemia and is crucial for the development and terminal differentiation of several blood cell lineages 2,3 . (biolegend.com)
Pax6 serves as a regulator in the coordination and pattern formation required for differentiation and proliferation to successfully take place, ensuring that the processes of neurogenesis and oculogenesis are carried out successfully. (biolegend.com)
STAT3 protein belongs to a group of intracellular transcription factors that mediate a variety of functions such as cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. (biolegend.com)
and cell differentiation ( SOX2 and TGFB3 ) as well as immunohistochemical assay for VEGFA, TP53, Bcl2, TGFB1, and Ki67 protein expression have been performed in 85 FFPE RCC tumor specimens. (hindawi.com)
An aberrant miRNA expression could contribute to cancer development and progression [ 6 , 7 ] and could affect their target genes that are involved in many biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and development [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
It is involved in p53 pathways and is implicated in cell death/survival signaling, the cell cycle, and differentiation, thereby playing a regulatory role in carcinogenesis [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
We carried out mosaic analysis to elucidate the functions of dMyc in the germline and somatic cells of the ovary during oogenesis, a process that involves cell proliferation, differentiation and growth. (biologists.com)
Gene expression must be appropriately maintained to regulate development, differentiation, and proliferation of cells. (intechopen.com)
Another crucial tumor suppressor gene is VHL , which regulates cell division, death, and differentiation. (mearticles.com)
Another protein, calgranulin A (Cal A), is involved in the regulation of several cell processes, including the cell cycle and cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
Cystatin A (Cys A), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is a precursor of proteins involves in keratinocyte keratinization, and is expressed during the late phase of differentiation of these cells. (bvsalud.org)

High rates of somatic mutation were seen (mean 8.9 mutations per megabase). (nature.com)
The mean somatic mutation rate across the TCGA cohort was 8.87 mutations per megabase (Mb) of DNA (range: 0.5-48, median: 5.78). (nature.com)
Mutations in this gene are associated with Smith-Kingsmore syndrome and somatic focal cortical dysplasia type II. (bicellscientific.com)
Mutations in the CDKN2A gene are found in up to one-quarter of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). (medlineplus.gov)
these changes are known as somatic mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the CDKN2A gene are also associated with melanoma, a type of skin cancer that begins in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. (medlineplus.gov)
These mutations, classified as germline mutations, are typically inherited and are present in essentially all of the body's cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Somatic mutations in other genes involved in cell growth are also needed for a melanoma to develop. (medlineplus.gov)
Together, the germline and somatic mutations impair the function of proteins that regulate division and senescence, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of a melanoma. (medlineplus.gov)
CDKN2A gene mutations involved in cancer impair production of functional p16(INK4A) or, less commonly, p14(ARF), which can result in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. (medlineplus.gov)
During these processes, the cancer cells acquire multiple allelic mutations in genes such as proto-oncogenes, tumour suppressor (TS) genes and other genes that control cell proliferation ( Hahn and Weinberg, 2002 ). (kdwis.com)
However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
This is the case, for instance, of loss-of-function mutations of TP53 , amplifications of MDM2 and MDM4 , and deletions of CDKN2A , all leading to evading apoptosis and uncontrolled proliferation in malignancies such as glioblastoma. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies reveal that recurrent somatic mutations occur in only a handful of genes, with an overall mutational burden of roughly 1-2 per Mb. (springer.com)
Somatic mutations between the two groups were compared. (biomedcentral.com)
A single normal cell randomly acquires a series of mutations that allows it to proliferate and to be transformed into a cancer cell (i.e., founding clone), which initiates tumor progression and recurrence. (nature.com)
New somatic mutations arise and are selected if they confer a selective fitness advantage (e.g., proliferation, survival, etc.) to a founding clone in the context of a pre-existing genomic landscape (i.e., germline variants). (nature.com)
This theory explained the different patterns of retinoblastoma development, with hereditary cases requiring one inherited mutation and one somatic mutation, while non-hereditary cases necessitated two independent somatic mutations. (mearticles.com)
Similarly, the APC gene is involved in DNA damage repair, cell migration, and adhesion, and its mutations are frequently found in colorectal cancer. (mearticles.com)
Not too long ago, the high-throughput gene microarray evaluation of Fn-infected and non-infected Caco-2 cells permits us to discover the global molecular adjustments from transcriptome alterations to somatic mutations, too as epigenetic adjustments (De et al. (trpv1inhibitor.com)
HGSOC tumours communicate a relatively homogenous somatic or germline mutation profile and so are seen as a sAJM589 mutations in 90% of tumours aswell as regular and mutations [3]. (2011globalhealth.org)
Expression of p63 is almost exclusively restricted to epithelial cells, mutations in this gene are infrequent, and its expression is increased in a variety of solid tumors, particularly those of the head and neck area 12,13 . (bvsalud.org)
Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)

