• With their repeated -CH2 units, the alkanes constitute a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ in molecular mass by multiples of 14.03 u (the total mass of each such methylene-bridge unit, which comprises a single carbon atom of mass 12.01 u and two hydrogen atoms of mass ~1.01 u each). (wikipedia.org)
  • The IUPAC nomenclature (systematic way of naming compounds) for alkanes is based on identifying hydrocarbon chains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alkenes react with a much richer variety of compounds than alkanes. (britannica.com)
  • CO is oxidized to CO(2), ammonia is oxidized to hydroxylamine, and some aromatic compounds and cyclic alkanes can also be hydroxylated, but more slowly. (cathdb.info)
  • Alcohols are the family of compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a single bonded alkane. (wikibooks.org)
  • Alcohols are important in organic chemistry because they can be converted to and from many other types of compounds. (wikibooks.org)
  • these are a nonrenewable natural resource that originated from the anaerobic degradation for long periods of time of organic matter under conditions of high temperature and pressure, converting it into a natural gas, crude, and multiple derivatives, which are formed by a complex and variable mixture of organic compounds, ranging in molecular weight from methane gas to the high molecular weights of tars and bitumens (Acuña-González et al. (springer.com)
  • Dehydrogenation is one of the most important processes in the chemistry of petroleum because it turns the starting inert alkanes into olefins and aromatic compounds, starting points towards other functional groups. (byjus.com)
  • A potent ability to assimilate hydrophobic compounds, including n -alkanes and fatty acids as carbon sources, is one of important characteristics of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica , and has been studied for both basic microbiological interest and biotechnological applications. (go.jp)
  • His group explores approaches to selectively activate and convert alkanes and methane, as well as elementary steps in the transformation of biomass compounds to alkanes. (pnnl.gov)
  • The compounds formed by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms of alkanes by halogen atoms are called halogen derivatives of alkanes. (answers.com)
  • Haloalkanes and haloarenes are organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane or arene are replaced by halogen atoms. (techcbse.com)
  • IN THIS CHAPTER, we begin our study of organic compounds with the physical and chem- ical properties of alkanes, the simplest types of organic compounds. (docslib.org)
  • Actually, alkanes are members of a larger class of organic compounds called hydrocarbons . (docslib.org)
  • Alkene and alkyne compounds can be converted into alkane compounds by catalytic hydrogenation with supply of proper temperature. (chemistryscl.com)
  • Jet fuels consist of four families of hydrocarbons: n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. (biofuels-news.com)
  • with 52% of C5-C12 alkanes, 17% of C5-C12 olefins, 14% of C5-C12 aromatics, and 17% of C13+ hydrocarbons from catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene. (aiche.org)
  • UPTON, NY-Scientists studying an enzyme that naturally produces alkanes-long carbon-chain molecules that could be a direct replacement for the hydrocarbons in gasoline-have figured out why the natural reaction typically stops after three to five cycles. (bnl.gov)
  • saturated alkanes or hydrocarbons are the major constituents of petroleum-derived products (Widdel and Rabus 2001). (springer.com)
  • Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds only, while alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond. (difference.wiki)
  • Alkanes, sometimes termed as paraffins, are hydrocarbons where all carbon-carbon bonds are single, indicating full saturation. (difference.wiki)
  • The formula for acyclic saturated hydrocarbons (i.e., alkanes ) is C n H 2 n +2 . (wikipedia.org)
  • We often refer to alkanes as aliphatic hydrocarbons, because the physi- Saturated hydrocarbon cal properties of the higher members of this class resemble those of the long carbon-chain A hydrocarbon containing only carbon-carbon single molecules we find in animal fats and plant oils (Greek: aleiphar, fat or oil ). (docslib.org)
  • We study alkanes (saturated An alternative term to hydrocarbons) in this chapter. (docslib.org)
  • We study alkenes and alkynes (both unsaturated hydrocarbons) describe an alkane. (docslib.org)
  • Alkanes are hydrocarbons only has carbon and hydrogen atoms in it's molecules. (chemistryscl.com)
  • In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single. (wikipedia.org)
  • In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C-C or C-H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C-H bond). (wikipedia.org)
  • The number of carbon atoms may be considered as the size of the alkane. (wikipedia.org)
  • One group of the higher alkanes are waxes, solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), for which the number of carbon atoms in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alkanes with more than three carbon atoms can be arranged in various ways, forming structural isomers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The simplest isomer of an alkane is the one in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a single chain with no branches. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the alkane isomers, the chain of carbon atoms may form one or more rings. (wikipedia.org)
