• Interferons have also been investigated as adjuvants to enhance to effectiveness of influenza vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • This work was based on experiments in mice that suggested that type I interferons could enhance the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2022-23 influenza season. (netce.com)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
  • Antigenic drift is the primary reason people can get influenza more than once and why it is necessary to annually review and update the composition of influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Now H1N1 is a component of the trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • This statement discusses the presently available medical-control measures, immunoprophylaxis with vaccines, and prophylaxis or therapy with the antiviral drug, amantadine. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccines and antiviral drugs are recommended to deal with the situation. (springeropen.com)
  • However, a new virus, variant H3N2 (H3N2v), associated with pigs and originally discovered in 2011, has cropped up this year in some human outbreaks periodically since July, 2012.1,B Although the strains of influenza circulating globally now are genetically slightly different from those in the current vaccine, the CDC feels that there will be significant cross-reactive protection, so they recommend that the vaccines not be changed. (chestervetclinic.com)
  • From face masks to social distancing, from antivirals to vaccines, these measures are predicated on the assumption that tiny viruses can cause serious illness and that such illness is transmissible person-to-person. (westonaprice.org)
  • This review will focus on current and future efforts in developing universal vaccines targeting different viruses at the genus and/or family levels, with a special focus on henipaviruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is evident that strategies for developing broad-spectrum vaccines will be virus-genus or family specific, and it is almost impossible to adopt a universal approach for different viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Flu vaccines usually work better against H1N1 viruses, which is another good reason to get vaccinated, since H1N1 is circulating too. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccine effectiveness data for this season are not available yet, but we know that flu vaccines do not work as well against H3N2 viruses, which are predominant so far this season. (cdc.gov)
  • Avian flu vaccines developed in advance will have little impact on the pandemic virus. (biblesearchers.com)
  • By understanding how these viruses resist antiviral environments, more effective rationally designed therapeutics and live-attenuated vaccines can be produced. (scitechnol.com)
  • Effectiveness of non-adjuvanted pandemic influenza A vaccines for preventing pandemic influenza acute respiratory illness visits in 4 U.S. communities. (blogspot.com)
  • Research into the use of interferons to combat influenza began in the 1960s in the Soviet Union, culminating in a trial of 14,000 subjects at the height of the Hong Kong Flu of 1969, in which those treated prophylactically with interferon were more than 50% less likely to suffer symptoms, though evidence of latent infection was present. (wikipedia.org)
  • ILI rates constituted 3 escalating waves of infection, all at times atypical for seasonal influenza ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Guidance for Clinicians on the Use of RT-PCR and Other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection. (netce.com)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Infection with influenza viruses can be asymptomatic or result in disease that ranges from mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • [1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza-control options should also be made available to individuals who wish to reduce their chances of acquiring influenza infection or to reduce the severity of disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The spectrum of influenza infection ranges from subclinical cases to fulminating viral pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • The most commonly used serologic test to document influenza virus infection is hemagglutination inhibition because it (and neutralization) is more sensitive than complement fixation and allows subtype and strain-specific antibody to be measured. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Infection with a virus of one subtype confers little or no protection against viruses of other subtypes. (canada.ca)
  • After SARS-CoV-2 infection, people are unlikely to produce long-lasting protective antibodies against this virus. (researchgate.net)
  • Scientists believe evolution of viruses and infection rates started increasing since the beginning of human civilizations, as we began living in communities, grew plants and domesticated animals. (dupischai.com)
  • In this article, we'll discuss top 10 chai tea spices that possess antiviral properties and help our body to fight infection, boost immunity while reducing inflammation and oxidative stress . (dupischai.com)
  • Influenza infection always poses a threat to human and animal health. (springeropen.com)
  • Productive coughs usually occur after several days with a bacterial infection of the bronchi and last about a week. (healthy.net)
  • The natural antimicrobial compounds in propolis make it an excellent infection fighter and healing agent. (donnieyance.com)
