Conjugation bacterium loci genes bacterial. Medical search. Frequent questions

During classical E. coli conjugation the donor cell provides a conjugative or mobilizable genetic element that is most often a plasmid or transposon. (wikipedia.org)
The F-factor is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome by homologous recombination) with a length of about 100 kb. (wikipedia.org)
There can only be one copy of the F-plasmid in a given bacterium, either free or integrated, and bacteria that possess a copy are called F-positive or F-plus (denoted F+). (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Among other genetic information, the F-plasmid carries a tra and trb locus, which together are about 33 kb long and consist of about 40 genes. (wikipedia.org)
When conjugation is initiated by a signal the relaxase enzyme creates a nick in one of the strands of the conjugative plasmid at the oriT. (wikipedia.org)
Here we sought to characterize conjugal horizontal gene transfer of plasmid-encoded fluoroquinolone resistance genes from two strains of Enterobacteriaceae, one clinical and one from a municipal wastewater treatment plant environment. (karger.com)
Escherichia coli strain LR09, containing a plasmid with the aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr fluoroquinolone resistance gene, did not conjugate with any of the 15 strains tested, while Enterobacter aerogenes strain YS11 conjugated with two strains of E. coli . (karger.com)
Hata M, Suzuki M, Matsumoto M, Takahashi M, Sato K, Ibe S, Sakae K: Cloning of a novel gene for quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid in Shigella flexneri 2b. (karger.com)
Indest KJ, Jung CM, Chen HP, Hancock D, Florizone C, Eltis LD, Crocker FH: Functional characterization of pGKT2, a 182-kb plasmid containing the xplAB genes involved in the degradation of RDX by Gordonia sp. (karger.com)
All isolates contained a closely related plasmid (pKPC2) harboring bla KPC-2 , a K. pneumoniae carbapenemase gene, and had a hypervirulent background of capsular serotypes K1, K2, and K20. (cdc.gov)
Trw conjugation system of E. coli plasmid IncP. (tcdb.org)
One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by the ospC gene on the cp26 plasmid. (cdc.gov)
In addition to carrying genes for virulence factors RmpA, aerobactin and salmochelin, plasmid II has acquired in SB5881, the conjugation machinery gene cluster from plasmid I. We report the first case of community-acquired infection caused by a hypervirulent ST66-K2 Kp strain in Europe. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The combination of a conjugative apparatus and major virulence genes on a single plasmid may contribute to the co-occurrence of hypervirulence and multidrug resistance in single Kp strains. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Therefore, we only amplified the pUC replication origin, apramycin resistance gene, and oriT of RK2 from this plasmid as the linear cloning vector. (mirnamimic.com)
The c. 18-kb spinosyn genes in plasmid pUCAmT-spn served as the homologous sequence and guided a single-crossover homologous recombination to generate stable, apramycin-resistant exconjugants with all the genes duplicated. (mirnamimic.com)
It is proposed that unique inserts of CRISPR, some of which are homologous to fragments of bacteriophage and plasmid genes, function as prokaryotic siRNAs (psiRNA), by base-pairing with the target mRNAs and promoting their degradation or translation shutdown. (biomedcentral.com)
The association of the cas genes with CRISPR and, especially, the presence, in CRISPR units, of unique inserts homologous to phage and plasmid genes make us abandon this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)

In common laboratory strains of E. coli the transfer of the entire bacterial chromosome takes about 100 minutes. (wikipedia.org)
Conjugation was dissimilar between the two strains. (karger.com)
In addition, we sequenced 99 ospC flanking sequences from different lineages and compared the complete cp26 sequences of 11 strains as well as the cp26 bbb02 loci of 56 samples. (cdc.gov)
Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. (cdc.gov)
High levels of recombination could confound studies of the gonococcal populations, especially if the studies are based on few genetic loci within strains as compared to the entire genomes. (peerj.com)
The unique inserts in CRISPR show virtually no similarity even between closely related bacterial strains which suggests their rapid turnover, on evolutionary scale. (biomedcentral.com)

Sequencing of a 2.5-kb chromosomal Sma I- Pst I fragment containing the structural gene revealed an open reading frame encoding 537 amino acids, homologous to known pckA genes. (asm.org)

Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. (wikipedia.org)
Classical E. coli bacterial conjugation is often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating since it involves the exchange of genetic material. (wikipedia.org)
Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria share similar genetic, physiological, and biochemical characteristics with other members of the Bacillus cereus group. (biomedcentral.com)
This is thought to be related to the genetic determinants of phenotype traits, which are mostly located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (e.g., plasmids, phages, transposons, and insert elements) with the capability of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Archaea and bacteria reproduce by binary fission and mitosis (simple chromosomal duplication) into two equivalent daughter cells, but they occasionally undergo the process of conjugation , in which two cells connect and unidirectionally transfer some genetic material. (oup.com)
The downstream transformation of BA involved a meta -cleavage pathway, although its genetic organization and function was not revealed and the overall network of genes driving the full metabolic pathway of OPP is still not known. (nature.com)
The spinosyn-producing microorganism, S. spinosa, has been shown to be recalcitrant to genetic manipulation and gene transfer processes (Matsushima et al. (mirnamimic.com)
She realized that these TEs are not like genetic recombination but they caused a change in the location of the gene itself within chromosomes. (vedantu.com)
These transposable genes are adorned with a variety of names like jumping genes, mobile genes, mobile genetic elements, etc. (vedantu.com)
They are mobile genetic materials that many times carry an antimicrobial resistance gene. (vedantu.com)
When the number of generations approaches infinity, genetic variance, heritability and selection response for the correlated trait and the genetic correlation between directly selected and correlated traits each approach corresponding limiting values under F ISHER's infinite genetic loci model. (upsc.se)
Despite the initial enthusiasm and multiple clinical trials, there is still no FDA-approved gene therapy for CF. This review details the history of CF gene therapy and outlines the progress toward the development of a genetic treatment for all people with CF. The cover image is a 3D rendering of a newborn pig lung CT image (image reconstructed by Carley Stewart). (mdpi.com)
With the advances in BMT and gene therapy, patients now have a better likelihood of developing a functional immune system in a previously lethal genetic disease. (medscape.com)

It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact. (wikipedia.org)
2,200 K. pneumoniae genomes, distinct evolutionary patterns of horizontal gene transfer were observed in MDR isolates versus hypervirulent isolates ( 17 ). (cdc.gov)
The authors of that study postulated that hypervirulent clones might be subject to some sort of constraint against horizontal gene transfer and show more conserved pangenomic diversity than MDR clones. (cdc.gov)
CF27 exhibits a large number of genomic islands (mostly containing genes of unknown function), suggesting that a large number of genes has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer over time. (frontiersin.org)

The locus also includes the genes for the proteins that attach themselves to the surface of F− bacteria and initiate conjugation. (wikipedia.org)
Several proteins coded for in the tra or trb locus seem to open a channel between the bacteria and it is thought that the traD enzyme, located at the base of the pilus, initiates membrane fusion. (wikipedia.org)
The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) system provides the majority of bacteria and archaea with adaptive and hereditary immunity against this threat. (pjmonline.org)
Proteins/genes with a putative catabolic role and bacterium adaptation mechanisms during OPP degradation were identified via genomic and proteomic analysis. (nature.com)
with us one can be cytosol proteins, " badenova( 2009) is four primary photoreceptors, the most non-crossover-generating of which chloroplasts release, phosphorylated, and ready ataxia bacterial to a cascade of challenging glycoprotein GTPases. (evakoch.com)

The genomic component of the CRISPR-Cas system is formed by a series of variable spacers, which in some cases share sequence similarity with viruses, plasmids, or bacteria. (pjmonline.org)
Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
Comparative-genomic analysis of CRISPR and cas genes leads to the hypothesis that the CRISPR-Cas system (CASS) is a mechanism of defense against invading phages and plasmids that functions analogously to the eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) systems. (biomedcentral.com)

Nucleic acids may be inserted into prokaryotic cells by infection, transduc-tion, conjugation, or transformation, and may have harmful effects. (pjmonline.org)
The second ben/cat operon was located in a 92-kb scaffold along with (i) an operon ( opp ) comprising genes for the transformation of OPP to BA and 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (and genes for its transformation) and (ii) an incomplete biphenyl catabolic operon ( bph ). (nature.com)
6 identified a gene cluster, hbpCAD , encoding the upper metabolic pathway of OPP which involves the transformation of OPP to 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoateand benzoic acid (BA). (nature.com)
Grant from BBRSC Community Resource for Wheat and Rice Transformation to transform rice with pMMO genes. (brookes.ac.uk)
Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another. (lookformedical.com)
By transductions, conjugation, and transformation the TEs can be moved from one bacterium to another. (vedantu.com)

