Cotinine. Medical search. Frequent questions

Salivary cotinine concentrations are highly correlated to blood cotinine concentrations, and can detect cotinine in a low range, making it the preferable option for a less invasive method of tobacco exposure testing. (wikipedia.org)
Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
Mulcahy, Maurice and Evans, David S and Hammond, SK and Repace, JL and Byrne, M (2005) Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
Main Outcome Measures: Salivary cotinine concentrations (ng/ml), duration of self reported exposures to secondhand smoke, air nicotine (microg/cubic metre). (drugsandalcohol.ie)
In this secondary analysis of a pilot clinical trial with individuals with alcohol and nicotine use disorders, we investigate the relationship between serum concentrations of oxytocin, β‐endorphin, melatonin, α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone, substance P, and orexin, with objective biomarkers (salivary cotinine and serum γ ‐glutamyl transferase [GGT]) as well as with self‐reported smoking and alcohol drinking. (bryant.edu)
Existing evidence suggests there is an association between the salivary cotinine levels and passive smoking. (farmaciajournal.com)
The aim of this study was the objectively evaluation of the passive smoking prevalence in non-smoking adults from Constanta, Romania, based on their salivary cotinine levels measured by NicAlert™ Saliva tests. (farmaciajournal.com)
In a cross-sectional study made on 286 subjects, the levels of salivary cotinine were measured, together with the evaluation of the self-reported smoking status on a questionnaire basis. (farmaciajournal.com)
After analysis of the salivary cotinine, only 16.4% of all subjects were not exposed to tobacco products. (farmaciajournal.com)
Using the salivary cotinine levels as standard, the real distribution of the subjects according to their smoker status comprised 44.06% active smokers (constant and occasional), 16.43% (n=47) non-smokers (non-exposed to tobacco smoke) and 39.50% (n=113) passive smokers. (farmaciajournal.com)
Third-hand exposure at homes: Assessment using salivary cotinine. (bvsalud.org)
The objective of this work is to characterize salivary cotinine concentrations among people who self -reported exposure to SHS and THS at home. (bvsalud.org)
and (d) lower salivary cotinine. (rand.org)
Hence, we planned the present study to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoke on salivary antioxidant levels and cotinine levels in smokers and nonsmokers. (thejcdp.com)
In the present study, we assessed and compared the salivary α-amylase, CAT, and cotinine levels in smokers and nonsmoker subjects. (thejcdp.com)
The primary outcome was the continuous abstinence rate (CAR) at weeks 21 to 24, biochemically validated using salivary cotinine testing. (jmir.org)

Cotinine is an alkaloid found in tobacco and is also the predominant metabolite of nicotine. (wikipedia.org)
ETS exposure will also be assessed for examinees 3 years of age and older through the measurement of serum cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine. (cdc.gov)
Cotinine is the major plasma metabolite of nicotine and persists for a considerable time period in plasma, with a half life of approximately 16 hours. (bmj.com)
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the metabolite of nicotine, cotinine, in comparison to the effects of the nicotine patch, and a combination thereof during cigarette abstinence. (umn.edu)
Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine that is produced after smoking tobacco. (drugtestkits.ca)

Design, Setting, and Participants: Before and after the smoking ban a cohort of workers (n = 35) from a sample of city hotels (n = 15) were tested for saliva cotinine concentrations and completed questionnaires. (drugsandalcohol.ie)
Saliva cotinine and recent smoking--evidence for a nonlinear relationship. (cdc.gov)
Detectable saliva cotinine levels in 8/20 moth- ers of neonates (1-2 days old) suggested in utero exposure. (who.int)

African American smokers generally have higher plasma cotinine levels than Caucasian smokers. (wikipedia.org)
Measuring cotinine in people's blood is the most reliable way to determine exposure to nicotine for both smokers and nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). (cdc.gov)
Main results: Among self reported regular smokers, 97.2% of men and 94.9% of women had a cotinine concentration of 10 ng/ml or higher in serum. (bmj.com)
Among never smokers 2.5% of men and 2.7% of women had detectable level of cotinine in their serum. (bmj.com)
Conclusions: In a sample of the general population in Finland the validity of self reported smoking is high, and most of the few self reported non-smokers who had cotinine in their serum had only low or moderate levels. (bmj.com)
Among the 547 self reported smokers 12.1% were found to have serum cotinine levels less than 14 ng/ml and were possible misclassifications by self report. (bmj.com)
These preliminary results suggest a relationship between cotinine and oxytocin, β‐endorphin, and orexin, which opens up new potential hypotheses on the potential role of these endocrine pathways in tobacco smokers. (bryant.edu)
The relation between plasma cotinine levels and pancreatic cancer was analyzed with conditional logistic regression for different levels of cotinine in a population of never and current smokers. (ox.ac.uk)
The urinary cotinine levels were reduced in non-smokers. (nih.gov)
In non-smokers cotinine concentrations were higher based on urine sampled the morning after a shift than based on urine sampled immediately post-shift. (nih.gov)
Currently, life insurance companies check people's blood for traces of the protein cotinine to find out whether they are smokers, he said. (startribune.com)