  • The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • Once-daily oral treatment of ferrets with 2 mg/kg 4'-FlU initiated 12 hours after infection rapidly stopped virus shedding and prevented transmission to untreated sentinels. (bvsalud.org)
  • With a global decline in the COVID-19 control, the infection rate of influenza virus is gradually increasing. (bvsalud.org)
  • A person with laboratory confirmation of virus causing COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms, is considered as a confirmed case [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Last year, U.S. government health officials and the companies that make the vaccine miscalculated, and failed to predict that a new strain called the Fujian influenza A strain would be the most common cause of infection. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • Chances of containment are limited because the potentially catastrophic infection may not be detected until it has already spread to several countries , like the SARS virus in 2003. (biblesearchers.com)
  • An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens , their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization, especially in children. (bvsalud.org)
  • Licensure of a high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine for persons aged ≥65 years (Fluzone high-dose) and guidance for use-United States, 2010. (netce.com)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
  • and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccination is the primary method opted for to prevent influenza infections. (springeropen.com)
  • Unlike seasonal influenza, the H1N1 influenza virus currently circulating cannot be prevented through vaccination. (blogspot.com)
  • CDC continues to work on developing and evaluating statistical models for estimating the impact of influenza vaccination in order to develop better programs and ways to monitor the impact of those programs. (blogspot.com)
  • A further indication of the impact of influenza epidemics is the significant elevation of mortality that often occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • The greatest impact of influenza is normally seen when new strains appear against which most of the population lacks immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • For about 20 years, efforts to reduce the impact of influenza in the United States have been aimed primarily at immunoprophylaxis of persons at greatest risk of serious illness or death. (cdc.gov)
  • In Canada, two available measures can reduce the impact of influenza: immunoprophylaxis with inactivated (killed-virus) vaccine and chemoprophylaxis or therapy with influenza-specific antiviral drugs. (canada.ca)
  • Immunization is the most effective means to reduce the impact of influenza. (canada.ca)
  • The main classes of antiviral drugs used against influenza are neuraminidase inhibitors, such as zanamivir and oseltamivir, polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitors such as baloxavir marboxil, or inhibitors of the viral M2 protein, such as amantadine and rimantadine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza viruses can show resistance to anti-viral drugs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Failure to investigate the potential of old re-purposed modalities as well as newer agents could result in thousands of needless deaths from influenza and other viral illnesses, as well as COVID-10," stated Physicians for Civil Defense president Jane Orient, M.D. (bonesbrigaderecords.com)
  • The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza is an infectious viral illness. (cdc.gov)
  • More severe disease can result from invasion of the lungs by influenza virus (primary viral pneumonia) or by secondary bacterial pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • Specific laboratory tests to confirm influenza include viral culture, rapid antigen detection, and serology. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • There are over 263 different human infecting virus species from 25 viral families that produce an ever-expanding range of illnesses, infections and complications. (dupischai.com)
  • Antiviral drugs are the other option available for the treatment of influenza, which falls under three categories as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors [ 15 ] targeting the viral components, thwarted by newly emerging strains. (springeropen.com)
  • The coughs of viral infections are at first dry and spasmodic, but small amounts of white, thick sputum are usually produced as they progress. (healthy.net)
  • And studies show that NF-kappaB, another immune modulating compound, stimulates replication of acute viruses and is actually obligatory for viral replication. (donnieyance.com)
  • Having previously identified oral efficacy of the nucleoside analog 4'-Fluorouridine (4'-FlU, EIDD-2749) against SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we explored activity of the compound against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in cell culture, human airway epithelium (HAE) models, and/or two animal models, ferrets and mice, that assess IAV transmission and lethal viral pneumonia, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • I suspect that the reason that we haven't seen novel viruses evolve lately may be related to A) there are a limited number of core viral types (the equivalent to the theoretical minimal genome for microbial life) and B) the niches that they could fill are already occupied. (microbe.tv)
