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Charophyta (UK: /kəˈrɒfɪtə, ˌkærəˈfaɪtə/) is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (/ˈkærəˌfaɪts/), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. (wikipedia.org)
In some charophyte groups, such as the Zygnematophyceae or conjugating green algae, flagella are absent and sexual reproduction does not involve free-swimming flagellate sperm. (wikipedia.org)
Charophyta are complex green algae that form a sister group to the Chlorophyta and within which the Embryophyta emerged. (wikipedia.org)
The chlorophyte and charophyte green algae and the embryophytes or land plants form a clade called the green plants or Viridiplantae, that is united among other things by the absence of phycobilins, the presence of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, cellulose in the cell wall and the use of starch, stored in the plastids, as a storage polysaccharide. (wikipedia.org)
By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin for "green plants") which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants. (handwiki.org)
Plants in a strict sense include the green algae , and land plants that emerged within them, including stoneworts. (handwiki.org)
But, it swallows green algae. (hollywoodsstudio.ca)
A number of organisms under consideration here (e.g., many bacteria, archaea, diatoms, dinoflagellates, and many green algae) are unicellular and, while their devel opment is quite different than for multicellular organisms, they do change over time and show definite patterns of development. (geneseo.edu)
Photosynthetic green algae evolved 1 to 1.5 billion years ago when a eukaryotic heterotroph encapsulated a cyanobacterium which ultimately formed a plastid 1 . (nature.com)
Thus, properly defining a role for ABA in a photosynthetic progenitor of land plants where water stress is not normally an issue, the green algae may give valuable insight into its other roles. (nature.com)

All current definitions exclude the fungi and some of the algae. (handwiki.org)
however all current definitions of "plant" exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). (partcommunity.com)

Therefore, the aim of this study was to define a specific role for ABA in the motile green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , providing evidence that this phytohormone mediates the light-dependent diurnal rhythm of up and down gravitaxis of the algae in the water column. (nature.com)

While the most obvious molecule that needs to be made is DNA, there are a host of others: molecules for membranes, ribosomes and (for eukaryotic cells) for mitochondria and plastids. (geneseo.edu)
Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)

Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals , and included algae and fungi . (handwiki.org)
[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)

A definition based on genomes includes the Viridiplantae, along with the red algae and the glaucophytes , in the clade Archaeplastida . (handwiki.org)
To identify morphotype-specific DNA markers and the genetic variations, plastid genomes of all three tall fescue morphotypes, i.e. (bvsalud.org)
Only four InDels in four genes (ccsA, rps18, accD, and ndhH-p) were identified, which discriminated Continental and Rhizomatous plastid genomes from the Mediterranean plastid genome. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of the assembled plastid genomes of Rhizomatous and Mediterranean tall fescue. (bvsalud.org)

The clade Viridiplantae encompasses a group of organisms that have cellulose in their cell walls , possess chlorophylls a and b and have plastids bound by only two membranes that are capable of photosynthesis and of storing starch. (handwiki.org)
Green plants have cell walls containing cellulose and obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts, derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. (partcommunity.com)
Plants, algae and a few other organisms rely on a process known as photosynthesis to fuel themselves, as they can harness cellular structures called chloroplasts to convert light into usable energy. (elifesciences.org)
To investigate this question, Havurinne and Tyystjärvi compared photosynthesis in sea slugs and the algae they eat. (elifesciences.org)

Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm 2 in cross section, [9] but vary considerably in size and structure. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)
A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)

All living organisms are made up of cells. (practically.com)
The shape of the cell varies in different organisms and within an organism. (practically.com)
2. In multicellular organisms, dead cells play an important role. (practically.com)
Unicellular organisms represent a single cell, while multicellular organisms are made up of numerous cells. (practically.com)
Cells in multicellular organisms depend upon other cells present in the organism for their growth and development. (practically.com)
This pattern of change through time is termed development and while the term is mostly associated with organisms, it is significant to realize that organized (i.e., controlled in some manner) change through time is seen in cells (e.g., the cell cycle, apoptosis), populations (e.g., logistic and exponential population growth) and communities (e.g., succession). (geneseo.edu)
For most familiar organisms the starting point is a special cell that has the ability to proliferate, develop a complex structure, and grow to produce an 'end point', a specific form that characterizes that particular creature. (geneseo.edu)
That is, some organisms 'self-destruct' as part of its developmental process, just as some cells do. (geneseo.edu)
Universally, development in unicellular organisms has two visible manifestations (there are many more developmental events that are not visible): cell division (Fig. 7) and cell growth. (geneseo.edu)