Any detectable cotinine" indicates blood cotinine levels at or above 0.05 ng/mL, the detectable level of cotinine in the blood in 1988-1994. (childstats.gov)

CDC data have shown a decrease in cotinine levels in nonsmokers. (cdc.gov)

In the past 15 years, blood cotinine levels for nonsmokers in the U.S. population have decreased about 70%, indicating that public health interventions to reduce ETS exposure have been successful. (cdc.gov)

The aims were to assess the impact of a total smoking ban on the level of airborne contaminants and the urinary cotinine levels in the employees in bars and restaurants. (nih.gov)
Cross-sectional study examining the accuracy of self-reported smoking status as compared to urinary cotinine levels among workers at risk for chronic kidney disease of unknown origin in Guatemala. (cdc.gov)
Design: We evaluated self-reported smoking status against urinary cotinine levels, the gold standard biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure, among agricultural workers at four separate cross-sectional time points. (cdc.gov)
Primary outcome measures: Compared self-reported smoking status and urinary cotinine levels in two agricultural worker studies. (cdc.gov)
Urinary cotinine levels show that smoking prevalence is underestimated in this worker population. (cdc.gov)

An associated question is what would be the value of measuring serum cotinine concentrations in such surveys to obtain validated smoking data. (bmj.com)
Cotinine administration, with or without nicotine patch, produced serum cotinine concentrations 3-4 times higher than during ad lib smoking. (umn.edu)

The level of cotinine in the blood, saliva, and urine is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary (passive) smoke. (wikipedia.org)
Since CYP2A6 activity differs by sex (estrogen induces CYP2A6) and genetic variation, cotinine accumulates in individuals with slower CYP2A6 activity, resulting in substantial differences in cotinine levels for a given tobacco exposure. (wikipedia.org)
Urine cotinine concentrations average four to six times higher than those in blood or saliva, making urine a more sensitive matrix to detect low-concentration exposure. (wikipedia.org)
In the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (Fourth Report) , CDC scientists measured cotinine in the serum (a clear part of blood) of 6,320 nonsmoking participants aged three years and older who took part in CDC's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2003-2004. (cdc.gov)
Biomonitoring studies of serum cotinine will help physicians and public health officials in monitoring population exposure to tobacco smoke and assessing the effectiveness of public health interventions to reduce smoking. (cdc.gov)
In bivariate analyses, reported tobacco smoke exposure and urinary cotinine were associated with LRI. (unc.edu)
We performed a nested case-control study using cotinine measurements in maternal serum and amniotic fluid as a biomarker for tobacco exposure during pregnancy. (lu.se)
Circulating levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine is a marker of recent smoking exposure. (ox.ac.uk)
Using cotinine as a biomarker for tobacco exposure allows more accurate quantitative analyses to be performed. (ox.ac.uk)
After this exposure, the researchers tested levels of cotinine , the product formed after nicotine enters the body, in the rats' urine, as well as recorded changes observed in testicular weight, sperm count, and other characteristics that are indicative of testicle health. (snopes.com)
A questionnaire on tobacco use and passive exposure was administered, and a saliva sample was collected for cotinine determination . (bvsalud.org)
We used log-linear models to compare the cotinine concentration of each exposed group with respect to the unexposed group, adjusting for sex , age, educational level , and tobacco exposure in other settings. (bvsalud.org)
Among nonsmokers, the presence of cotinine in serum indicates exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. (cdc.gov)
The consequences of prolonged exposure in smoke, the present study aimed to assess close proximity to parental smoking are the prevalence of infant exposure to envi- exacerbated by infants' immature immune ronmental tobacco smoke and to measure and pulmonary systems [ 2 ], small body size the cotinine levels in infant urine. (who.int)

During 1988 to 1991, data showed that 87.9% of nonsmokers had measurable levels of cotinine in their bodies. (cdc.gov)
From 2007 to 2008, an estimated 40.1% of nonsmokers had cotinine in their bodies. (cdc.gov)

At steady state, plasma cotinine levels are determined by the amount of cotinine formation and the rate of cotinine removal, which are both mediated by the enzyme CYP2A6. (wikipedia.org)
This test measures the amount of cotinine in your urine. (stillwater-medical.org)

A total of 40 eligible employees completed a demographic survey, provided urine samples for analysis of cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and completed questionnaires on respiratory and general health status 6 weeks before and 6-10 weeks after the law went into effect. (bmj.com)
Mothers completed a questionnaire about smoking habits of household members, and urine samples were obtained from infants for analysis of cotinine levels. (who.int)