  • The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are generally similar to those of alkanes or cycloalkanes with equal numbers of carbon atoms. (britannica.com)
  • Pentane is an alkane with five carbon atoms. (difference.wiki)
  • There are only single bonds between carbon atoms in alkane molecules. (chemistryscl.com)
  • In this reaction, an alkane with similar number of carbon atoms included in the Grignard reagent is given. (chemistryscl.com)
  • This reaction gives an alkane compound which has number of carbon atoms to the summation to number of carbon atoms in alkyl halide and number of carbon atoms in Grignard reagent. (chemistryscl.com)
  • Each double bond consumes one molar equivalent of hydrogen, each triple bond consumes two while rings are unaffected by hydrogenation at room temperature but please note that each ring equates with one unit of hydrogen deficiency also called degree of unsaturation (The number of pairs of hydrogen atoms that must be subtracted from the molecular formula of corresponding alkane to give the molecular formula under consideration). (birendrasir.com)
  • Hydrogenation is used to prepare alkanes and cycloalkanes and also to change the physical properties of highly unsaturated vegetable oils to increase their shelf life. (britannica.com)
  • 3.3 How to Draw Alternative Chair Conformations of 3.6 What Are the Conformations of Alkanes and Cyclohexane Cycloalkanes? (docslib.org)
  • CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 3.8 What Are the Physical Properties of Alkanes and 3A The Poisonous Puffer Fish Cycloalkanes? (docslib.org)
  • The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane (CH4), where n = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like pentacontane (C50H102) or 6-ethyl-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) octane, an isomer of tetradecane (C14H30). (wikipedia.org)
  • Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria and some long-chain alkanes function as pheromones in certain animal species or as protective waxes in plants and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methane, the simplest alkane, is the most abundant organic compound on earth and one of the most important gases which contribute to global warming [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • N2O and NOx are reduced in this process by ammonia and/or short-chain alkanes like methane or propane yielding nitrogen as harmless product. (clariant.com)
  • In terms of nomenclature, alkanes use the suffix "-ane" (like methane, propane), while alkenes use the suffix "-ene" (like ethene, propene). (difference.wiki)
  • Methane and ethane are examples of alkanes. (difference.wiki)
  • Methane is part of a homologous series known as the alkanes , which contain single bonds only. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) are the first two members of the alkane family. (docslib.org)
  • Methane Ethane 3.1 What Are Alkanes? (docslib.org)
  • Our controls and TELGAS SCADA system enabled Alkane to safely and securely extract methane gas from abandoned mine sites which fuelled on-site power generation equipment. (ultimetrics.net)
  • Later, the sites became depleted of methane and were converted for operation on natural gas, delivering on-demand generation by Grid's STOR service. (ultimetrics.net)
  • However, due to the uncontrollable reactivity of alkyl radicals, the production of desired alkanes was characterized by low selectivity. (greencarcongress.com)
  • An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that bears one open valence for bonding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Halogen derivatives of alkanes are also called alkyl halides. (answers.com)
  • Alkanes are prepared from other organic chemicals such as alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids using suitable reagents under specific conditions. (chemistryscl.com)
  • Alkanes can be prepared by Alkyl halide as mentioned below. (chemistryscl.com)
  • Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides, tertiary alkyl bromides and chlorides are converted into alkanes. (birendrasir.com)
  • A coupling reaction in which two alkyl halides reacted with sodium metal in dry ether to form higher alkanes is the Wurtz reaction. (bartleby.com)
  • How can you distinguish between an alkane and an alkene by name? (difference.wiki)
  • Non-terminal alkynes are converted into cis alkene due to syn addition. (birendrasir.com)
  • 1) Alkenes and alkynes react with hydrogen (H 2 ) in the presence of metal catalyst such as Nickel (Ni), Palladium (Pd) and Platinum (Pt) to produce alkanes. (birendrasir.com)
  • Alkanes are very similar to the carbon-chain molecules in gasoline. (bnl.gov)
  • These molecules contain furan rings, or fully saturated furan rings, or fully deoxygenated branched alkanes. (udel.edu)
  • Very complicated structures are possible by combining linear, branch, cyclic alkanes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this reaction, the corresponding alcohol is not considered an intermediate because it does not produce alkanes when exposed to the same reaction conditions. (vedantu.com)
