Cpdna dna chloroplast. Medical search. Frequent questions

The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by Ozeki et al. (wikipedia.org)
Some specimens had identical cpDNA sequences (haplotypes) and scattered across the whole mountain arch. (phytomorphology.com)
In this paper we report the complete chloroplast genome sequences of the angiosperms Nuphar advena (Nymphaeaceae) and Ranunculus macranthus (Ranunculaceae). (biomedcentral.com)
These authors found considerable variation existed among the non-coding single-copy sequences in the chloroplast genome of A. thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
Six cpDNA and two mtDNA sequences were amplified individually in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments in 13 species representing the four sections of Musa. (iita.org)
Using an innovative DNA hybridisation capture protocol, the DNA barcode of the lectotype of (Fabricius, 1794) was partially recovered for comparison with the 229 DNA barcode sequences of specimens available in the Barcode of Life Datasystems, and this firmly establishes the identity of the species. (unige.ch)
We used multilocus molecular markers (ISSRs and SRAPs) for genetic fingerprinting and also compared the results with bioinformatics investigation results we did on jujuba cultivars by using nuclear r-DNA and chloroplast inter-genetic cp-DNA sequences. (fupress.net)
We found that cp-DNA inter-genic sequences can also discriminate jujuba cultivars as efficient as multilocus molecular markers and therefore, a multiple molecular approaches may be used for genetic fingerprinting of jujuba. (fupress.net)
As this crop has several wild geographical populations throughout the country, we plan to continue our quest to investigate many more populations in nearby future and try to utilize cp-DNA inter-genic sequences along with multilocus molecular markers for genetic discrimination of wild populations. (fupress.net)
For more information, see Calviño and Downie (2007), Circumscription and phylogeny of Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae based on chloroplast DNA sequences, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 175-191. (illinois.edu)
The closest relatives within the genus Campyloneurum are currently unknown because limited taxon sampling and variation of the cpDNA sequences do not allow to elucidate this question. (bioone.org)
Sanchez and Kron (2008) using cpDNA sequences (rbcL and matK), and then Sanchez et al. (ijbiotech.com)

Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of peas and a few red algae have since lost the inverted repeats. (wikipedia.org)
More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been sequenced and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. (wikipedia.org)
The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in 1986, from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). (wikipedia.org)
I present evidence from reciprocal crosses, cytoplasmic substitution lines, and cell fusion lines that hybrid weakness and sterility often arise from interactions between the nuclear genome and the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. (bioone.org)
In this study, we aimed to use the whole chloroplast genomes to address these two issues. (biomedcentral.com)
We assembled and annotated 33 complete chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of the four Chinese species, representing 17 populations across most of their geographical distributions. (biomedcentral.com)
The Nuphar [GenBank:NC_008788] and Ranunculus [GenBank:NC_008796] plastid genomes share characteristics of gene content and organization with many other chloroplast genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
In the majority of angiosperm chloroplast genomes two copies of a large inverted repeat (IR) of about 25 kb separate the remainder of the genome into two regions of unique DNA, the large (about 90 kb) and small (about 20 kb) single copy regions (LSC and SSC, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
Comparative chloroplast genomics as well as detailed characterizations of individual chloroplast genomes serve as the basis for functional genomic studies [ 20 ] and can direct attempts at chloroplast transformation for genetic engineering [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of the work was to study the variability of mitochondrial (mtDNA) and chloroplast (cpDNA) genomes of Norway spruce ( Picea abies ( L .) Karst . (sibjforsci.com)
Although chloroplast (cp) genomes continue to be evolutionarily informative, there is very limited information available on orchid chloroplast genomes in public repositories. (plos.org)
Though most chloroplast genes are believed to have been transferred to the nucleus during evolution, their genomes have maintained fairly conserved structures and gene contents throughout their evolutionary lineage 1 . (plos.org)
While the complete plastid genomes of tobacco and liverworts were the first to be determined, as of April 2017, the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of 1161 GenBank accessions from land plants have been reported in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Organelle Genome Resources (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/?report=5) 2 . (plos.org)
With the completion of the first gymnosperm mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) from Cycas taitungensis and the availability of more mtDNA taxa in the past 5 years, we have conducted a systematic analysis of DNA transfer from chloroplast genomes (cpDNAs) to mtDNAs (mtpts) in 11 plants, including 2 algae, 1 liverwort, 1 moss, 1 gymnosperm, 3 monocots, and 3 eudicots. (tmu.edu.tw)
For this, we focus on the three main groups of CIEs: mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA, and symbiont genomes. (nature.com)