It is well established that most TSH effects on the thyroid gland, including stimulation of proliferation, thyroid hormone synthesis and expression of thyroid-specific genes, are transmitted mainly by the adenylate cyclise pathway. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
The identified DEGs included 20 downregulated genes and 51 upregulated genes, which were highly associated with the cell cycle, organelle fission, chromosome segregation, cell division and spindle stability. (cancerindex.org)
While the observation that NHR-67 forms punctae associated with transcriptional repressors in non-invasive cells is intriguing, the work does not yet established a clear link between the formation and dissolution of NHR-67 condensates with the activation of downstream genes that NHR-67 is actively repressing. (elifesciences.org)
The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)
These findings indicate miR-34a along with its putative target genes could play a role in RCC tumorigenesis and progression. (hindawi.com)
We have learned that genes in mammalian cells are transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are to be translated into polypeptides (proteins). (intechopen.com)
STARD12 co-expressed genes participated in cell cycle and DNA replication, and STARD14 were enriched in ECM-receptor interaction. (medsci.org)
While the activation of oncogenes can drive abnormal cell proliferation, the other side of the coin is the activation of tumor suppressor genes . (mearticles.com)
These genes act as guardians, preventing the uncontrolled growth of cells and the development of tumors. (mearticles.com)
This led them to hypothesize the presence of genes within normal cells that inhibit tumor growth. (mearticles.com)
By maintaining the balance between cell growth and inhibition, these genes prevent the accumulation of genetic errors and the uncontrolled proliferation of cells. (mearticles.com)
For tumor suppressor genes, the insertion of genetic material encoding proteins such as p53 has shown promising results in reducing tumor growth and proliferation. (mearticles.com)
Loss of CK2α decreased two β-catenin-regulated genes that are involved in GBM-initiating cell growth, OCT4 and NANOG. (stanford.edu)
Of the 31 genes, the 21 upregulated genes were primarily associated with cell paracrine and intracellular signaling, transcription regulation and cell adhesion and migration, and their transcriptional products included transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and transcriptional factor AP-2α/γ ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
To construct a prognostic signature composed of DNA repair genes to effectively predict the prognosis of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). (frontiersin.org)

Although overt inflammatory responses play a major role in malignant transformation of host cells following an infection, it is a disbalanced immune responses, which contribute to drive malignant transformation. (frontiersin.org)
Clinical hallmarks of VHL disease include the development of retinal and central nervous system (CNS) hemangioblastomas (blood vessel tumors), pheochromocytomas , multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys, and an increased risk for malignant transformation of renal cysts into renal cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Lamin B2 promotes the malignant phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer cells by upregulating dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9. (nih.gov)
It is widely recognized that the accumulation of various harmful genetic alterations in normal cells may induce malignant cancer cells ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Immunohistochemical identification of molecular genetic events in the progression of preneoplastic lesions to spindle cell squamous-cell carcinoma enables early detection of lesions with the potential for malignant progression, thus permitting timely intervention 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
Studies suggest that expression of cystatin A is inversely associated with malignant progression of cancer 9 . (bvsalud.org)