So, two lines on the strip indicate the presence of cotinine. (medicalhealthtests.com)
When there is only one line it's a negative result, which means there is no presence of cotinine in the urine. (medicalhealthtests.com)

Conclusions The reduction in the SHS biomarkers cotinine and NNAL and reported improvement in respiratory health demonstrates that the Michigan smoke-free workplace law is protecting bar employee health. (bmj.com)
We collected preshift and postshift urine samples on 114 NP casino dealers to determine whether levels of ETS biomarkers (Cotinine (COT) and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL)) in their urine would increase over an 8-hour work shift. (cdc.gov)

Drug tests can detect cotinine in the blood, urine, or saliva. (wikipedia.org)
A cotinine urine test is conducted to detect cotinine (nicotine) levels in a person's body. (medicalhealthtests.com)

People who smoke menthol cigarettes may retain cotinine in the blood for a longer period because menthol can compete with enzymatic metabolism of cotinine. (wikipedia.org)
Cotinine will remain detectable in the body for up to one week, however, studies have shown that people who smoke menthol cigarettes have traces of cotinine in their system for longer periods that those who smoke regular cigarettes. (drugtestkits.ca)

Nonetheless, treatment with cotinine in humans was reported to have no significant physiologic, subjective, or performance effects in one study, though others suggest that this may not be the case. (wikipedia.org)

Measuring cotinine is preferred to measuring nicotine because cotinine remains in the body longer. (cdc.gov)

1, 2 Mainly, three biological measurements have been used to validate self reported smoking: carbon monoxide, thiocyanate, and cotinine. (bmj.com)

Characterizing cotinine pharmacokinetics is a useful way to study nicotine metabolism because the same liver enzyme is primarily responsible for the metabolism of both, and the clearances of nicotine and cotinine are highly correlated. (sri.com)

The confidence level of the linkage between the three genome regions and cotinine pharmacokinetics is statistically significant with a genome-wide empirical probability of P = 0.029. (sri.com)

According to the American Association for Clinical Chemistry , it can take over 2 weeks for a person's blood to reach the same cotinine levels as someone who does not use tobacco. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Back in the early 1990s, NCEH's Tobacco Laboratory developed a method for measuring levels of cotinine in a person's bloodstream. (cdc.gov)

Cotinine is a product formed after the chemical nicotine enters the body. (cdc.gov)
When nicotine enters the body, it is broken down into more than 20 different substances , including cotinine, anabasine, and nornicotine. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Cotinine was developed as an antidepressant as a fumaric acid salt, cotinine fumarate, to be sold under the brand name Scotine but it was never marketed. (wikipedia.org)
A between-subject, 2 x 2 factorial design was used, with the daily administration of a 15-mg nicotine patch (Nicotrol) versus placebo patch as one factor and 80 mg of oral cotinine fumarate versus placebo drug as the other factor. (umn.edu)

According to recent human data the major metabolite found in urine is hydroxylated cotinine. (bmj.com)

The intervention group received an interpreted measurement of the serum cotinine, reported through the physician to the woman, along with a self-help smoking cessation booklet and a repeat serum cotinine measurement one month later, again interpreted and reported through the physician to the woman. (nih.gov)
Importance of baseline cotinine plasma values in smoking cessation: results from a double-blind study with nicotine patch. (bvsalud.org)

Only a minor fraction of the generated cotinine is excreted by the kidneys, but cotinine is further metabolised to more polar water soluble substances. (bmj.com)

The main outcome measures were urine samples for total cotinine and total NNAL and data from a self-administered respiratory and general health status questionnaire collected during the pre-law and post-law study periods. (bmj.com)

0.001, respectively) but decreased lung cancer risk (P = 0.01 for both, after adjusting for cotinine). (ox.ac.uk)

Urinary cotinine will not necessarily improve the validity of studies of the relationship of passive smoking to LRI in infants. (unc.edu)
A total of 60.0% of infants were reported to be exposed to passive smoking at home and 36.4% had detectable levels of urine cotinine (mean 7.1 ng/mL, range 0.27-41 ng/mL). (who.int)

Overall, the concentrations of cotinine were comparable in maternal serum and amniotic fluid (medianserum/amniotic fluid : 2.1/2.6 ng/ml). (lu.se)
To investigate the feasibility and impact of integrating a cotinine-assisted smoking intervention programme with an existing antenatal maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening service for open neural tube defects. (nih.gov)
A cotinine-assisted smoking intervention programme managed from a central location as an adjunct to a maternal serum AFP screening service can, with the cooperation of physicians responsible for antenatal care, lead to a significant and cost-effective reduction in the number of low birthweight babies. (nih.gov)