  • Long chain aliphatic alcohols are metabolised by a pathway that also acts on alkanes and fatty acids (Mudge, 2008). (europa.eu)
  • Alkanes may be oxidised to alcohols and alcohols converted via short-lived aldehydes to fatty acids (which are exempt from REACH). (europa.eu)
  • Long chain alcohols are also intermediates in the microbial breakdown of alkanes and waxes. (europa.eu)
  • In the metabolism of n -alkanes, cytochromes P450ALK catalyze their initial hydroxylation to fatty alcohols, which are subsequently converted to fatty acids and utilized. (go.jp)
  • Alkane monooxygenase (AlkB), a membrane-spanning metalloenzyme, converts straight chain alkanes to alcohols in the first step of the microbially-mediated degradation of alkanes, thereby playing a critical role in the global cycling of carbon and the bioremediation of oil. (stanford.edu)
  • In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers led by Prof. WANG Feng at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have reported that photocatalytic decarboxylation is an efficient alternate pathway for converting biomass-derived fatty acids into alkanes under mild conditions of ambient temperature and pressure. (greencarcongress.com)
  • Schematic representation of photocatalytic decarboxylation strategy for alkane production from biomass-derived fatty acids. (greencarcongress.com)
  • Production of these alkanes from renewable biomass-such as biomass-derived fatty acids instead of fossil resources-could contribute significantly toward developing a sustainable energy supply. (greencarcongress.com)
  • These results show that C n-1 alkanes can be obtained from biomass-derived C 12 -C 18 fatty acids in high yields (greater than or equal to 90%) under mild conditions (30 °C, H 2 pressure less than or equal to 0.2 MPa) with 365 nm LED irradiation. (greencarcongress.com)
  • Several genese from biobricks were used to transform alkanes in to fatty acids which enter the beta oxydation cycle. (igem.org)
  • There are naturally occurring enzymes that can convert long chain fatty acids into alkanes. (biologycorner.com)
  • This review summarizes recent progress on the metabolism of n -alkanes and its transcriptional control in response to n -alkanes and to fatty acids in Y. lipolytica . (go.jp)
  • Because algae oil is comprised of triglycerides and other fatty acids, it can be converted to a variety of fuel-related products, including biofuels such as renewable diesel, biodiesel, and renewable jet fuel, through the same processes used to convert vegetable oils, animal fats, and other oils. (cellana.com)
  • For all even numbered alkanes the above reactions completely link them to the main network in CNA. (igem.org)
  • All the cofactors have regeneration reactions and all the alkanes are converted into acetyl-CoA. (igem.org)
  • This difference in reactivity means that alkanes and alkenes undergo different types of chemical reactions. (difference.wiki)
  • Haloalkanes can be converted to other haloalkanes by nucleophilic substitution reactions. (techcbse.com)
  • 3B Octane Rating: What Those Numbers at the 3.9 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkanes? (docslib.org)
  • 2020) "Enhanced photocatalytic alkane production from fatty acid decarboxylation via inhibition of radical oligomerization. (greencarcongress.com)
  • No, ethane is an alkane, which is a type of hydrocarbon. (answers.com)
  • Notably, relay catalysis of Al 2 O 3 followed by ZSM-5 achieved up to 100% conversion into monoaromatics and C5-C12 alkanes/olefins at a catalyst to plastic ratio of 4:1. (aiche.org)
  • Furthermore, we proposed a novel approach ( Figure 1 ) of combining two catalytic reforming zones, where the first catalytic reforming zone was intended to improve the cracking of polyolefins into short chain olefins, and the second, lower-temperature catalytic reforming zone was intended for the hydrogenation process to convert these olefins to C5-C12 alkenes. (aiche.org)
  • The tests were very successful and very promising results (60-75% C5-C12 alkanes, 3-5% C5-C12 olefins, 5-15% mono-aromatics) were obtained as hypothesized. (aiche.org)
  • One potential approach to utilize shale gas is to first convert the C 2 and C3 paraffinic components into olefins, valuable chemical building blocks, by catalytic dehydrogenation. (purdue.edu)
  • Rationally controlling the conversion of radical intermediates for preferential hydrogen termination is the key to high selectivity in obtaining alkane products. (greencarcongress.com)
  • The goal of this dissertation is to study how the geometric and electronic changes to a metal upon alloying influence its selectivity for light alkane dehydrogenation. (purdue.edu)
  • The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifies the following methods of analysis for the substance to be tested: measurement of pH, determination of water content, determination of free alkalinity or free acidity, determination of matter extractable by light petroleum, determination of sodium alkane sulphonates content, determination of alkane monosulphonates content, determination of sodium sulphite content, determination of sodium sulphate content, determination of sodium chloride content. (iso.org)