  • In this retrospective case-control single-center study, we compared the data of 126 patients with viral pneumonia during different outbreaks [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, influenza A (H1N1) in 2009, human adenovirus type 7 in 2018, and COVID-19 in 2020]. (ukdiss.com)
  • However, virus strains have emerged that show drug resistance to some classes of drug. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, a study published in the June 2009 Issue of Nature Biotechnology emphasized the urgent need for augmentation of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) stockpiles with additional antiviral drugs including zanamivir (Relenza) based on an evaluation of the performance of these drugs in the scenario that the 2009 H1N1 'Swine Flu' neuraminidase (NA) were to acquire the tamiflu-resistance (His274Tyr) mutation which is currently widespread in seasonal H1N1 strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)
  • These novel strains are the influenza virus's evolutionary adaptations to a strong population-wide immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • In specific, it exposes the scientifically validated and evidence-based supporting inhibitory action of influenza and its strains. (springeropen.com)
  • Globally, influenza virus infections present a potential threat to human and animal health due to frequent reassortant and novel mutant strains [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • This season, influenza B is prominent in the Americas and Africa, and influenza A H3N2 comprises half the reported cases Prof. Emerita, Stanford University in Europe and Australia, and more than 75% of strains in ChinaA. (chestervetclinic.com)
  • In temperate South America, numbers of influenza cases began to increase in May, peaking around July with the largest numbers seen for A(H3N2), but showing a second peak in August with more influenza B strains and untyped influenza A strains (Figure 1). (chestervetclinic.com)
  • The mix is also likely to replace the influenza B Hong Kong strain with one called Shanghai B strain, even though influenza B strains caused fewer than 10 percent of infections. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
  • Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A viruses have predominated overall, with both influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) circulating. (canada.ca)
  • While H3N2 viruses are still most common, there is an increasing number of influenza B viruses being detected. (cdc.gov)
  • Rates of weekly visits to community health clinics for influenza-like illness, by age group, June 2009-April 2010, compared with the 2005-2009 average (Maccabi Health Services), with school holidays indicated, Israel. (cdc.gov)
  • Notice to readers: considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. (netce.com)
  • Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza C is rarely reported as a cause of human illness, probably because most cases are subclinical. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients who develop flulike illness (ie, fever with either cough or sore throat) should be strongly encouraged to self-isolate in their home for 7 days after the onset of illness or at least 24 hours after symptoms have resolved, whichever is longer. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
  • Typical influenza illness is characterized by abrupt onset of fever, sore throat, and nonproductive cough and, unlike many other common respiratory infections, can cause extreme malaise lasting several days. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of the increasing proportion of elderly persons in the U.S. population and because age and its associated chronic diseases are risk factors for severe influenza illness, the future toll from influenza may increase, unless control measures are used more vigorously than in the past. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Virus can be isolated from nasal washing and nasopharyngeal swab specimens obtained within 3-4 days of illness. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • However, outbreaks of febrile respiratory illness cases during the winter through spring months are characteristic of influenza. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • In the past century, the world has witnessed three pandemics of influenza that started without warning and caused illness in more than 25% of the world's population. (who.int)
  • As of February 16, 2018 most of the United States continues to experience intense and widespread flu activity, with record-breaking levels of influenza-like-illness and hospitalization rates recorded. (cdc.gov)
  • Flu viruses can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. (cdc.gov)
  • Most people with the flu have mild illness and do not need medical care or antiviral drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • We were unable to demonstrate vaccine effectiveness against influenza-like illness," said the CDC's Dr. Carolyn Bridges, who studied how well the vaccine worked. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • The problem with influenza-like illness studies is that there are a lot of things that are influenza-like," Gellin said. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • Antigenic drift, along with waning immunity, results in annual influenza epidemics, since the protection that remains from past exposures to similar viruses is incomplete. (cdc.gov)