Alterations in gene sequence or expression can occur in the cell-signalling and regulatory pathways involved in cell-cycle control, apoptosis, proteosome regulation and angiogenesis. (bmj.com)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)
Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
These marker proteins are known to be tumor suppressors and regulate the cell cycle mainly through two pathways (p16Ink4a-RB and p53-p21CIP1). (dojindo.com)

In many cases, a second, somatic mutation occurs in the normal copy of the gene in melanocytes. (medlineplus.gov)
Many studies demonstrated that somatic BRAF gene mutation analysis increases diagnostic accuracy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), even from very small samples. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Furthermore, we explored the associations between the signature risk score and immune landscape, and somatic gene mutation. (biomedcentral.com)
We also analyzed the tumor-infiltrating immune cells, immune-related gene expression, tumor mutation burden, and drug sensitivity of patients with HNSCC in the high- and low-risk groups. (frontiersin.org)

DNA and mRNA sequence from the same tumour highlighted splicing alterations driven by somatic genomic changes, including exon 14 skipping in MET mRNA in 4% of cases. (nature.com)
These alterations can result in the wide range of somatic and reproductive effects described in greater detail in Chapter 3. (cdc.gov)
Given that OKSM (Yamanaka) factors convert somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, alterations in transcriptional state could affect destiny of the cells. (intechopen.com)
As patients with MDS have widely variable prognosis, we need to stratify them according to chromosomal abnormalities, genetic alterations, and epigenetic deregulations associated with progression to AML in order to treat these patients appropriately. (karger.com)

This kinase is a component of two distinct complexes, mTORC1, which controls protein synthesis, cell growth and proliferation, and mTORC2, which is a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, and promotes cell survival and cell cycle progression. (bicellscientific.com)
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine-threonine kinases that regulate many cellular processes including proliferation and survival. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Previous evidence has shown that PKC is involved in the control of human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) proliferation and survival by modulating apoptosis, with a mechanism that implicates PKCβII isoform and translocation in different subcellular compartments.In this study, we investigated the role of PKCδ. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Some of the impairments in glycolytic pathway, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation that contribute to cancer cell growth, development, progression, survival and malignancy would be critically discussed. (kdwis.com)
Rb homeostasis is also essential for self-renewal and survival of human embryonic stem cells 10 . (biolegend.com)
Research into apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and cellular senescence is very important for understanding the intracellular functions that control cell survival and death. (dojindo.com)
Inhibition of CKα using siRNA or small-molecule inhibitors (TBBz, CX-4945) reduced cell growth, decreased tumor size, and increased survival rates in GBM xenograft mouse models. (stanford.edu)
In addition, intracranial injections of U87-MG cells with reduced GGT7 expression increased tumor growth in mice approximately 2-fold, and decreased mouse survival. (stanford.edu)
We confirmed the prognostic capacity of in multiple self-employed datasets and studies showed the essentiality of this protein in regulating cell proliferation and survival. (2011globalhealth.org)
Combined with in-vitro proliferation assays using CRISPR-Cas9/RNAi and patient survival analysis, MEK inhibitors PD19830 and BRD-K12244279, pilocarpine, and tremorine were discovered as potential new drug options for treating breast cancer. (cdc.gov)

Overexpression of this gene is associated with tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. (cancerindex.org)
Additionally, DRAM2 overexpression promoted cell metastasis and proliferation in vitro, while knockdown of DRAM2 expression yielded opposite result. (cancerindex.org)
CAFs provide cancer cells with nutrition and promote the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cells ( 6 - 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
CTD 2 is focused on efforts that advance cancer research by bridging the knowledge gap between the large volumes of comprehensive molecular characterizations of many cancer types and studies of the underlying etiology of cancer development, progression, and/or metastasis. (nih.gov)

E2F1 mRNA expression was also evaluated by RT-qPCR in the melanoma cell line, SK MEL 267, before and after exposure to heat stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer that arises from uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Given the pivotal role that E2F1 has in cell proliferation, its involvement in melanoma growth and progression is not surprising. (biomedcentral.com)

