• Current pneumococcal vaccines use the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides as antigens to generate serotype-specific antibodies, which facilitate serotype-specific clearance of pneumococci through opsonophagocytosis ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this investigation was to compare the principal culturable bacterial populations on the rectal mucosa of UC patients, and to determine whether specific antibodies towards these bacteria can activate infiltrating PMN through opsonisation. (bmj.com)
  • Antibodies from UC patients greatly enhanced the respiratory burst in PMN, in response to individual bacterial species. (bmj.com)
  • In a conjugate vaccine prototype, a synthetic sugar component mimics the bacterial antigen which induces antibodies. (pasteur.fr)
  • First, chloramphenicol treatment allows the selection of bacteria expressing antigen-CAT fusion proteins in frame, which greatly reduces the number of colonies to be screened. (nih.gov)
  • Third, the uniformly high expression level of antigen-CAT fusion proteins permits the establishment of large and representative pool sizes. (nih.gov)
  • Using this approach, the BALF4 and BNRF1 proteins were identified as targets of the EBV-specific T-helper-cell response, demonstrating that lytic cycle antigens are a relevant component of the EBV-specific TH-cell response. (nih.gov)
  • Antibody-antigen affinity is often evaluated with isolated proteins. (lu.se)
  • The current authors investigated the effects of naphthoquinone (NQ), one of the extractable chemical compounds of DEP, on antigen-related airway inflammation, local expression of cytokine proteins, and antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) production in mice. (ersjournals.com)
  • The gut needs to produce a strong protective immune response to resist the invasion of pathogenic antigens, while similar reactions to harmless antigens such as dietary proteins or symbiotic microorganisms, may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using genetic engineering, scientists could make viral proteins (antigens) in the lab in bacterial or other cultures. (davidicke.com)
  • Here, we describe a simple procedure that permits the identification of viral T-helper (TH)-cell antigens and epitopes. (nih.gov)
  • This direct antigen identification method is based on the random expression of viral polypeptides fused to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in bacteria, which are subsequently fed to major histocompatibility complex class II+ antigen-presenting cells and probed with antigen-specific T cells. (nih.gov)
  • Explain why a secondary antibody response to an antigen may prevent a bacterial or viral disease when the primary adaptive immune response to that antigen did not protect the person from the disease. (nursingtermpaper.com)
  • Instead of detecting a single specific protein associated with the invader, they detect repetitive molecules linked together, such as those found in a bacterial cell wall or viral capsid. (nationaljewish.org)
  • At the same time, rapidly developing resistance of microbes to anti- infective drugs is undermining treatment of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases, weakening the weapons against them. (who.int)
  • The two most common etiological agents of viral gastroenteritis , rotavirus and norovirus are known to recognize histo- blood group antigens (HBGAs) as attachment receptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review focuses on the relationship between HBGAs and predisposition to common human gastrointestinal illnesses caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) for detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens in pleural fluid effusion samples. (scielo.br)
  • Comparison with bacterial culture, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and latex agglutination Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) for detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens in pleural fluid effusion samples. (scielo.br)
  • Coagglutination tests for the detection of bacterial antigen are useful supportive tests when used in conjunction with direct microscopy and culture for bacterial pathogens. (bmj.com)
  • Because several bacteria may be implicated in BRD, it is also our objective to use this project as a platform for developing vaccines against additional BRD-associated bacterial pathogens. (genomealberta.ca)
  • At present it is assumed that the relationship between an individual's susceptibility and bacterial virulence determines the balance between tolerance of invading pathogens and the mounting of an immune response, which in turn dictates the course of infection and subsequent recurrence. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • During my career I have gained valuable experience working with a range of bacterial pathogens. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • For specific immunocompromising conditions (e.g., asplenia), such patients may be at higher risk for certain diseases, and additional vaccines, particularly bacterial polysaccharide vaccines {Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pneumococcal and meningococcal}, are recommended for them. (cdc.gov)