The objective of this study was to construct a molecular phylogeny of the genus Musa using restriction-site polymorphisms of the chloroplast (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). (iita.org)
2007. Mitochondrial and chloroplast phylogeography of Picea crassifolia Kom. (kib.ac.cn)

Parental taxa were inferred using network analyses of cpDNA and nrITS haplotypes. (peerj.com)
Taking into consideration different types of cpDNA haplotypes and ecological profiles of the sections (tetraploids - highâÂÂ? (phytomorphology.com)
In another study, the trnL - trnF cpDNA intergenic spacer region of 475 individuals from 167 A. thaliana populations in its native range was sequenced and 16 haplotypes were identified [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For genetic analysis, we sampled three or four habitat specialists of each steppe type and used cpDNA markers to investigate intraspecific diversity and geographical distribution of haplotypes. (muni.cz)
Chloroplast haplotypes featured a complex pattern across the study area. (muni.cz)
Padutov V. E., Sidor A. I., Kagan D. I., Kovalevich O. A., Veras S. N. The variability of cytoplasmic DNA haplotypes of Norway spruce in the provenance trials // Sibirskij Lesnoj Zurnal (Siberian Journal of Forest Science). (sibjforsci.com)
In general, 18 cpDNA haplotypes (chlorotypes) were detected by a combination of size variants alleles at loci on the study of the territory. (sibjforsci.com)
It was revealed that some cpDNA haplotypes, as haplotypes mtDNA, of Norway spruce can be represented as being in all regions of the investigated part of the range as can be concentrated on certain of its territories. (sibjforsci.com)
Based on these results the places of geographical location cpDNA and mtDNA haplotypes of Norway spruce on the territory of European Russia, the Baltic countries and some the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries are established. (sibjforsci.com)
Restriction site analyses of chloroplast DNA from 730 individuals across 34 populations of the four species revealed fifteen haplotypes, of which seven are commonly found in other North American Packera species. (uleth.ca)
The presence of haplotypes from both groups of Packera species suggests that the cpDNA diversity in southern Alberta arisen through hybridization/introgression events that have involved a number of species from outside of the region. (uleth.ca)
In all, 23 chloroplast haplotypes (M1-M23) and 15 nuclear alleles (N1-N15) were detected. (frontiersin.org)

The main objective was to provide geneticists, ecologists and foresters with an integrated description of oak genetic resources in the form of synthetic maps based on CpDNA polymorphism and. (data.gov.uk)
Polymorphism at microsatellite loci and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation were used to quantify population genetic structure and genetic relationships among populations. (botany.one)
To investigate the contribution of pollen and seed flow in genetic variability distribution, variation in a biparentally inherited nuclear DNA marker (RAPD) was compared to sequence polymorphism in a noncoding region of the maternally inherited cpDNA. (usp.br)
This population differentiation for cpDNA was based on an insertion/deletion polymorphism of a six basepairs sequence that was found from sequencing and was then resolved as a length polymorphism regionally structured in all 192 individuals. (usp.br)
It was shown that polymorphism cpDNA was significantly higher in comparison with the mtDNA. (sibjforsci.com)
To elucidate population genetic differentiation and demographic change in M japonica, we performed molecular variance and mismatch distribution analyses based on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence variations and Bayesian clustering and gene flow estimates based on nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. (elsevierpure.com)

Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large ring, though those of dinophyte algae are a notable exception-their genome is broken up into about forty small plasmids, each 2,000-10,000 base pairs long. (wikipedia.org)
It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more. (wikipedia.org)
It is not clear yet if the dimorphism also exists in the chloroplast genome. (biomedcentral.com)
The uniparentally inherited chloroplast genome has been utilized in many studies in plant population and evolutionary genetics. (biomedcentral.com)
Biswal D, Konhar R, Debnath M, Parameswaran S, Sundar D, Tandon P. Chloroplast Genome Sequence Annotation of Dendrobium nobile (Asparagales: Orchidaceae), an Endangered Medicinal Orchid from Northeast India. (plos.org)

Cladistic analyses based on chloroplast protein coding genes rbcL and rps 4, and the chloroplast encoded trnL (UAA) intron were conducted (1) to investigate phylogenetic relationships among basal peristomate mosses, especially the nematodontous mosses (Tetraphidaceae and Polytrichaceae), and the arthrodontous mosses with pleated endostomes (Buxbaumiaceae and Diphysciaceae), and (2) to make inferences on evolution of the peristome. (bioone.org)