Conjugation in Escherichia coli by spontaneous zygogenesis and in Mycobacterium smegmatis by distributive conjugal transfer differ from the better studied classical E. coli conjugation in that these cases involve substantial blending of the parental genomes. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we report that the Mrp antiporter click here from the thermophilic gram-negative bacterium, Thermomicrobium roseum, does not catalyze monovalent cation/proton antiport like the Mrp antiporters studied to date, but catalyzes Ca2+/H+ antiport in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. (mirnamimic.com)

The work package focusing on molecular studies generated new evidence about the changes effected by antibiotic therapy on commensal organisms or opportunistic pathogens in the oropharyngeal, nasal and gastro-intestinal flora and study AMR mechanisms and the dissemination of successful clones of fluoroquinolone-resistant, carbapenem-resistant or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase harboring Gram-negative bacteria, MRSA and fluoroquinolone-resistant viridans streptococci. (europa.eu)
Bacterial pathogens are progressively adapting to current antimicrobial therapies with severe consequences for patients and global health care systems. (bvsalud.org)
In phage therapy, natural antagonists of bacteria, lytic phages, are harnessed to fight pathogens. (bvsalud.org)

Bacteria , Archaea , and Eukaryota . (oup.com)
Single-celled microbes include bacteria, archaea, the polyphyletic eukaryotes lumped within the Protista , and some fungi. (oup.com)
This paper summarizes information about the division of bacteriocins into classes (Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and archaea). (mdpi.com)

The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. (biomedcentral.com)

The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae prompted the World Health Organization to classify carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae , of which Klebsiella is the most common genus, on the global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in 2017 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Also, SATURN had as mission to improve methodological standards and conduct research to better understand the impact of antibiotic use on acquisition, selection and transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in different environments, by combining state-of-the-art analyses of molecular, ecologic and individual patient-level data. (europa.eu)

The genes responsible for the biofilm formation are quantified by comparing the planktonic and biofilm samples. (ukessays.com)
DOC 28 KB) Additional file 3: Figure S3: Cumulative effect of BDSF and AHL systems in regulation of bacterial motility, biofilm formation, and protease production. (pdesignal.com)

1994). Our previous Thiamet G experiments also showed low frequencies when the integrative vector pSET152 was used for conjugation from E. coli S17-1 to S. spinosa. (mirnamimic.com)

The geno-mic component is a DNA loci containing short frag-ments of targeted nucleic acid sequences (spacers) inter-spaced by short repeated sequences (repeats). (pjmonline.org)
All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated ( cas ) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. (biomedcentral.com)

The F-pili are extremely resistant to mechanical and thermochemical stress, which guarantees successful conjugation in a variety of environments. (wikipedia.org)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the gram negative rod shaped bacteria is found in all natural and man made environments. (ukessays.com)

This system is present in most archaeal species and approxi-mately half of all bacterial species. (pjmonline.org)
Using this high-resolution phage-bacteria interaction matrix, we unveil a multi-species host range as a dominant trait of the isolated staphylococcal phages. (bvsalud.org)
A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. (lookformedical.com)
All organisms (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have TEs and in some species genes they are found in high proportions (The TEs account for more than 80% of genomes in maize and other plants, 10% in many fish species, and 45% of the human genome. (vedantu.com)
Notable exceptions include various species of Vibrio and Legionella bacteria and protozoan parasites such as the free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba . (nationalacademies.org)

The remaining strand is replicated either independent of conjugative action (vegetative replication beginning at the oriV) or in concert with conjugation (conjugative replication similar to the rolling circle replication of lambda phage). (wikipedia.org)
Colibactin and yersiniabactin gene clusters were present on the integrative and conjugative element ICE Kp 10 in the chromosome. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Be it bacteria or humans, transposable elements have accumulated with the passage of time and are shaping genomes due to their mobilization. (vedantu.com)

Bacterial populations must attain a certain density in order to obtain the public goods benefits of releasing prey digestion enzymes, toxins, surfactants, or virulence factors. (oup.com)

The amount of chromosomal DNA that is transferred depends on how long the two conjugating bacteria remain in contact. (wikipedia.org)

Pierce's disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa , the "hard-to-grow xylem vessel-dweller", Xf for short. (agroecologistincognito.net)

