• Circular dichroism study of nine species of transfer ribonucleic acid. (colorado.edu)
  • Four consecutive guanine residues can form a quadruplex in RNA by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds to form a "Hoogsteen ring" (See Figure). (wikipedia.org)
  • adenine (A) - A nitrogenous base that occurs in DNA and RNA nucleotides and pairs with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA) through two hydrogen bonds. (rcsb.org)
  • The mammalian mitochondrial ribosome is endowed with a number of specific features. (nature.com)
  • While RNA makes up most of the composition of bacterial and cytosolic eukaryotic ribosomes, mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes present a more elaborate protein shell, which aids coping with the oxidative microenvironment. (nature.com)
  • Here we have identified, by using double luciferase bicistronic vectors, the presence of internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) in the human FGF-1 5' UTRs, particularly in leaders A and C, with distinct activities in mammalian cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • Here, a genome-wide analysis of the human mitochondrial transcriptome shows that 2'- O -methylation is limited to residues of the mitoribosomal large subunit (mtLSU) 16S mt-rRNA, introduced by MRM1, MRM2 and MRM3, with the modifications installed by the latter two proteins being interdependent. (nature.com)
  • Expression of this genome entails several, highly regulated processes, with newly synthesised transcripts being cleaved, chemically modified, polyadenylated and further matured in neighbouring structures known as mitochondrial RNA granules (MRGs). (nature.com)
  • Similar to other systems, the mitochondrial ribosome is composed of a small (mtSSU) and a large (mtLSU) subunit, with their core rRNAs, 12S and 16S mitochondrial (mt-) rRNAs, respectively, surrounded by MRPs (30 for the mtSSU and 52 for the mtLSU). (nature.com)
  • Almost half of these MRPs are evolutionarily exclusive to mitochondrial ribosomes, some of which were repurposed and accreted during reductive genome evolution 4 , 5 . (nature.com)
  • The genetic information of life on Earth have been conserved in natural nucleotides-A, G, C, T(U) forming two exclusive sets of base pairs A-T(U) & G-C, that complementing to the fundamental processes of DNA replication & RNA transcription by several polymerases and translation to functional proteins via ribosomal reactions. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Depending on the organism and availability, mt-tRNA Val or mt-tRNA Phe are incorporated, most likely due to their genomic proximity to mt-rRNA genes and consequent near stoichiometric presence of their transcripts 4 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adapter molecule that links a specific codon in mRNA with its corresponding amino acid during protein synthesis. (nature.com)
  • Ogle, J. M., Murphy, F. V., Tarry, M. J. & Ramakrishnan, V. Selection of tRNA by the ribosome requires a transition from an open to a closed form. (nature.com)
  • Many more tertiary structural motifs will be revealed as new RNA and DNA molecules are structurally characterized. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA triplexes The minor groove triplex is a ubiquitous RNA structural motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • allosteric protein - A protein that changes among two or more structural conformations upon binding to a small molecule called an effector. (rcsb.org)
  • New insights about the evolution, recognition and structural modularity of GNRA and A-minor RNA-RNA interactions are proposed. (cnrs.fr)
  • Many cellular processes, including ribosome biogenesis, are regulated through post-transcriptional RNA modifications. (nature.com)
  • Helm, M. & Alfonzo, J. D. Posttranscriptional RNA modifications: playing metabolic games in a cell's chemical Legoland. (nature.com)
  • Because interactions with the minor groove are often mediated by the 2'-OH of the ribose sugar, this RNA motif looks very different from its DNA equivalent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quadruplexes Although the major groove of standard A-form RNA is fairly narrow and therefore less available for triplex interaction than the minor groove, major groove triplex interactions can be observed in several RNA structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Watson-Crick) observed in the 50S ribosome, composed of a Watson-Crick type G-C pair and an incoming G which forms a pseudo-Hoogsteen network of hydrogen bonding interactions between both bases involved in the canonical pairing. (wikipedia.org)
  • The double helix is the dominant tertiary structure for biological DNA, and is also a possible structure for RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because minor groove triples are capable of stably packing a free loop and helix, they are key elements in the structure of large ribonucleotides, including the group I intron, the group II intron, and the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other notable examples of major groove triplexes include (i) the catalytic core of the group II intron shown in the figure at left (ii) a catalytically essential triple helix observed in human telomerase RNA (iii) the SAM-II riboswitch and (iv) the element for nuclear expression (ENE), which acts as an RNA stabilization element through triple helix formation with the poly(A) tail. (wikipedia.org)
  • A DNA (A-form DNA) - A conformation of right-handed, double stranded DNA in which the bases are tilted with reference to the helix axis. (rcsb.org)