  • The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses have continually demonstrated an ability to cause major epidemics of respiratory disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Observations during influenza epidemics indicate that most influenza-related deaths occur among: (1) persons older than 65 years of age and (2) persons with chronic, underlying disorders of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and/or renal systems, as well as those with metabolic diseases (including diabetes mellitus), severe anemia, and/or compromised immune function. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • For these reasons, major epidemics of respiratory disease caused by new variants of influenza continue to occur. (canada.ca)
  • the epidemics of "Asian" influenza in 1957 and "Hong Kong" influenza in 1968 together resulted in an estimated 1-4 million deaths. (who.int)
  • A step forward in the treatment of influenza. (netce.com)
  • Therefore, it is of great importance to develop novel drugs for the effective treatment of influenza virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Apart from conventional antiviral drugs, TCM has been widely used in the clinical treatment of influenza in China. (bvsalud.org)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Three types of influenza virus are known to affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A influenza has subtypes determined by the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • A few bat species were recently shown to be infected by influenza viruses originally designated as new influenza A subtypes H17N10 and H18N11. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2 and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) are recognized among influenza A viruses that have caused widespread human disease. (canada.ca)
  • Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-United States, 2012-13 influenza season. (netce.com)
  • These recommendations extensively revise previous influenza vaccine recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) (superseding MMWR 1983;32:333-7) and provide information on the vaccine and antiviral agent available for control of influenza in the 1984-1985 influenza season and on target groups for which special influenza control programs are recommended. (cdc.gov)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • He repeated the then-common belief that the accumulation of electricity in the body causes the symptoms of influenza and that outbreaks were due to atmospheric "influences"-hence the name influenza. (westonaprice.org)
  • No less than 114 men out of a crew of 149 fell ill with influenza and only later was it learnt that there had been outbreaks in Cuba at the same time. (westonaprice.org)
  • Experts believe that the increasing outbreaks of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry and humans have moved the world closer to a pandemic than any time since 1968. (who.int)
  • Influenza outbreaks are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and economic burden. (bvsalud.org)
  • Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • The world is currently in Phase 3 of the six-phase pandemic alert system, in which a new influenza virus subtype is causing disease in humans, but is not yet spreading efficiently and in a sustained way among humans. (who.int)
  • Children hospitalized for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 were older and had more underlying chronic diseases than those hospitalized for seasonal influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Israel's Center for Disease Control seasonal influenza surveillance system operated throughout our 5-year study. (cdc.gov)
  • 5. Mao L, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Yang Y. Annual economic impacts of seasonal influenza on U.S. counties: spatial heterogeneity and patterns. (netce.com)
  • 9. Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C. Seasonal incidence of symptomatic influenza in the United States. (netce.com)
  • The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
  • A separate seasonal influenza vaccine was needed for the 2009/2010 influenza season because it was too late to incorporate the new strain into the regular influenza vaccine already in production. (medscape.com)
  • Because influenza seasons are unpredictable and often fluctuate in length and severity, the overall burden seasonal influenza varies from year to year. (cdc.gov)
  • The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
  • Next generation antivirals are needed to treat seasonal infections and prepare against zoonotic spillover of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study defines the mechanistic foundation for high sensitivity of influenza viruses to 4'-FlU and supports 4'-FlU as developmental candidate for the treatment of seasonal and pandemic influenza. (bvsalud.org)
  • Seasonal flu activity has been intense this season. (cdc.gov)
  • Antiviral drugs directly target the viruses responsible for influenza infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, serology is a sensitive technique for establishing influenza infections. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • National influenza surveillance is coordinated through the Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division (IRID), Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). (canada.ca)
  • Infections are by far the most common cause of acute coughs. (healthy.net)