Altogether, we conclude that CBD3 represents an attractive targeting agent for Staphylococcus-specific aPDT, irrespective of planktonic, biofilm-embedded, or intracellular states of the bacterium. (bvsalud.org)
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that can cause severe disease in humans, other mammals and birds [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The bacteria is gram negative, rod shaped and aerobic belongs to the bacterial family of pseudomonadanceae. (ukessays.com)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae , a Gram-negative bacterium, causes gonorrhea, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STIs), causing more than 106 million cases per year globally ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2012 ). (peerj.com)
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria, in the family XANTHOMONADACEAE. (lookformedical.com)

The exopolysaccharide genes such as pilB, pslA, lecA, ureB and alginate genes are responsible for the formation of pseudomonas biofilms. (ukessays.com)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of gamma proteobacteria class of bacteria. (ukessays.com)

Other elements can be detrimental and may be viewed as bacterial parasites. (wikipedia.org)

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is rampant among bacteria that cause healthcare- and community-acquired infections, driving up costs and increasing the difficulty of therapeutic management. (europa.eu)

1- A 1-year-old boy with a history of many bacterial, viral and fungal infections presents to his physician with chronic diarrhea. (pdfcoffee.com)
receptor genes could Manage based by infection of viral lines splicing to their biomarkers. (scoutconnection.com)

Rather, it is the free-floating stage of the bacteria that induces the actual disease. (agroecologistincognito.net)

2002). A large increase in nikkomycin production was obtained when an extra nikkomycin biosynthetic gene cluster was integrated into the genomic of Saccharopolyspora ansochromogenes (Liao et al. (mirnamimic.com)
In our study, the strategy of direct cloning based on Red/ET technology was applied to obtain the spinosyn biosynthetic gene cluster from the genomic DNA of S. spinosa, which is simple and convenient. (mirnamimic.com)

F. psychrophilum cause either skin, gills and fin lesions Selleck SCH727965 as well as systemic disease in internal fish organs, the so called Bacterial Cold Water disease (BCW) and Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome (RTFS), which can both lead to high mortality in the populations affected [4, 10]. (peptidescost.com)
We found that the distributions and frequencies of types of OspC genes differed between populations of B. burgdorferi in the Northeast, the Midwest, and California. (cdc.gov)
This raises the question of whether the application of B. thuringiensis -based pesticides with conjugal and mobilizing elements can promote gene flow within B. cereus group populations and enhance MGE dominance, and thus affect community composition in the treated area, especially confined habitats. (biomedcentral.com)

Methods: The individual taxonomic microbiota composition of fecal samples from 90 NAFLD patients and 21 healthy controls was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (uni-frankfurt.de)

A total of 110 clinical isolates of A. baumannii , collected in a recent 2-year period, were tested for carbapenem antibiotic susceptibility, followed by a molecular analysis of carbapenemase genes. (frontiersin.org)

A. baumannii is developing into multidrug resistant (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR), and pandrug resistant (PDR) bacteria, and its adaptation to the environment with drug resistance has previously been reported ( Durante-Mangoni and Zarrilli, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)

Using a treatment and sex interaction model, 13 and 4 differentially expressed genes were identified in liver and muscle respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Some bacteria produce bacteriocins that are selectively toxic to less-related conspecific individuals, an example of spiteful behavior . (oup.com)
It is known that bacteriocins, most successfully used today are products of secondary metabolism of lactic acid bacteria. (mdpi.com)

By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. (cdc.gov)

Borrelia burgdorferi , an emerging bacterial pathogen, is maintained in nature by transmission from one vertebrate host to another by ticks. (cdc.gov)

Real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) has been used in several studies to improve sensitivity of methods of detection and quantification of bacteria [22]. (peptidescost.com)
Few nutrigenomics studies have used a high-throughput RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach, despite great potential of RNA-Seq data in gene expression quantification and in co-expression network analyses. (biomedcentral.com)

CF27-specific gene clusters which have been analyzed were expressed by both ferrous iron-grown and sulfur-attached cells, indicating that they are not pseudogenes and may play a role in both situations. (frontiersin.org)
Using network based analysis, different clusters of co-expressed genes that were highly correlated to the diet were detected in males vs. females, in agreement with DE analysis. (biomedcentral.com)

However, the proximity of CRISPR and cas genes strongly suggests that they have related functions which is hard to reconcile with the repair hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)

We compared infection of bacteria expressing crRNAs with where can you get clarinex and without mismatches to crRNAs with. (billfryer.com)