  • 2 This assay utilizes as capture antigen a mixture of E. rhusiopathiae surface antigens extracted by the method described by Frasch. (vin.com)
  • Systemic antibody responses were measured against total antigens and surface antigens of these organisms in UC and Crohn's disease (CD) patients, together with healthy controls. (bmj.com)
  • UC patients had higher IgG responses to surface antigens, primarily IgG1, whereas the response in CD was mainly IgG2. (bmj.com)
  • These cells play pivotal parts in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa. (nature.com)
  • Once established, target antigens will be used to develop a vaccine offering cattle protection against M. haemolytica -associated BRD. (genomealberta.ca)
  • Bacterial Vaccine Polypeptides: Can We Eliminate Otitis Media and Antibiotic Use in Infants? (terrapinn.com)
  • The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. (mdpi.com)
  • We are investigating the use of this TLR2 ligand, PorB, as a vaccine adjuvant using classic antigens i.e. (bu.edu)
  • Daniell H, Singh ND, Mason H, Streatfield SJ (2009) Plant-made vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals. (springer.com)
  • One hundred and seventeen specimens of cerebrospinal fluid from 94 patients were examined for the presence of pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens using counterimmunoelectrophoresis and coagglutination tests. (bmj.com)
  • A dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) for pneumococcal antigen detection was standardized in view of the need for a rapid and accurate immunodiagnosis of acute pneumococcal pneumonia. (scielo.br)
  • Pneumococcal omniserum diluted at 1:200 was employed in this assay for antigen detection. (scielo.br)
  • Pneumococcal omniserum proved to be an optimal polyvalent antiserum for the detection of pneumococcal antigen by Dot-ELISA. (scielo.br)
  • In adults, pneumococcal pneumonia is the most common type of pneumococcal disease, and pneumococcus is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia that results in hospitalization ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Herniation can sometimes occur in acute bacterial meningitis and other CNS infections as the consequence of severe cerebral edema or acute hydrocephalus. (medscape.com)
  • In life threatening infections like acute bacterial meningitis, where early diagnosis and prompt treatment is of utmost importance, Latex agglutination test can provide results within minutes facilitating early initiation of empirical therapy, making it an effective adjunct to gram stain and culture. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common bacterial infection with symptoms that include urinary frequency, urgency to void, dysuria and abdominal pain. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • The flagellar filament is a major antigen recognized by hosts during bacterial infections. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Objectives To evaluate current processes by which young children presenting with a febrile illness but suspected of having serious bacterial infection are diagnosed and treated, and to develop and test a multivariable model to distinguish serious bacterial infections from self limiting non-bacterial illnesses. (bmj.com)
  • Serious bacterial infections were confirmed or excluded using standard radiological and microbiological tests and follow-up. (bmj.com)
  • 94%) of the children with serious bacterial infections had the appropriate test (urine culture, chest radiograph, or blood culture). (bmj.com)
  • Ah Pylori is one of the most common bacterial infections found in humans. (dane101.com)
  • A particulate matter: How environmental irritants and particulate matter increase sensitivity to bacterial respiratory tract infections. (lu.se)
  • A total of 442 pleural fluid effusion samples (PFES) from children with clinical and laboratory diagnoses of acute bacterial pneumonia, plus 38 control PFES from tuberculosis patients and 20 negative control serum samples from healthy children were evaluated by Dot-ELISA. (scielo.br)
  • Main outcome measures Diagnosis of one of three key types of serious bacterial infection (urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and bacteraemia), and the accuracy of both our clinical decision making model and clinician judgment in making these diagnoses. (bmj.com)
  • My research focuses on determining the mechanism of action of predicted O‑antigen acetyltransferases in Salmonella, which are responsible for adding acetyl groups to different sugar residues of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen. (whiterose-mechanisticbiology-dtp.ac.uk)
  • As the O-antigen is the outermost component of LPS, which is an abundant component of the outer membrane of Salmonella , it is most exposed to the host immune system. (whiterose-mechanisticbiology-dtp.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, the ability of Salmonella to alter O-antigen structure by addition of acetyl groups can contribute to evasion of host immunity. (whiterose-mechanisticbiology-dtp.ac.uk)