  • As the sputum from respiratory infections becomes thick and more abundant, the cough becomes productive. (healthy.net)
  • Two medical journal articles document the activity of propolis specifically against Staphylococcus aureus , the bacterium that causes dangerous and often deadly surgical infections, blood poisoning, and a type of pneumonia. (donnieyance.com)
  • Known as SARS-CoV-2, the virus has resulted in more than 47.4 million infections and 1.2 million deaths. (faxines.com)
  • These most probably result from coronavirus infections, such as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARSCoV-2, and other RNA viruses, such as influenza (H1N1, H5N1) and Ebola viruses, which have animal reservoirs and can cross species barriers to adapt to new environments and/or new hosts. (ukdiss.com)
  • Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens , most prominently bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
  • Specific medications used to treat infections include antibiotics , antivirals , antifungals , antiprotozoals , [3] and antihelminthics . (wikipedia.org)
  • Such excess mortality is attributed not only to the direct cause of influenza pneumonia but also to an increase in deaths from cardiopulmonary disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common serious complications of influenza include exacerbation of underlying chronic pulmonary and cardiopulmonary diseases, such as worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and congestive heart failure, as well the development of pneumonia. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • According to the rumor, the paper explains how most deaths during the 1918 Spanish flu were due to bacterial pneumonia caused by wearing a mask. (faxines.com)
  • In the paper in question, the authors explain how "[t[he majority of deaths in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic likely resulted directly from secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by common upper respiratory tract bacteria. (faxines.com)
  • Dynamic changes in hematological counts could provide a reference for the pathogenesis and prognosis of pneumonia caused by respiratory viruses in clinics. (ukdiss.com)
  • Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
  • There is an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (santosh.ac.in)
  • Based on its genetic proximity it is similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). (santosh.ac.in)
  • But maybe they've been evolving to be less severe, and maybe the spotty vaccinations we've had have been good enough to gradually suppress the virus. (fascinationplace.org)
  • The most severe H1N1 influenza pandemic occurred in 1918, claiming over 50 million lives [13], while the last H1N1 pandemic in 2009 claimed approximately 200,000 lives worldwide [14]. (ukdiss.com)
  • The regional strategy on pandemic influenza preparedness and response aims to complement the global preparedness plan through enhancing the capacity of countries to pre-empt an influenza pandemic , as well as to mitigate the negative effects of a full-blown pandemic. (who.int)
  • and ensure implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005) and relevant national regulations with regard to pandemic influenza. (who.int)
  • These estimates were derived using combined data from two sources: 1) an unpublished CDC model for estimating the impact of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine on averting cases, hospitalizations, and deaths during the 2009--10 influenza season and 2) a model for estimating the impact of antiviral treatment in averting hospitalizations and deaths during the 2009--10 season ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009---April, 2010). (blogspot.com)
  • Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States-2017-2018 Influenza Season. (netce.com)
  • An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
  • It is estimated that the next influenza pandemic is likely to result in between 2 and 7.4 million deaths worldwide, including 150 000-750 000 deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
  • The "Spanish" influenza pandemic occurred in 1918-1919 and resulted in an estimated 40-50 million deaths worldwide. (who.int)
  • The corrected estimates for the combined impact from vaccine and antiviral treatment are as follows: 713,000 to 1.5 million cases, 12,300 to 23,000 hospitalizations, and 620 to 1,160 deaths averted. (blogspot.com)
  • Another warning sign in children is if the flu symptoms appear to resolve, but then reappear with fever and a bad cough. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment is largely supportive and consists of bedrest, increased fluid consumption, cough suppressants, and antipyretics and analgesics (eg, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) for fever and myalgias. (medscape.com)
  • 3,5] Influenza A, Hepatitis B, HIV, SARS, MERS, Dengue and Yellow fever, Measles, Mumps and Smallpox all originate from zoonotic viruses capable of moving between humans and animals and responsible for recent infectious diseases in the past few decades. (dupischai.com)
  • Supportive Care- Paracetamol(500 mg) or 1 tablet SOS for fever, headache, malaise for dry cough-Grillinctus syrup,codeine linctus. (santosh.ac.in)
  • Fever, fatigue and dry cough are considered the main clinical manifestations. (ukdiss.com)