A survey of cpDNA haplotype variation reveals a strong regional structure, which suggests limited gene flow by seeds. (embrapa.br)
The present study analyzed chloroplast haplotype phylogeny, frequency variation, and geographic distribution patterns in Packera contermina and closely related species P. pseudaurea, P. cana, and P. cymbalarioides from southwestern Alberta, nothern Montana, and northwestern Wyoming. (uleth.ca)
Secondary refuge areas have been detected in southeastern France and neighboring Switzerland, with closer affinity to the Iberian refugium than to any other region based on allozyme and cpDNA haplotype data. (boku.ac.at)
Isozyme and cpDNA haplotype data favor a postglacial colonization of diploid populations into Germany from Austrian lowland areas along the Danube River as well as from Switzerland. (boku.ac.at)

We studied the chloroplast DNA intergenic spacer trnL(UAG)-rpl32-ndhF (cpDNA) variability of the Aconitum subgen. (phytomorphology.com)
The gametophytes were identified based on morphological and molecular data by chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence data ( rbcL , rps4 gene and rps4 - trnS intergenic spacer). (e-kjpt.org)
Here, rbcL , rps4 gene and rps4 - trnS intergenic spacer data of one independent gametophyte distributed in Korea have the same morphology, DNA sequence and monophyletic group as Crepidomanes intricatum from the eastern United States. (e-kjpt.org)

In addition, the plastomes with more informative sites compared with a few chloroplast markers still failed to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the four species, and further studies involving population genomic data may be needed to better understand their evolutionary histories. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on its genomic size, it has been calculated that each cp DNA molecule can code for about 110-120 proteins. (presentica.com)
DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing: Total genomic DNA was isolated from dried leaf or branchlet (only for Calligonum) of samples using the modified cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method of Doyle and Doyle (1987). (ijbiotech.com)
Total genomic DNA isolation from the leaves of Vitex agnus-castus was performed using a commercial kit. (notulaebiologicae.ro)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed with all genomic DNA samples and primers. (notulaebiologicae.ro)

It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
2020. Genetic diversity of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) accessions based on plastid cpDNA matK gene as DNA barcoding. (unipa.ac.id)
14. Chloroplast DNA: Plastid DNAs are circular duplex molecules with a total length of 45 mm. (presentica.com)

We conducted a pilot study of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in order to investigate the consequences of hydrochory on genetic diversity and geographic population structure in the lower Amazon basin. (embrapa.br)
Genetic Diversity of Sago Palm in Indonesia Based on Chloroplast DNA (CpDNA) Markers. (unipa.ac.id)
and the studies focused on global patterns of cpDNA genetic variation among accessions of A. thaliana are very few. (biomedcentral.com)
RAPD markers and cpDNA sequencing were used to study the distribution of genetic variability in a germplasm collection of Aroeira ( Myracrodruon urundeuva - Anacardiaceae) and to investigate the comparative contributions of seed and pollen dispersion in genetic exchange among populations of this species at a regional scale. (usp.br)
Toe results showed that intraspecific polymorphisms can be readily found in cpDNA and can represent, as in the case of Aroeira, an extremely useful genetic marker in the regional identification of accessions. (usp.br)
The limited differentiation among populations for nuclear markers contrasting with the high differentiation for cpDNA strongly suggests a significantly larger contribution of pollination in the genetic exchange among Aroeira populations. (usp.br)
Genetic analysis of mtDNA was done on the locus mt15-D02 , cpDNA - on the microsatellite loci Pt 26081 , Pt 63718 and Pt 71936 . (sibjforsci.com)
For this purpose, 18 different populations were sampled throughout the species range and matK region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was sequenced to assess the genetic structure of the species. (metu.edu.tr)
Results: Both cpDNA and nuclear SNP data showed genetic differentiation between two disjunct regions. (elsevierpure.com)
However, cpDNA data indicated genetic differentiation within the Ryukyu Islands but not within the Izu Islands, while nuclear SNP data indicated genetic differentiation within both island groups. (elsevierpure.com)
Population dynamics and genetic changes of Picea abies in the South Carpathians revealed by pollen and ancient DNA analyses. (uu.se)

Since then, a great number of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced. (wikipedia.org)
Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC). (wikipedia.org)

To reveal the hybrid origin of Hong-do-go-deul-ppae-gi, we examined additional morphological traits of this plant and its putative parents ( C. denticulatum , C. lanceolatum , C. platyphyllum ) and analyzed one nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and four chloroplast regions ( trn T-L, trn L-F, rpl 16 intron, and rps 16 intron). (e-kjpt.org)