  • O antigen clusters from two serogroup O58 S. enterica strains had approximately 85 % identity with the E. coli O123 O antigen region over their entire length, suggesting that these Salmonella and E. coli O antigen regions evolved from a common ancestor. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The O antigen cluster of a Salmonella serogroup O41 isolate had a lower level of identity with E. coli O123 over only part of its O antigen DNA cluster sequence, suggesting a different and more complex evolution of this gene cluster than those in the O58 strains. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A large part of the Salmonella O41 O antigen DNA cluster had very close identity with the O antigen cluster of an O62 strain. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The E. coli O123 O-antigenic polysaccharide and its repeating unit were characterized, and the chemical structure for E. coli O123 was entirely consistent with the O antigen gene cluster sequences of E. coli O123 and the Salmonella O58 isolates. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • An understanding of both the genetic and structural composition of Salmonella and E. coli O antigens is necessary for the development of novel molecular methods for serotyping these organisms. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We have studied how bacterial species such as the pathogen Salmonella enterica maintain a discrete number of flagellar per cell during cell growth and division. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • They found that a molecule that binds toll-like receptors (TLR) doubles the early antibody response to an antigen, and shifts it to a more effective, IgG form. (nationaljewish.org)
  • Mannheimia haemolytica is an important bacterial pathogen associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle. (genomealberta.ca)
  • The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. (mdpi.com)
  • A significant number of bacterial species encode multiple copies of the filament building block - flagellin. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • We complement our study on flagellar abundance with research to understanding how a filament is assembled from multiple flagellins, a trait maintained by many bacterial species. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • This test is quick and inexpensive, but cross-reactivity with other bacterial species commonly results in false positives. (akc.org)
  • The immunostained extracts were then analyzed for the presence of antigens, which were immunogenic in the three cetacean species, and for the extraction technique which liberated the highest amount of those antigens. (vin.com)
  • There are many microorganisms colonized in the human intestine, and more than 1000 bacterial species in the intestinal ecosystem of a single individual. (frontiersin.org)
  • This procedure is superior after hospital discharge, 54% of patients to the swab culture in identifying different showed symptoms of moderate to severe bacterial species. (who.int)
  • Acute bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency, and delays in instituting effective antimicrobial therapy result in increased morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a life threatening infection in children, associated with long term complications and high mortality rate. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • To estimate the proportion of Laboratory confirmed cases among children admitted with clinical suspicion of acute bacterial meningitis in a tertiary care hospital. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • To compare and analyse the diagnostic efficacy of Culture, Gram stain and antigen detection by Latex agglutination in Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for laboratory detection of Acute bacterial meningitis. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Of the 50 clinically suspected cases, 13(26%) were confirmed as Acute bacterial meningitis by laboratory investigations. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Dillirani V, Jayachitra J, Chandrasekaran K, Monisha T. Comparative Analysis of Gram Stain, Culture and Bacterial Antigen Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples for Laboratory Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Pediatric Population in A Tertiary Care Hospital. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • ELISAs were performed on 937 serum samples (317 children and 620 adults) from across Lao PDR to measure IgG antibody titers against Vi polysaccharide and the experimental protein antigens, CdtB and HlyE. (nih.gov)
  • Antibody binding to bacterial surfaces plays a crucial role in immunity, and a key characteristic of this protein-protein interaction is the binding affinity. (lu.se)
  • Determining the affinity of an antibody binding to its antigen is the first step in predicting the function in a physiological environment where other competing protein interactions may be present. (lu.se)
  • My laboratory uses, bacterial genetics, protein biochemistry, structural biology, bioinformatics and microscopic techniques to validate our genetic findings. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Combined exposure to NQ and antigen enhanced the local expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, eotaxin, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and keratinocyte chemoattractant, compared with exposure to antigen or NQ alone. (ersjournals.com)