  • In this context, sneezing, coughing, diarrhea, vomiting can be appreciated as protective immune mechanisms to get rid of foreign protein or other matter, while foreign material that gets past into the body is deconstructed by the gut and fever is stimulated as a means to weaken or destroy it. (blogs.com)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • The incubation period of influenza is 2 days on average but may range from 1 to 4 days. (medscape.com)
  • The same is also true for the contagion rate, incubation period, true source of the virus. (energeticforum.com)
  • He said Obama and other staff members are "highly, highly, highly unlikely" to develop such symptoms now because of the time that has passed since Obama's visit on April 16 and 17, 2009, and the relatively short incubation period allegedly for the flu virus, known as H1N1. (blogspot.com)
  • Testing of the drug has predominantly occurred in these countries and, although no clinical trials have been published demonstrating this is an effective drug, some data suggest that this could be a useful treatment for influenza. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a clinical trial in 2008 found that oral dosing of elderly patients with interferon-alpha actually reduced their immune response to an influenza vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
  • Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays have also been used to detect influenza virus RNA in clinical specimens. (antiinfectivemeds.com)
  • Although FF possesses a prominent clinical therapeutic effect, seldom pharmacological studies have been reported on its anti-influenza B virus (IBV) activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
  • And, why the flu shot is only effective between 10%-15%, [1] depending on the influenza strain? (dupischai.com)
  • I do find this a little surprising: The Omicron variant and its many sub-variants are the dominant strain of the virus, are massively transmissible, and haven't gone away. (fascinationplace.org)
  • Three members of the individual's family tested positive for Type A influenza, and tests are currently underway to determine if they contracted the 2009 H1N1 influenza strain. (blogspot.com)
  • After telling us to get our flu shots this past season, flu experts are now admitting that they could not - and still can not - predict what strain of the virus will be predominant in any coming season. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • Under WHO recommendations, the Fujian strain -- which caused more than 90 percent of confirmed influenza cases in the United States and Northern Europe -- will be added to the mix. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • And a strain called New Caledonia, another influenza A virus, will stay in the mix. (newmediaexplorer.org)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • More than all, the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus called, Bird Flu, is the fear of mankind . (biblesearchers.com)
  • Universal Influenza Vaccine Tested Successfully in Humans. (netce.com)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Many types of viruses infect all kinds of living organisms including plants, animals, humans and even microbes like bacteria. (dupischai.com)
  • This virus originated from bat-derived corona viruses with spread via an unknown intermediate mammal host to humans. (santosh.ac.in)
  • It focuses on strengthening and building related capacities for epidemiological and laboratory surveillance of influenza both in animals and humans. (who.int)
  • At the same time, the World Health Organization has only confirmed about 60 cases of the Avian Influenza that have killed humans around the world. (biblesearchers.com)
  • Drift occurs in all three types of influenza virus (A, B, C). (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with H1N1 influenza should wear a face mask when within 6 feet of others at home. (medscape.com)
  • Since productive coughs are a necessary means of removing the infectious and obstructive material, cough suppressants called antitussives should only be used for dry coughs. (healthy.net)
  • The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
  • AIM OF THE STUDY: Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, which has high annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
  • Changes in influenza viruses can take the form of antigenic drift or antigenic shift. (cdc.gov)
  • An antigenic shift may result in a worldwide pandemic if the virus is efficiently transmitted from person to person. (cdc.gov)
  • since the late 19th century, five antigenic shifts have led to pandemics in 1889-1891, 1918-1920, 1957-1958, 1968-1969, and 2009-2010. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The antigenic components of the influenza vaccine have been updated for the 2007-2008 season. (canada.ca)
  • Although influenza B viruses have shown more antigenic stability than influenza A viruses, antigenic variation does occur. (canada.ca)
  • Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Interregional Spread of Influenza through United States Described by Virus Type, Size of Populations and Commuting Rates and Distance. (netce.com)
  • Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • As early as 1799, researchers puzzled over the cause of influenza, which appeared suddenly-often in diverse places at the same time-and could not be explained by any theory of contagion. (westonaprice.org)