Many physiological processes, including proper tissue development and homeostasis, require a balance between apoptosis and cell 123653-11-2 manufacture proliferation. (bioinf.org)
Apoptosis and cell proliferation are linked by cell-cycle regulators and apoptotic stimuli that affect both processes. (bioinf.org)
AMBRA1 is an intrinsically disordered protein, working as a scaffold molecule to coordinate, by protein-protein interaction, many cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)

All somatic cells proliferate via a mitotic process determined by progression through the cell cycle. (bioinf.org)
Cancer cells are known to proliferate uncontrollably and therefore, have greater demand for energy and a ready supply of the building blocks necessary for the biosynthesis of macromolecules such as nucleotides, proteins and lipids). (kdwis.com)
Tumour cells acquire the ability to proliferate uncontrollably, resist apoptosis, sustain angiogenesis and evade immune surveillance. (researchgate.net)

Introduction: CDKN1B gene, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor, regulates the progression throughout G1 to S cell cycle progression. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
RUNX1 regulates CD4 gene transcription during multiple stages of T cell development and represses the CD4 gene in CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells. (biolegend.com)
CDK2, together with CDK4, also regulates embryonic cell proliferation. (umbc.edu)
Casein kinase 2a regulates glioblastoma brain tumor-initiating cell growth through the ß-catenin pathway. (stanford.edu)
Our analyses demonstrate that regulates HGSOC tumorigenesis by advertising dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints. (2011globalhealth.org)

Germline and somatic follicle cells mutant for dm exhibit a profound decrease in their ability to grow and to carry out endoreplication,a modified cell cycle in which DNA replication occurs in the absence of cell division. (biologists.com)
In contrast to its dramatic effects on growth and endoreplication,dMyc is dispensable for the mitotic division cycles of both germline and somatic components of the ovary. (biologists.com)
Furthermore, in germline cysts in which the dm mutant cells comprised only a subset of the 16-cell cluster,we observed strictly cell-autonomous growth defects. (biologists.com)
However, in cases in which the entire germline cyst or the whole follicular epithelium was mutant for dm , the growth of the entire follicle, including the wild-type cells, was delayed. (biologists.com)
In addition, the inherited germline variants from these gene signatures were predominately enriched in T cell function, antigen presentation, and cytokine interactions, likely impairing the adaptive and innate immune response thus favoring a pro-tumorigenic environment. (nature.com)

The protein serine/threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) plays an important role in averting cell death. (bioinf.org)
The p53 protein is a transcription factor that normally inhibits cell growth and stimulates cell death in response to myriad stressors, including DNA damage (induced by either UV or chemical agents such as hydrogen peroxide), oxidative stress, and deregulated oncogene expression [6-10]. (bioinf.org)
The foamy stromal cells between the capillaries stain positive for glial fibrillary acid protein and neuron-specific enolase. (medscape.com)
The assay is a homophilic interaction mediated cell adhesion on purified protein (in this case, immobilized purified Pcdhga9 to Pcdhga9 expressed on cell surface). (bicellscientific.com)
The p53 protein is an important tumor suppressor that is essential for regulating cell division, senescence, and self-destruction (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
Lamin B2 contributes to the proliferation of bladder cancer cells via activating the expression of cell division cycle‑associated protein 3. (nih.gov)
In the nuclei of VU cells, residual NHR-67 protein is compartmentalized into discrete punctae that are dynamic over the cell cycle and exhibit liquid-like properties. (elifesciences.org)
Rb , or retinoblastoma protein, is a key regulator of the cell cycle, particularly during the transition from the G1 to S phases. (biolegend.com)
Within the brain, the protein is involved in the development of specialized cells that process smell. (biolegend.com)
CDK2 is regulated by cyclin E or cyclin A. Upon activation by cyclin E, it phosphorylates the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein which activates E2F mediated transcription and allows cells to move into S phase. (umbc.edu)
Our data showed that the expression of centrosomal protein of 55 kDa (CEP55) is substantially greater in Fn-infected Caco-2 cells. (trpv1inhibitor.com)
Conclusion: p63, p16, MIB, Cal A, Cys A are markedly expressed and p16 is strongly suppressed in oral cavity tumors, which suggests that the latter protein may play a role in negative regulation of cell cycle progression. (bvsalud.org)
The various markers that enable assessment of the progression of preneoplastic lesions to spindle cell carcinoma include the p16 protein, which halts the cell cycle and induces apoptosis by pRb-mediated phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). (bvsalud.org)
DeMarini, and Chapter 20, by Rice and cell death determine the size protein in several signal ing path- and Herceg). (who.int)