The reproductive organs consist of antheridia and oogonia, though the structures of these organs differ considerably from the corresponding organs in other algae. (wikipedia.org)
All organs, tissues, or cells cannot carry out all the functions. (practically.com)
Plant tissue culture is a technique that is utilized to sustain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile condition on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. (microbiologynote.com)

We conclude that light and ABA signal competitively in order for algae to position themselves in the water column to minimise photo-oxidative stress and optimise photosynthetic efficiency. (nature.com)
Reasoning that high-light-induced photo-oxidation likely poses the main threat to photosynthetic algae, here the initial investigation focused on the effect of ABA on the photosynthetic efficiency of C. reinhardtii by measuring the ability of treated algae to deplete their growing media of dissolved HCO 3 − under different light levels. (nature.com)
We found that the slug Elysia timida induces changes to the photosynthetic light reactions of the chloroplasts it steals from the alga Acetabularia acetabulum . (elifesciences.org)
Once stolen, the chloroplasts, now termed kleptoplasts, remain functional inside the slug's cells for several weeks, essentially creating a photosynthetic slug. (elifesciences.org)

Only recently, miRNAs have been shown to be expressed in unicellular eukaryotes and algae, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)

2. Leeuwenhoek (1674) observed few living cells capable of moving, such as bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa and red blood corpuscles under his own designed microscope. (practically.com)
Early chloroplasts were probably independent bacteria that were captured and 'domesticated' by other cells for their ability to extract energy from the sun. (elifesciences.org)

A single cell represents an organism. (practically.com)
The entire organism is ma de up of a single cell. (practically.com)
More than one or many cells combine and coordinate to form a multicellular organism. (practically.com)
An organism is composed of numerous cells. (practically.com)
The cell or organism is independent and does not need help from other such cells for its growth and development. (practically.com)
Growth is the irreversible increase in dry weight, mass or volume of a cell, organ or organism. (icsesolutions.com)
Development is the sequence of events that occur in the life history of a cell, organ or organism which includes growth, differentiation, maturation and senescence. (icsesolutions.com)
The technique in which the tissues or cells are grown on an artificial medium separate from the parent organism is known as tissue culture. (microbiologynote.com)
In contemporary usage, "tissue culture" usually relates to the extension of cells from a tissue of a multicellular organism in vitro. (microbiologynote.com)
A donor organism (primary cells) or an immortalized cell line provides these cells. (microbiologynote.com)
Fig. 7 Development in yeast, a unicellular organism, involves changes that bring about reproduction (cell division) by budding. (geneseo.edu)

We suggest that the development of this response mechanism in motile algae may have been an important step in the evolution of terrestrial plants and that its retention therein strongly implicates ABA in the regulation of their relevant tropisms. (nature.com)
The aquatic to terrestrial transition must have posed a significant challenge to algae and environmental differences required the adaptive evolution of protective mechanisms enabling them to become high-light and desiccation tolerant and sessile at the water surface. (nature.com)

The Zygnematophyceae or, as they used to be called, Conjugatophyceae, generally possess two fairly elaborate chloroplasts in each cell, rather than many discoid ones. (wikipedia.org)
Many plant cells possess the capability to reconstruct a whole plant (totipotency), this is the main fact on which the Plant tissue culture technique relies. (microbiologynote.com)

In-Plant tissue culture technique a whole plant or new plant can be generated from plant cells without cell walls (protoplasts), Single cells, stems, or roots, pieces of leaves by providing the required nutrients and plant hormones. (microbiologynote.com)

He examined thin slices of cork under his microscope and observed the honey comb like structures composed of box like compartments which were termed as the cellulae (cells). (practically.com)
The sea slug Elysia timida , however, can steal whole chloroplasts from the cells of the algae it consumes: the stolen structures then become part of the cells in the gut of the slug, allowing the animal to gain energy from sunlight. (elifesciences.org)