  • The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of NQ on airway inflammation, the local expression of cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 and chemokines such as eotaxin, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and Ig production related to antigen exposure. (ersjournals.com)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells. (medscape.com)
  • Current technologies for DNA sequencing allow for rapid bacterial genome analysis and comparison of similarities and differences between strains. (genomealberta.ca)
  • It is our objective to sequence and compare the genomes of virulent and commensal strains of M. haemolytica in order to identify conserved antigens in virulent strains. (genomealberta.ca)
  • This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. (mdpi.com)
  • For example, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) have a unique ability to drive T helper 17 (Th17) cell accumulation in the small intestine's lamina propria through SFB-derived antigens presented by dendritic cells ( 22 - 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We have found that antigen presenting cells, including B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, are activated by PorB in a TLR2, TLR1 and MyD88 dependent manner, inducting upregulation of class II MHC, costimulatory molecule CD86 and other markers of activation. (bu.edu)
  • OVA, and more relevant antigens, i.e. bacterial capsular polysaccharide. (bu.edu)
  • Pulmonary exposure to NQ dose-dependently aggravated antigen-related airway inflammation, as characterised by infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes around the airways and an increase in goblet cells in the bronchial epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
  • Also, NQ exhibited adjuvant activity for the antigen-specific production of IgG 1 and IgG 2a . (ersjournals.com)
  • More recently, it has also been demonstrated that PQ aggravates antigen-related airway inflammation in mice, and that PQ also has adjuvant activity for antigen-specific Igs 25 . (ersjournals.com)
  • We have found that PorB induces a genetic program consisting of genes and gene sets needed for immunoglobulin synthesis and cellular proliferation after only one or two immunizations as opposed to a greater number of immunizations of antigen alone to induce a similar response. (bu.edu)
  • So the researchers decided to inject mice with the synthetic antigen plus a molecule that binds an innate receptor, known as TLR ligand. (nationaljewish.org)
  • Functional characterization of IgA-targeted bacterial taxa from undernourished Malawian children that produce diet-dependent enteropathy. (nature.com)
  • This combination of effector cells requires a crosslinking antigen to evoke an antibody driven PMN inflammatory response via their Fc receptors. (bmj.com)
  • Antigen detection by latex agglutination can provide prompt results thereby facilitating early initiation of empirical antibiotic treatment. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • CSF samples from pediatric patients with clinical suspicion of ABM were analysed by Gram stain, culture and Antigen detection by Latex agglutination method. (microbiologyjournal.org)
  • Bacterial meningitis must be the first and foremost consideration in the differential diagnosis of patients with headache, neck stiffness, fever, and altered mental status. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is made by culture of the CSF sample. (medscape.com)
  • CD1b is an antigen-presenting molecule that mediates recognition of bacterial lipid and glycolipid antigens by specific T cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These results define the functional role of the CD1b targeting motif in a physiologic setting and demonstrate its importance in delivery of this antigen-presenting molecule to appropriate intracellular compartments. (elsevierpure.com)
  • I also have a strong background in bacterial pathogenesis of both Animal and Plant Hosts. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • These results provide the first experimental evidence that naphthoquinone can enhance antigen-related airway inflammation in vivo , and that naphthoquinone can, to some extent, partly play a role in the pathogenesis of diesel exhaust particle toxicity on the condition. (ersjournals.com)
  • Bacterial colonization and invasive as extent and depth of injury, patient age, bacterial infection are still major problems associated conditions and the presence of in the treatment of burn victims. (who.int)
  • Mutant forms of CD1b lacking the endosomal targeting motif are expressed at high levels on the cell surface but are unable to efficiently present lipid antigens acquired either exogenously or from live intracellular organisms. (elsevierpure.com)
  • and intracellular bacterial killing were significantly decreased with ODE-challenged versus control MDMs. (cdc.gov)
  • Surface antigen of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is obtained by immunization, and also inquire about the recent health status of the child to be injected. (who.int)
  • The main diagnostic criterion for CBP is positive bacterial cultures of prostatic fluid. (medscape.com)