The tra locus includes the pilin gene and regulatory genes, which together form pili on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
There are two major, distinct forms of regulatory small RNAs involved in eukaryotic gene silencing: small interfering (si) RNAs and micro (mi) RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)

PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)

Other genes in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway have been cloned including the tri3 gene, encoding a 15-O-acetyltransferase, from Fusarium sporotrichioides (McCormick et al. (justia.com)
Duplication of biosynthetic genes to increase the yield of corresponding secondary metabolite is a practicable and successful approach. (mirnamimic.com)
the biosynthetic gene cluster, which is time- Wnt assay and labor-consuming. (mirnamimic.com)

The transposons are a hot topic amongst biologists who are working in the field of gene manipulation. (vedantu.com)
She disagreed with this belief and found that certain genes called transposons can move to different places within the chromosome. (vedantu.com)

The convergence of carbapenem-resistance and hypervirulence genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae has led to the emergence of highly drug-resistant superbugs capable of causing invasive disease. (cdc.gov)
Following the initial remarkable success of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of human pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics has become a major phenomenon in the past fifty years. (europa.eu)
The emergence and spread of human pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics has become a major problem in the past fifty years. (europa.eu)
Sixty-seven of the 110 isolates (60.9%) were resistant to carbapenems, 80.60% (54/67) of which carried the bla OXA-23 gene. (frontiersin.org)
There are two alternative antimicrobial therapies that may help to control multidrug-resistant bacteria. (bvsalud.org)

Without doubt, the first human transforming gene, and more broadly, oncogenes and anti-oncogenes, had been previously theorized by Theodor Boveri. (jcancer.org)
Before this discovery, it was broadly believed that genes lined up within a chromosome in an unchanging manner and occupied specific positions. (vedantu.com)

Though there is some debate on the exact mechanism of conjugation it seems that the pili are the structures through which DNA exchange occurs. (wikipedia.org)

Intrapatient isolates were also able to acquire additional antimicrobial drug resistance genes when inside human bodies. (cdc.gov)

The host range of bacteriophages defines their impact on bacterial communities and genome diversity. (bvsalud.org)
Although these jumping genes are found in an integrated site in the genome. (vedantu.com)

In Finland Yersinia is one of the main causes of bacterial diarrhea in addition of Salmonella and Campylobacter. (9pdf.co)

Now, though, the introduction of the much larger glassy-winged sharpshooter from the southeastern US into southern California has given the Xf bacterium the upper hand in that region's grape industry. (agroecologistincognito.net)

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials has become one of the greatest challenges for clinical microbiologists and healthcare practitioners worldwide. (karger.com)
Acquisition of resistance genes has proven to be difficult to characterize and is largely uncontrollable in the environment. (karger.com)

The planktonic cells grow very rapidly whereas the bacterial adhering takes some time to form biofilm in other case. (ukessays.com)
The results from the planktonic and biofilm gene expression results are compared. (ukessays.com)

The pckA gene, encoding the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was cloned by PCR amplification from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7. (asm.org)

Western blotting analysis Bacterial cultures were grown in NYG medium overnight and inoculated in the same medium. (pdesignal.com)
stable free Initia Amharica: An Introduction to spoken Amharic, correlation h0tis was hence applied using cultures and gene with the essential form transcription. (scoutconnection.com)

Conclusion: Despite repeatedly reproduced abundance patterns of specific bacteria, the heterogeneous study results did not reveal a consistent disease specific gut microbiota signature. (uni-frankfurt.de)
There is significant overlap inside their gene expression patterns, as expected, but several notable dif ferences. (plasignaling.com)

This chapter describes basic principles of ecology and evolution for waterborne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (and yeasts and molds to a lesser extent) of public health concern as an aid to better understand how selective forces may alter one's ability to assess the microbial quality of water. (nationalacademies.org)

Studies of a pckA-lacZ gene fusion indicated that when cells were grown in minimal media with various carbon sources, such as succinate, malate, pyruvate, lactate, or ethanol, under both anaerobic light and aerobic dark conditions, the pckA gene was induced in log phase, irrespective of the carbon source. (asm.org)

Biofilms are dense aggregations of bacteria that form on many kinds of surfaces. (oup.com)

The NIH Office of Technology Transfer and Venter decided to use synthesis ESTs in an attempt to patent the genes they 'those given based on hun studies or mRNA expression in the human brain. (multi-mania.be)

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