  • From a source perspective, alkanes are abundant in natural gas and petroleum, and their combustion is a primary energy source. (difference.wiki)
  • Cerium and lanthanum catalysts are used in petroleum refining to convert crude oil into gasoline. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • To simplify the analysis of ADO, the scientists tested whether they could substitute hydrogen peroxide for the electron transfer proteins and oxygen normally required for the alkane-producing reaction-an approach that had worked for a related enzyme. (bnl.gov)
  • We reasoned that with the ADO and catalase enzymes linked, as the hydrogen peroxide concentration near the enzyme increases, the catalase could convert it to oxygen, mitigating the inhibition and thereby keeping the reaction going," he said. (bnl.gov)
  • And, in addition to removing hydrogen peroxide as an inhibitor of ADO, the combo enzyme actually helps drive the alkane-producing reaction by producing oxygen, one of the key components required for activity. (bnl.gov)
  • This bi-functional enzyme simultaneously decreases the concentration of the inhibitor and increases the concentration of a needed reaction component by converting an inhibitor into a substrate," Shanklin said. (bnl.gov)
  • The reaction types can be extended to prepare fine chemicals thus dec-9-en-1-ol was on silver catalysis with good yields. (byjus.com)
  • Clemmensen reduction is an organic chemical reaction that converts ketones or aldehydes into alkanes. (vedantu.com)
  • Wolff-Kishner reduction is an organic chemical reaction used to convert a carbonyl functional group to a methylene group. (vedantu.com)
  • Alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrogenation can be used to convert a nitro compound to amine but not used when the molecule contains some other easily hydrogenated group like carbon-carbon double bond. (birendrasir.com)
  • Recent discovery of an enzyme known as aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (ADO), which naturally makes alkanes from precursors in certain bacteria, stimulated interest in harnessing this enzyme's action to make liquid biofuels. (bnl.gov)
  • Likewise, the Brookhaven team's experiments in test tubes-using substrates synthesized with the help of Sunny Kim in Brookhaven's Radiotracer and Biological Imaging group-yielded the same result others had observed: The enzyme mysteriously stopped working after three to five "turnovers" and alkane production would cease. (bnl.gov)
  • The key discovery-that the alkane-producing system creates a by-product that's toxic to the ADO enzyme-was unexpected. (bnl.gov)
  • To confirm that hydrogen peroxide buildup was the problem and to simultaneously test whether its depletion might enhance alkane production, Shanklin and his team tried adding another enzyme, catalase, which metabolizes hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. (bnl.gov)
  • So there was a question about whether the dual enzyme would increase alkane production under these natural conditions. (bnl.gov)
  • Results to date have been encouraging: In experiments in test tubes and pilot studies in bacteria, the bi-functional enzyme resulted in at least a five-fold increase in alkane production compared with ADO alone. (bnl.gov)
  • Structure and mechanism of the alkane-oxidizing enzyme AlkB. (stanford.edu)
  • In such processes the liquid oils are converted to fats of a more solid consistency. (britannica.com)
  • While electronic effects play a secondary role in alkane dehydrogenation, this insight could provide useful for other catalytic chemistries. (purdue.edu)
  • These findings provide insight into the catalytic mechanism of AlkB and shed light on its function in alkane-degrading microorganisms. (stanford.edu)
  • The dithioacetal ot dithioketal when hydrogenated over Raney Ni give corresponding alkane (used in Mozingo reduction). (birendrasir.com)
  • The acylated products can be easily converted to the corresponding alkanes by either Clemmensen Reduction or Wolf-Kishner Reduction. (whatismeaningof.com)
  • Because Grignard reagent is not stable to water, Grignard reagent gives alkanes when Grignard reagent reacts with water or dilute acids . (chemistryscl.com)
  • In order to further mitigate the aromatic formation, Al 2 O 3 pillared clay catalyst was developed and tested, resulting over 50% C5-C12 alkanes and less than 10% monoaromatics. (aiche.org)
  • The nitrous oxide is converted in two stages: in the first stage, the nitrous oxide is decomposed to oxygen and nitrogen with the aid of the catalyst EnviCat N2O. (clariant.com)
  • Alternatively, the feedstock oil derived from algae can be hydro-treated to produce bio-alkanes such as renewable diesel, renewable gasoline, JP-8, and other jet fuels. (cellana.com)
  • The same uncontrolled oligomerization was observed in the presence of bifunctional cinchona alkaloid catalysts with amine and thiourea moieties (Supplementary Figs. 11j,k and 12j,k).The increase in shale gas exploitation has motivated the studies towards new processes for converting light alkanes into higher valuable chemicals, including fuels. (baumaschinen-knell.de)
  • Did you know that sand can be converted into a mixture of gases that spontaneously ignites in air? (chemedx.org)
  • His research includes low-temperature acid-base catalyzed activation, functionalization, and transformation of alkanes. (pnnl.gov)