However, studies based on limited informative sites of several chloroplast markers failed to resolve interspecific delimitation and relationships among the four Chinese species. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast to the well-delimitated species boundary inferred from the nuclear ITS sequence variations, three of the four species are non-monophyletic in the plastome trees, which is consistent with previous studies based on a few chloroplast markers. (biomedcentral.com)
Previous study failed to discern the four Ostrya species based on four chloroplast (cp) fragments ( rps16 , trnG (UCC) intron, trnH-psbA , and trnL-trnF ) while the ITS sequence variations did [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It has been suggested that the traditionally accepted cpDNA barcodes own limited resolution in delimitating closely related species due to the insufficient informative variations [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
2020. DNA barcode of Metroxylon sagu and other palm species using matK gene. (unipa.ac.id)
Here we use the regional diversity of habitat specialists and chloroplast DNA data to investigate potential long-term refugia of steppe species in this region. (muni.cz)
Increasingly, the collections are also used to extract DNA and thus enable studies of species' relationships, distribution history and population genetics, or to investigate the expression, variation or change of different genes over time. (lu.se)
The internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were amplified and sequenced from 19 samples representing all species of the genus Mercurialis and two outgroup species, Ricinus communis and Acalypha hispida . (unine.ch)
By analysing the DNA barcode (COI-5P) in numerous specimens, the aim was to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships between species, to provide better evidence for synonymies, and to circumscribe their geographical distribution. (unige.ch)
Previous molecular systematic studies found that four species in southwestern Alberta, a region proposed to be at the interface of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets during the last advance of Pleistocene glaciation, showed unusually high levels of inter- and intrapopulational chloroplast DNA variation. (uleth.ca)
A short phylogenetically informative cpDNA fragment for the identification of Pinus species. (uu.se)
In this study, we examined nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence variation of Angelica nitida, a perennial plant species that is endemic to alpine scree in the QinghaiTibetan Plateau. (kib.ac.cn)
Taxon sampling: A total of 27 accessions representing 26 species were included in phylogenetic analyses using nrDNA ITS region and 28 accessions representing 27 species were analyzed for cpDNA trnL-F regions. (ijbiotech.com)

The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
Patterns of cpDNA variation were consistent with multiple transitions from distyly to homostyly and limited gene flow among populations. (botany.one)
By using shared gene order and boundaries between different mtpts as the criterion, the timing of cpDNA transfer during plant evolution was estimated from the phylogenetic tree reconstructed independently from concatenated protein-coding genes of 11 available mtDNAs. (tmu.edu.tw)

We used three chloroplast (cpDNA) fragments ( psb A- trn H, trn L- rpl 32 and trn Q-5′ rps 16), the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), and co-dominant SSR and dominant ISSR markers to study natural hybridization between L. duciformis and L. paradoxa growing sympatrically in two locations. (peerj.com)
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. (notulaebiologicae.ro)

This study represents phylogenetic analyses of two woody polygonaceous genera Calligonum and Pteropyrum using both chloroplast fragment (trnL-F) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) sequence data. (ijbiotech.com)

Chloroplast DNA variation of Carapa guianensis in the Amazon basin. (embrapa.br)
245 $aChloroplast DNA variation of Carapa guianensis in the Amazon basin. (embrapa.br)

First, frequent DNA transfer from cpDNA to mtDNA occurred at least as far back as the common ancestor of extant gymnosperms and angiosperms, about 300 MYA. (tmu.edu.tw)
We provide strong evidence that the cp-derived tRNA-trnM(cau) is the only mtpt (1 out of 3 cp-derived tRNA shared by seed plants) truly transferred from cpDNA to mtDNA since the time of the common ancestor of extant gymnosperms and angiosperms. (tmu.edu.tw)

Each minicircle contains one to three genes, but blank plasmids, with no coding DNA, have also been found. (wikipedia.org)
All available evidences indicate that plasma genes are found in the DNA present in mitochondria abbreviated as mt-DNA and in chloroplast shortened as Cp- DNA. (biologydiscussion.com)

In this study, chloroplast DNA sequence variability was used to infer phylogenetic relationships among Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from around the world, with the emphasis on samples from China. (biomedcentral.com)

ln contrast, a significant differentiation and strong geographical structuring was found among populations for the chloroplast DNA sequence examined. (usp.br)
Les collections d'histoire naturelle étant des témoins de l'histoire de notre planète, leur étude au niveau génomique permet également d'identifier les processus d'expansion, de déclin, ou d'adaptation des populations, en particulier dans le contexte de l'anthropocène. (unige.ch)
Nous avons développé des expertises en biologie et génétique des populations. (uclouvain.be)
Le taux d'allogamie peut être estimé en populations naturelles en utilisant des marqueurs co-dominants (microsatellites). (uclouvain.be)
Nous suivons en parallèle la génétique des populations végétales: structure et diversité y compris à l'échelle du clone- individu, flux de gènes, tests de paternité. (uclouvain.be)