  • Targeted populations recommended to receive the 2009 H1N1 vaccine included pregnant women, household contacts and caregivers of children younger than 6 months, healthcare and emergency medical services personnel, children aged 6 months to 18 years, young adults aged 19-24 years, and persons aged 25 through 64 years with conditions associated with higher risk of medical complications from influenza. (medscape.com)
  • 2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 2,5--7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The anti-influenza effects of plants have been extensively studied, and many pharmaceutical companies have prepared their products on this basis. (springeropen.com)
  • The present review documents the successfully launched anti-influenza commercial products. (springeropen.com)
  • Recent studies give supporting evidence that natural products like extracts and other compounds derived from traditional medicinal plants have a broad spectrum of anti-influenza activities [ 16 , 17 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • The continual emergence of influenza viruses remains the main threat to human health results in a considerable record of morbidity and mortality. (springeropen.com)
  • The high rates of morbidity and mortality during influenza pandemics have resulted in social, economic and political disruption throughout the world. (who.int)
  • 5 A European study reported that ethanol extracts from propolis had a marked synergistic effect on the anti-staph activity of two antibiotics, streptomycin and cloxacillin, and a moderate effect on several others. (donnieyance.com)
  • In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-which was different from currently circulating influenza A (H1N1) viruses-emerged and its subsequent spread resulted in the first pandemic of the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
  • This review highlighted the efficacy of the commercial products which effectively combat influenza. (springeropen.com)
  • It's not uncommon for second waves of B virus activity to occur during a flu season. (cdc.gov)
  • There is no Specific Antiviral Treatment Recommended for COVID-19 and Vaccine Currently available.Information is Provided by Some of the more Popular Drugs,Which are being used by Some Medical Practitioners. (santosh.ac.in)
  • CDC recommends that antiviral drugs be used early to treat people who are very sick with the flu (for example, people who are in the hospital) and people who are sick with the flu and are at high risk of serious flu complications, either because of their age or because they have a high risk medical condition. (cdc.gov)
  • To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza is transmitted through respiratory droplets that travel between 3 to 6 feet when an affected individual coughs or sneezes. (blogspot.com)
  • At least four pandemics of influenza occurred in the 19th century, three in the 20th century, and one thus far in the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
  • As a post-doctoral fellow, he developed a program to study medically importantflaviviruses (West Nile and dengue virus) and their interaction with the innate immune signaling pathway. (scitechnol.com)
  • His main focus is investigating the role of West Nile and dengue virus proteins in abrogating the response to the antiviral innate immune molecule Interferon. (scitechnol.com)
  • Conclusions Very few healthcare providers had IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, though a significant proportion of them had been infected with the virus. (researchgate.net)
  • Agents which were previously used to treat SARS and MERS are potential candidates to treat COVID-19. (santosh.ac.in)
  • To date, the treatments adopted were based on previous experience with SARS, MERS, or influenza. (ukdiss.com)
  • 'SARS in retrospect was an easy virus to contain,' said Oshitani, the World Health Organization's Asian communicable diseases expert. (biblesearchers.com)
  • I was infected with the highly transmissible Sars Cov-2 virus in 2020. (wadeburleson.org)
  • Persons 65 years of age and older, young children, pregnant women, and persons of any age with certain underlying health problems are at increased risk for complications of influenza and hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
  • Person-to-person transmission of influenza virus occurs through droplets from the respiratory tract that are spread by direct contact, through coughing or sneezing, or by hands contaminated with respiratory secretions. (canada.ca)
  • Chronic dry coughs are noninfective, usually due to either fibrosis or congestive heart failure which needs to be specifically treated. (healthy.net)
  • These coughs become persistent and reoccur periodically in cases of chronic bronchitis (inflammation of the airway tubes in the lungs). (healthy.net)
  • Chronic coughs with clear or dirty sputum are most likely due to a long-standing irritation such as from smoking. (healthy.net)
  • Treatments for influenza include a range of medications and therapies that are used in response to disease influenza. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 2011 CDC analysis reaffirms the importance of vaccinating pregnant women regardless of trimester and prompt treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (ie, within 2 d of symptom onset) if influenza occurs during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Adults spread influenza to others during a period from 1 day before symptom onset to up to 7 days afterwards. (canada.ca)
  • Coughing is a common symptom and one of the main signs of respiratory tract diseases. (healthy.net)