For instance, RUNX2 is involved in the progression of various tumor types, such as osteosarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, gastric cancer and breast cancer ( 15 - 20 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
presented that disulfiram (DSF) was highly toxic to gastric cancer cells in a copper-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we show by genetic loss- and gain-of-function experiments and the use of clinically relevant small molecule modulators that hedgehog signaling is important for controlling self-renewal of a subpopulation of RMS cells in vitro and tumor initiation in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
Cancer, on the other hand, can be defined as a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases characterised by unregulated clonal expansion of somatic cells brought about by multiple genetic and epigenetic changes ( Evan and Vousden, 2001 ). (kdwis.com)
When the genetic information containing the "blueprint" for these substances is disrupted, cell homeostasis is disrupted, resulting in a wide-range of immediate and/or delayed toxicological effects. (cdc.gov)
In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
In this review, we consider what is currently known of the genetic landscape of the commonest subtypes of renal cell cancer (RCC). (springer.com)
Viral methods involve the use of viral vectors , such as adenoviral and adeno-associated vectors, to deliver the desired genetic material into tumor cells. (mearticles.com)
Non-viral methods, on the other hand, utilize chemical or physical means to introduce genetic material into cells. (mearticles.com)
Studies have focused on the genetic and epigenetic status of CAFs, since they are critical in tumor progression and differ phenotypically and functionally from normal fibroblasts. (spandidos-publications.com)
Due to the critical role of CAFs during cancer progression, the genetic characterization of CAFs aids in the investigation of cancer therapy. (spandidos-publications.com)

Bile acid treatment also increased the expression of KLF5, CDX2, MUC2 and villin in esophageal epithelial cells in a time-dependent manner. (jcancer.org)
Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of KLF5 blocked the expression of CDX2, MUC2 and villin, but transfection of a KLF5 expression vector into esophageal epithelial cells promoted their transdifferentiation into columnar-like cells, as demonstrated by increased expression of the intestinal markers CDX2, MUC2 and villin. (jcancer.org)

Early identification of VHL is important because of the increased risk of serious complications (eg, renal cell carcinoma) to foster more effective treatment options and better prognoses. (medscape.com)
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence has increased over the past two decades. (hindawi.com)
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of human malignancies, and its incidence appears to be increasing globally [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

Transwell migration, cell cycle analysis, MTT and colony formation assays were performed to determine the effect of DRAM2 overexpression and knockdown on NSCLC-cell migration and proliferation. (cancerindex.org)
MTT colorimetric assays, colony formation assays and 5‑ethynyl‑20‑deoxyuridine incorporation assays were also conducted to evaluate ACC cell proliferation. (cancerindex.org)

Doxorubicin (DOX) is known as an anticancer drug that acts in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle to arrest cell proliferation and induce cellular senescence (see the upper left figure). (dojindo.com)
Knocking down of CEP55 could arrest the cell cycle progression and induce apoptosis in Fn-infected Caco-2 cells. (trpv1inhibitor.com)