It is not dissimilar to the gradient of proliferation and differentiation along developing roots [ 2 ] but, in contrast, it provides a unique opportunity to study chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)

In an investigation on the maternal origins of A. suecica , 12 cpDNA regions were sequenced for 25 A. thaliana accessions, which were mainly collected from Scandinavia [ 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A phylogenetic study of Poa based on trn T- trn F chloroplast DNA sequence data is presented focusing on basal relationships, major clades, generic boundaries, and placement of putatively closely related genera. (claremont.edu)
The subdivision of Poa into ﬁve major clades, proposed based on chloroplast restriction site data, is supported by sequence data. (claremont.edu)

This lecture explores the role of chloroplasts and photosynthetic pigments in plants. (presentica.com)
Plant Cells have Green Chloroplasts The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast is impregnated with photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophylls, carotenoids). (presentica.com)

Chloroplast DNA has long been thought to have a circular structure, but some evidence suggests that chloroplast DNA more commonly takes a linear shape. (wikipedia.org)
Archaeal community changes in Lateglacial lake sediments: Evidence from ancient DNA. (uu.se)

The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. (wikipedia.org)
Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. (wikipedia.org)

Sylvestres , two groups having disparate morphology, but similar cpDNA. (claremont.edu)

In primitive red algae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of a chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. (wikipedia.org)

Chloroplasts are specialized intracellular organelles in which photosynthesis occurs, and they originated via an endosymbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria. (plos.org)

This work provides a modified, improved protocol for the efficient hybrid capture enrichment of DNA barcodes from 18 and 19 century type specimens in order to solve taxonomic issues in Lepidoptera. (unige.ch)

Both parsimony, Bayesian and character network analyses showed the two distinct types of the cpDNA chloroplast, one typical of the diploid and the second of the tetraploid groups. (phytomorphology.com)

However, the relationship between the two is barely understood, which limits the value of transcriptome data to understand the process of chloroplast development. (biomedcentral.com)
Analyses of the cpDNA data revealed primarily unidirectional hybridization between L. duciformis and L. paradoxa , with L . paradoxa as the maternal parent in Mt. Maoniu, whereas bidirectional but asymmetrical hybridization was inferred to occur in Heihai Lake. (peerj.com)
They also share the same cpDNA data with Crepidomanes schmidtianum recently reported from Korea. (e-kjpt.org)
The other independent gametophyte should be Hymenophyllum wrightii based on cpDNA data. (e-kjpt.org)

Chloroplasts: (Chloro= green) Chlorophyll-containing plastids which are the sites of photosynthesis Found in eukaryotic algae, leaves and other green plant organs Are lens-shaped and measure about 2 m by 5 m Are dynamic structures that change shape, move and divide. (presentica.com)
11. Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes Thylakoid membrane---one Quntosome---230chl molecules+40- 50 carotinoids Thylakoids function in the steps of photosynthesis that initially convert light energy to chemical energy Some thylakoids are stacked into grana Grana : (Singular: granum) Stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast 3. (presentica.com)

Keragaman genetik kloroplas (cpDNA) bangkirai (Shorea laevis Ridl. (unipa.ac.id)

Infrageneric relationships in Calligonum, due to the paucity of informative nucleotide sites in both DNA regions are not resolved. (ijbiotech.com)

Chloroplast membrane 2. (presentica.com)

But in recent years there have been found some evidences which suggest that inheritance of characters occur by some self-perpetuating or replicating bodies like plastids and mitochondria which possess their own equipment for synthesizing for DNA and proteins present in the cytoplasm and not in the chromosomes present in the nucleus. (biologydiscussion.com)

Marcadores RAPD e sequenciamento de cpDNA foram utilizados para estudar a distribuição da variabilidade genética em um banco de germoplasrna de aroeira ( Myracrodruon urundeuva - Anacardiaceae) e para investigar as contribuições da dispersão de pólen e semente no intercâmbio genético entre populações desta espécie em urna escala regional. (usp.br)
Seed stands, seed orchards and plantations were screened against 11 RAPD primers and generated 152 polymorphic DNA l. (metu.edu.tr)
RAPD (Rastgele Artırılmıș Polimorfik DNA) belirleyicileri ile bitki sistematiği. (notulaebiologicae.ro)

They are usually packed into nucleoids which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy11

Organisms31

Chemicals and Drugs45

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes35

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Haplotype4

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