  • Some of the most common motifs for RNA and DNA tertiary structure are described below, but this information is based on a limited number of solved structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are diverse structures of RNA base quadruplexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA and DNA molecules are capable of diverse functions ranging from molecular recognition to catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The unique structure of quadruplex regions in RNA may serve different functions in a biological system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Suzuki, T. in Fine-Tuning of RNA Functions by Modification and Editing , Vol. 12 (ed. (nature.com)
  • This conformation has more base pairs per turn compared to the cannonical B-form DNA. (rcsb.org)
  • Double-helical RNA adopts a conformation similar to the A-form structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Besides double helices and the above-mentioned triplexes, RNA and DNA can both also form quadruple helices. (wikipedia.org)
  • High resolution cryoEM of mammalian mitoribosomes revealed the unexpected presence of mitochondrially encoded tRNA as a structural component of mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (mt-LSU). (nih.gov)
  • The two dissimilar sized ribonucleoprotein complexes that comprise a RIBOSOME - the large ribosomal subunit and the small ribosomal subunit. (lookformedical.com)
  • The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The name messenger RNA was first used by Jacob & Monod (2) in their brilliant unifying interpretation of experiments concerning the synthe- sis of RNA after phage infection on the one hand, and the kinetics of enzyme induction and repression on the other. (nih.gov)
  • 195 196 SINGER & LEDER Messenger RNA is a polyribonucleotide which determines the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains. (nih.gov)
  • RNA and DNA molecules are capable of diverse functions ranging from molecular recognition to catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many more tertiary structural motifs will be revealed as new RNA and DNA molecules are structurally characterized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Marburg virus (MARV) is a lipid-enveloped virus harboring a negative sense RNA genome, which has caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Sub-Saharan Africa. (uci.edu)
  • The RNA of RNA-containing viruses may act as a genome and be formally analogous to DNA or may, at least in part, serve itself as messenger [(5), and article by Wittmann & Scholtissek in this volume]. (nih.gov)
  • The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. (lookformedical.com)
  • By Maxine F. SINGER Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Arithritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland AND Puitip LEDER Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland That RNA might serve as a template for the arrangement of amino acids in specific polypeptide chains has been discussed for many years (1). (nih.gov)
  • In reconstructed cell-free systems, mRNA may be the RNA described in the previous sen- tences (natural mRNA) or any other polyribonucleotide capable of directing, with specificity, the incorporation of amino acids. (nih.gov)
  • Four consecutive guanine residues can form a quadruplex in RNA by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds to form a "Hoogsteen ring" (See Figure). (wikipedia.org)
  • Directed mutagenesis identifies amino acid residues involved in elongation factor Tu binding to yeast Phe-tRNAPhe. (colorado.edu)
  • It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • The recent elaboration and documentation of this concept has depended on ad- vances in our understanding of the mechanism of protein synthesis and the concomitant appreciation of the variety of roles played by RNA in that process. (nih.gov)
  • A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to the lengthening chain of PEPTIDES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Peptide Elongation Factor G catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site of bacterial ribosomes by a process linked to hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. (lookformedical.com)
  • The double helix is the dominant tertiary structure for biological DNA, and is also a possible structure for RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Double-helical RNA adopts a conformation similar to the A-form structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because minor groove triples are capable of stably packing a free loop and helix, they are key elements in the structure of large ribonucleotides, including the group I intron, the group II intron, and the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two important functions are the binding potential with ligands or proteins, and its ability to stabilize the whole tertiary structure of DNA or RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other notable examples of major groove triplexes include (i) the catalytic core of the group II intron shown in the figure at left (ii) a catalytically essential triple helix observed in human telomerase RNA (iii) the SAM-II riboswitch and (iv) the element for nuclear expression (ENE), which acts as an RNA stabilization element through triple helix formation with the poly(A) tail. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, this motif is not restricted to adenosines, as other nucleobases have also been observed to interact with the RNA minor groove. (wikipedia.org)
  • When mt-tRNA Val is limiting, human mitoribosomes can integrate mt-tRNA Phe instead to generate a translationally competent monosome. (nih.gov)