E2F1 (UniprotKB: Q01094), belongs to the E2F family of transcription factor (TF), has a central role in regulating cell cycle progression and apoptosis [ 11 , 12 ] and, therefore, E2F1 activity is tightly governed by multiple feedback mechanisms and by the tumour suppressor Rb. (biomedcentral.com)
Specifically, the concepts of tumour heterogeneity, oncogene addiction, non-oncogene addiction, tumour initiating cells, tumour microenvironment, non-coding sequences and DNA damage response will be reviewed. (bmj.com)
The Von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) tumour suppressor gene undergoes bi-allelic knockout in the vast majority of clear cell RCCs. (springer.com)
The most relevant articles summarising existing knowledge on RCC genomics, including tumour cell evolution and progression, were selected for this review. (springer.com)
The phenomenon of field cancerization (the existence of histologically abnormal tissue beyond a neoplastic area that predisposes to tumour formation) was described in the 1950s on the basis of analyses of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). (researchgate.net)

Cancer development and progression in humans involves multi-step processes that usually take place over many decades. (kdwis.com)
In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
They regulate critical processes such as cell cycle progression , DNA repair , and apoptosis (programmed cell death). (mearticles.com)

In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture. (wikipedia.org)

The most common non-clear cell renal cancers have also undergone genomic profiling and are characterised by distinct genomic landscapes. (springer.com)
The stepwise progression from an early dysplastic lesion to full-blown metastatic malignancy is associated with increases in genomic instability. (researchgate.net)

The recurrence and drug resistance of breast cancer are intractable due to the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are adequate to initiate tumor formation and refractory to conventional remedies. (spandidos-publications.com)
The present review mainly focused on the latest updates on RUNX2 in BCSCs and their roles in breast cancer progression and drug resistance, providing insight that may aid the development of RUNX2‑based diagnostics and treatments for breast cancer in clinical practice. (spandidos-publications.com)
Of note, other studies have also indicated the involvement of RUNX2 in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and breast cancer progression ( 22 , 23 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
We previously demonstrated that GH protects breast cancer cells towards the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin, inducing chemoresistance. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Multi-omics biomarkers of response to the discovered drugs were identified using human breast cancer cell lines. (cdc.gov)

Two proteins involved intimately in regulating cell proliferation are Akt and the tumor suppressor p53 (p53). (bioinf.org)
MTOR proteins are found expressed by the intercostal muscle cells in a mouse embryo at E15.5. (bicellscientific.com)
Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility. (cancerindex.org)
DRAM2 overexpression also increased proteins CDK4, CyclinD3, and decreased p27 expression, all of which are cell cycle-related factors. (cancerindex.org)
Both proteins are also involved in stopping cell division in older cells (senescence). (medlineplus.gov)
These proteins help regulate the cell cycle, which is the cell's way of replicating itself in an organized, step-by-step fashion. (medlineplus.gov)
The p14(ARF) and p53 proteins are often made in cells that are unable to undergo cell division. (medlineplus.gov)
By screening for proteins that colocalize with NHR-67 punctae, we identified new regulators of uterine cell fate maintenance: homologs of the transcriptional co-repressor Groucho (UNC-37 and LSY-22), as well as the TCF/LEF homolog POP-1. (elifesciences.org)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)

Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)

Here, we investigated this dichotomy in vivo by examining two cell types in the developing Caenorhabditis elegans somatic gonad that derive from equipotent progenitors, but exhibit distinct cell behaviors: the post-mitotic, invasive anchor cell and the neighboring proliferative, non-invasive ventral uterine (VU) cells. (elifesciences.org)
Mitotic chromosomal instability - the inability to faithfully segregate equal chromosome complements to two daughter cells during mitosis - is a widespread phenomenon in solid tumours that is thought to serve as the fuel for tumorigenic progression. (researchgate.net)

This gene encodes a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. (cancerindex.org)
Molecular mechanisms of the initiation of transcription from TATA box have been well known as the most essential nuclear events in mammalian cells. (intechopen.com)
Recently, evidence has been accumulating on the molecular mechanism underlying self-renewal of stem cells. (karger.com)
Thus PcG not only provides a molecular marker for monitoring disease progression of MDS, but also provides a clue for elucidating a molecular mechanism underlying the disease progression, which may help in the development of a new therapeutic strategy against MDS. (karger.com)