Smoke absorption by the infants was measured by the urinary cotinine/ creatinine ratio. (unc.edu)

Of those participants who reported to have smoked at any time during their life but not during the previous month, 6.3% of men and 5.2% of women had a serum cotinine concentration of at least 10 ng/ml. (bmj.com)

Males generally have higher plasma cotinine levels than females. (wikipedia.org)
The half-life of cotinine in plasma has been estimated to be about 15-20 hrs (Jarvis et al. (cdc.gov)
Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, plasma cotinine levels were analyzed on average 8.0 years before cancer onset (5-95% range: 2.8-12.0 years). (ox.ac.uk)
Every increase of 350 nmol/L of plasma cotinine was found to significantly elevate risk of pancreatic cancer [odds ratio (OR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.60]. (ox.ac.uk)
This study is the first to show that plasma cotinine levels are strongly related to pancreatic cancer. (ox.ac.uk)

3 The aim of our paper is to study the validity of self reported smoking in a cardiovascular risk factor population survey by comparing self reports with results of measurements of cotinine levels in serum. (bmj.com)
Birthweight, physician cooperation with study protocol (as measured by effectiveness in obtaining repeat serum samples for cotinine measurements). (nih.gov)
95% CI+9 to +123 g) and to a 30% reduction in the rate of low birthweight in pregnancies managed by the 70 physicians who secured the highest rate of obtaining repeat serum samples for cotinine measurements in their intervention group. (nih.gov)

It is important to know that cotinine levels not only depend on how many cigarettes you smoke but also on the type. (medicalhealthtests.com)
You could smoke ten cigarettes only whereas another individual may have smoked 15, and yet your cotinine levels could be higher. (medicalhealthtests.com)
People with a cotinine level over 1187.8 nmol/L, a level comparable to smoking 17 cigarettes per day, have an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer, compared to people with cotinine levels below 55 nmol/L (OR: 3.66, 95% CI: 1.44-9.26). (ox.ac.uk)
Some studies say that vaping delivers less nicotine than cigarettes, while others say that the levels of cotinine and nicotine might be higher in people who use vapes. (medicalnewstoday.com)

By measuring cotinine in the serum, scientists can estimate the amount of nicotine that has entered people's bodies. (cdc.gov)
Measuring cotinine is better than measuring nicotine because nicotine disappears from your system within a few hours, but cotinine remains for a day or more. (stillwater-medical.org)

Serum cotinine is measured by an isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography / atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ID HPLC-APCI MS/MS). Briefly, the serum sample is spiked with methyl-D3 cotinine as an internal standard, and after an equilibration period, the sample is applied to a basified solid-phase extraction column. (cdc.gov)
Cotinine was quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. (lu.se)

The 10 Panel Drug Test Plus Cotinine (Nicotine Metabolite) (Urine) is recommended for employers looking for an expanded workplace drug testing panel and may also need information about the prevalence of nicotine use among employees for insurance reasons. (anylabtestnow.com)

More specifically, this study examined the effects of cotinine on physiological measures, subjective measures assessing craving, withdrawal symptoms and mood, and performance measures. (umn.edu)
IMPACT: This study is the largest to date investigating the effects of polymorphisms affecting smoking behavior on lung cancer risk using circulating cotinine measures as proxies for recent smoking behavior. (ox.ac.uk)

Cotinine levels in a light smoker or someone exposed to secondhand smoke are 11 ng/mL to 30 ng/mL. (stillwater-medical.org)

These systematic differences in cotinine levels were attributed to variation in CYP2A6 activity. (wikipedia.org)
The Fourth Report shows differences in cotinine levels among different racial groups. (cdc.gov)
No differences in cotinine levels were found between those exposed to second- hand and third- hand smoke at home. (bvsalud.org)

Taking a cotinine urine test is much like taking a pregnancy test. (medicalhealthtests.com)

It is only the bad passing insurance cotinine testing ones programme will not. (tripod.com)

Therefore, serum was chosen for NHANES cotinine analyses. (cdc.gov)

The level of cotinine present in the body is an indicator of how much or how little a person smokes tobacco. (drugtestkits.ca)
If you haven't smoked or been exposed to nicotine in 7 to 10 days, your cotinine levels start to return to a normal level. (stillwater-medical.org)
serum cotinine level was positively associated with CD, especially for non-Hispanic white males. (medscape.com)

Anatomy2

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Psychiatry and Psychology4

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Salivary16

Metabolite of nicotine5

Saliva cotinine3

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Levels in Nonsmokers1

Blood cotinine levels1

Urinary cotinine levels5

Serum cotinine concentrations2

Exposure14

Nonsmokers2

Amount of cotinine2

Analysis of cotinine2

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Detect cotinine2

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