  • However, some patients may have bacterial infection despite negative urine cultures. (medscape.com)
  • Physicians' diagnoses of bacterial infection had low sensitivity (10-50%) and high specificity (90-100%), whereas the clinical diagnostic model provided a broad range of values for sensitivity and specificity. (bmj.com)
  • A clinical diagnostic model could improve decision making by increasing sensitivity for detecting serious bacterial infection, thereby improving early treatment. (bmj.com)
  • Three S. enterica isolates had O antigen gene clusters with homology to the Escherichia coli O123 O antigen region. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Laboratory tests (Table 1) and Antigen IgG Levels chest imaging (Figure 1) were performed. (cdc.gov)
  • CONCLUSION: Repetitive organic dust exposure significantly decreases markers of antigen presentation and host defense function in MDMs. (cdc.gov)
  • The innate immune response begins within minutes to hours after an infection begins by recognizing general molecular patterns associated with infectious organisms, such as components of bacterial cell walls. (nationaljewish.org)
  • Distinct differences were observed in some bacterial populations in UC biopsies, which were generally reflected in antibody responses towards these organisms. (bmj.com)
  • cough (pertussis) organisms, highly purified, non-infectious particles of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hib component as under consideration. (who.int)
  • It is informative to also be able to assess antibody binding to a bacterial surface where many antigens might be present, including multiple copies of the specific antigen the antibody recognizes, and in a context where the antigen might be in a more natural conformation. (lu.se)
  • Changes in mucosal bacteria, and a switch from internal to surface antigen/antibody reactivity of a predominantly IgG1 type, leads to greater opsonisation of the respiratory burst in PMN, providing a mechanism for maintaining the inflammatory state in UC. (bmj.com)
  • We have therefore sequenced additional S. enterica O antigen gene clusters to provide information for the development of DNA-based serotyping methods. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis. (fpnotebook.com)
  • Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is most often caused by Escherichia coli or other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, and typically affects men 36 to 50 years of age. (medscape.com)
  • Bacterial cell components appear to be driving these impaired responses. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the relative abundance of different bacterial lineages may lead to changes in the host immune profile and drive inflammatory responses contributing to RA. (frontiersin.org)
  • In turn, bacterial peptidoglycan components are found in the synovial tissue of RA patients, which may contribute to inflammation within the microenvironment of the joint ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The current authors have previously demonstrated that diesel exhaust particles (DEP) enhance antigen-related airway inflammation in mice. (ersjournals.com)
  • DEP enhance the antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E response 5 , 6 and aggravate airway inflammation induced by repetitive intratracheal instillation of antigen in vivo 7 - 10 . (ersjournals.com)
  • The current authors have recently demonstrated that extracted organic chemicals from DEP, rather than residual carbonaceous nuclei of DEP after extraction, predominantly enhance antigen-related airway inflammation in mice 17 . (ersjournals.com)
  • 1 In order to develop a more sensitive ELISA, crude E. rhusiopathiae antigen extracts have been studied in an attempt to identify the component(s) most important in eliciting a humoral immune response in cetaceans. (vin.com)
  • Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stem Cells are the Principal Intestinal Epithelial Responders to Bacterial Antigens. (mpg.de)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cells have been successfully used to treat or prevent EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, but the antigens recognized by the infused CD4+ T cells have remained unknown. (nih.gov)
  • From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. (mdpi.com)
  • Parents of a child with a family history y tétanos, organismos inactivados de tos ferina (pertussis), partículas no-infecciosas, altamente purificadas del antígeno de culturing genetically engineered Hansenula polymorpha yeast cells having the surface antigen gene of the Hepatitis B virus. (who.int)
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expressed in the cells of Hansenula polymorpha is purified through several chemical steps instructed regarding appropriate medical care in the unlikely event of a seizure. (who.int)
  • States have been and continue to be prepared from suspensions of inactivated or disrupted Bordetella pertussis whole bacterial cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Any bacteria that can cause a urinary tract infection can cause acute bacterial prostatitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity. (bvsalud.org)