CAFs maintain their phenotype for numerous passages during culture in vitro without exposure to cancer cells, while NFs cannot be infinitely proliferous like cancer cells ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Correlation with outcome needs to be more comprehensively furnished, particularly for small renal masses, rarer non-clear cell renal cancers, and for all tumours undergoing targeted therapy. (springer.com)

To achieve the above target, cancer cells preferentially use aerobic glycolysis, otherwise known as the Warburg effect, over oxidative phosphorylation. (kdwis.com)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
This phosphorylation is required for cells to exit G0 efficiently and enter the G1 phase. (umbc.edu)

The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)

DRAM2 acts as an oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer and suppresses the expression of p53. (cancerindex.org)
Although the Myc oncogene has long been known to play a role in many human cancers, the mechanisms that mediate its effects in both normal cells and cancer cells are not fully understood. (biologists.com)
Interpretation We identified as becoming amplified and overexpressed in poor prognosis HGSOC analyses and shown that is a novel and essential oncogene in HGSOC which mediates proliferation through dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints like a potential novel driver of HGSOC. (2011globalhealth.org)

Boyer LA, Plath K, Zeitlinger J, Brambrink T, Medeiros LA, et al: Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells. (karger.com)

Human esophageal squamous epithelial (HET-1A) cells were treated with bile acid and used in transfection experiments. (jcancer.org)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a type of tumor that originates from the squamous epithelium of the head and neck areas, including the mucous membranes of the lips, tongue, pharynx, larynx, and others ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Methods: fifteen histological specimens of spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip were obtained from the Department of Oral Pathology, Bahia Federal University. (bvsalud.org)
Other markers, such as retinoblastoma and p53, may be related with early steps of carcinogenesis in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. (bvsalud.org)

p53 activation is characterized by a drastic increase and its rapid accumulation in stressed cells [11]. (bioinf.org)

Conclusions These findings ascertained an conversation between p53, c-myc, p21, p27, Bcl-2, PI3K/Akt pathway, and CF-induced apoptosis in MSTO-211H and HCT-116 cells, suggesting that CF acts as an important regulator of cell growth in human malignancy cell lines. (bioinf.org)
Importantly, we validated that mediates cell proliferation through dysregulation of cell cycle checkpoints in ovarian malignancy. (2011globalhealth.org)

CDK4 and CDK6 normally stimulate the cell to continue through the cycle and divide. (medlineplus.gov)

Magmas, a gene encoding for the mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit, Tim16, protects different cell lines from the antitumoral effects of several pro-apoptotic stimuli (i.e. chemicals and chemotherapeutic agents). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
As a result, changes in SA-ß-Gal expression, cell cycle progression, and mitochondrial membrane potential were observed. (dojindo.com)

Irreversible cell cycle arrest is one of the phenomena that characterize cellular senescence. (dojindo.com)

Here, we show that DRAM2 may act as an oncogenic regulator in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (cancerindex.org)
Transcription of nhr-67 is downregulated following post-translational degradation of its direct upstream regulator, HLH-2 (E/Daughterless) in VU cells. (elifesciences.org)
We also verified that inhibition of CK2α decreased the activity of a well-known GBM-initiating cell regulator, β-catenin. (stanford.edu)

CF treatment on leukemia cell lines induces cell death due to apoptotic mechanisms and altering 123653-11-2 manufacture cell metabolism through HIF-1 and GLUT-1 regulation [3]. (bioinf.org)
It will elucidate on the additional hallmarks of cancer mentioned above, i.e. reprogramming energy metabolism in cancer cell by pointing out to key experiments pertaining, and that serve as proof, to this phenomenon. (kdwis.com)

We have reported that the expression of BMI1 , a member of PcG, in hematopoietic stem cells or progenitor cells predicts the prognosis of patients with MDS and progression to acute leukemia. (karger.com)

Clear cell, papillary cell, and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) have now been well characterised thanks to large collaborative projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). (springer.com)