The cells are immersed in a culture medium, which includes vital nutrients and energy reservoirs essential for the cells' survival. (microbiologynote.com)
The shape and structure of leaves vary considerably from species to species of plant, depending largely on their adaptation to climate and available light, but also to other factors such as grazing animals, available nutrients, and ecological competition from other plants. (en-academic.com)

Sacoglossan sea slugs are able to maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation of the chloroplasts are unknown. (elifesciences.org)
500 individuals) and their prey algae, we show that the plastoquinone pool of slug chloroplasts remains oxidized, which can suppress reactive oxygen species formation. (elifesciences.org)

All living cells exhibit certain basic properties like respiration, growth, metabolism etc. (practically.com)

4. In 1831, Robert Brown discovered the presence of nucleus in the cells of orchid root. (practically.com)

the grey colour of many species results from the deposition of lime on the walls, masking the green colour of the chlorophyll. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, conditions inside animal cells are widely different to the ones found inside algae and plants. (elifesciences.org)

The relationships between plant groups are still being worked out, and the names given to them vary considerably. (handwiki.org)
All cells vary in their shape, size, and activity they perform. (practically.com)

The Under unfavorable conditions Euglena secretes a protective wall around it and becomes encysted. (hollywoodsstudio.ca)

As such mechanisms became more effective, the depth to which algae needed to descend presumably reduced, enabling them to thrive closer into the shoreline. (nature.com)

For the animals, this technique is also known as the culture of animal cells and tissues and for the plants, it is known as plant tissue culture. (microbiologynote.com)

Transcriptome studies of wild type Haloferax cells and the deletion mutant revealed up-regulation of six genes in the deletion strain, showing that the sRNA has a clearly defined function. (uni-stuttgart.de)

They reproduce asexually by the development of a septum between the two cell-halves or semi-cells (in unicellular forms, each daughter-cell develops the other semi-cell afresh) and sexually by conjugation, or the fusion of the entire cell-contents of the two conjugating cells. (wikipedia.org)

The Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. (practically.com)

For example, dead epidermal cells in the skin of animals protect the underlying cells. (practically.com)

These processes are components of the 'cell cycle', a repeating series where cells acquire materials, synthesize molecules from them, and partition these materials into two daughter cells in the process of mitosis. (geneseo.edu)

The zygote turns into four new haploid cells through meiosis, which will develop into new algae. (wikipedia.org)

v) The type of growth in which the volume of the body increases without the increase in the number of body cells. (icsesolutions.com)

A cell wall is absent, instead the cell membrane consist of many layers of specific scales. (wikipedia.org)
In fact, the shape and size of the cell is related to the specific functions they perform. (practically.com)

Size of cells also differs. (practically.com)
The table given below lists the shape and size of certain cells. (practically.com)

Leghaemoglobin is the pinkish pigment present in the cells of root nodules of leguminous plants and acts as an oxygen scavenger to protect the nitrogen-fixing enzyme nitrogenase of the bacteroids. (icsesolutions.com)

In the dark, ABA induced a negative geotropic movement of the algae to an extent dependent on the time of sampling during the light/dark cycle. (nature.com)

The uniting and unique morphological feature of euglenids is the presence of a cell covering called the pellicle. (hollywoodsstudio.ca)

A mother cell divides to produce daughter cells. (practically.com)

The desmid Cosmarium botrytis is a single cell. (handwiki.org)

The algae also showed a differential, light-dependent directional taxis response to a fixed ABA source, moving horizontally towards the source in the light and away in the dark. (nature.com)

In multicellular forms these haploid cells will grow into a gametophyte. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy22

Organisms62

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs64

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes29

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Information Science4

Health Care1

Green algae10

Exclude the fungi2

Chlamydomonas1

Eukaryotic3

Fungi2

Genomes4

Photosynthesis4

Mitochondria6

Organisms9

Organs3

Photosynthetic4

Eukaryotes1

Bacteria2

Organism11

Terrestrial2

Possess2

Stems1

Structures2

Nutrients2

Chloroplasts2

Respiration1

Nucleus1

Species1

Widely1

Vary2

Protective1

Mechanisms1

Tissues1

Regulation1

Development1

Functional1

Animals1

Components1

Develop1

Growth1

Specific2

Size2

Root1

Cycle1

Unique1

Daughter cells1

Single cell1

Light1

Grow1