Radiation can disrupt the structure of the DNA (and other macromolecules), thereby disrupting normal cell and organ functions. (cdc.gov)
γ-Glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a family of enzymes that was shown to control crucial redox-sensitive functions and to regulate the balance between proliferation and apoptosis. (stanford.edu)

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs in a wide variety of physiological NIK settings, where its role is to remove harmful, damaged or unwanted cells. (bioinf.org)
Another period of rapid and almost complete demethylation occurs during gametogenesis within the primordial germ cells (PGCs). (wikipedia.org)

We examined the consequences of CTCF depletion in immortalised human and mouse cells using shRNA knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and examined the growth and development of heterozygous Ctcf ( Ctcf +/- ) mice. (preprints.org)

Transcription factors have an important role in the ability of a cell to self-renew and also differentiate into most cell types, also known as pluripotency 1 . (biolegend.com)
Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. (umbc.edu)

Our studies demonstrate that the CK2 subunit, CK2α, is overexpressed in and has an important role in regulating brain tumor-initiating cells (BTIC) in GBM. (stanford.edu)

This acetyl group is further metabolised in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fully oxidized to yield CO 2 . (kdwis.com)

The core stem cell gene NANOG was determined to be important for ERMS self-renewal, possibly acting downstream of hedgehog signaling. (bvsalud.org)
Recently, various fields have given particular attention to cellular senescence due to the recent discoveries of SASP (a known cancer-causing factor) and senescence-related phenomena in stem cell research. (dojindo.com)
To determine the importance of CK2α in GBM stem cell maintenance, we reduced CK2α activity in primary GBM samples and tumor spheres derived from GBM patients. (stanford.edu)
We discovered that loss of CK2α activity reduced the sphere-forming capacity of BTIC and decreased numerous GBM stem cell markers, including CD133, CD90, CD49f and A2B5. (stanford.edu)
There is emerging evidence indicating that the PcG complexes are indispensable for sustaining stem cell activity and cancer stem cells. (karger.com)
Bruggeman SWM, Valk-Lingbeek ME, van der Stoop PPM, Jacobs JJL, Kieboom K, et al: Ink4A and Arf differentially affect cell proliferation and neural stem cell self-renewal in Bmi1-deficient mice. (karger.com)

We propose a model in which association of NHR-67 with the Groucho/TCF complex suppresses the default invasive state in non-invasive cells, which complements transcriptional regulation to add robustness to the proliferative-invasive cellular switch in vivo . (elifesciences.org)

2017). Additionally, it was discovered that Fn could boost the growth and migration of CRC cells by the overexpression of microRNA-21 by means of TLR4/NF-B signaling pathway (Yang et al. (trpv1inhibitor.com)

Common detection indicators for assessing cellular senescence include features related to cell cycle progression (DNA synthesis, p16/p21 expression, etc.), features related to morphology (of the cell, nucleus, nucleolus, etc. (dojindo.com)

Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)

Without p16(INK4A) to regulate cell growth and division (proliferation), cells can continue to grow and divide without control, which can lead to tumor formation. (medlineplus.gov)

Anatomy35

Organisms12

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs97

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes66

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Differentiation17

Mutations23

Genes16

Malignant6

Pathways5

Mutation4

Alterations4

Survival10

Metastasis4

Melanoma3

Apoptosis and cell3

Proliferate3

Regulates5

Germline5

Protein14

Gastric cancer2

Genetic9

Epithelial cells2

Renal cell carc3

Assays2

Induce2

Tumour5

Processes3

Epigenetic1

Genomic2

Breast cancer5

Proteins10

Involves1

Mitotic2

Molecular4

Vitro1

Tumours1

Phosphorylation3

Gene Expression1

Oncogene3

Regulators1

Squamous4

Accumulation1

Malignancy2

CDK41

Mitochondrial3

Arrest1

Regulator3

Metabolism2

Prognosis of patients1

Carcinomas1

Functions2

Occurs2

Knockdown1

Transcription2

Subunit1

Tricarboxylic acid1

Stem cell6

Vivo1

Overexpression1

Synthesis1

Recurrence1

Regulate cell1