Complexes antigen antibody complex. Medical search. Frequent questions

The first was concerned with the rate and amount of excretion of soluble ^(35)S-labeled hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) following a single intravenous injection into normal rabbits and also with the properties of the excreted antigen material and its possible association with ribonucleic acid (RNA) or nucleotides. (caltech.edu)
The biological activity of soluble antigen-antibody complexes: II. (caltech.edu)
2), and ourselves (3) has established the fact that soluble antigen-antibody complexes formed in excess antigen can, (a) induce symptoms similar to anaphylaxis, (b) cause contraction of isolated smooth muscle from normal guinea pigs, and (c) increase the permeability of skin capillaries in a manner similar to that obtained in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. (caltech.edu)
1) The general approach has been to attempt to produce an insoluble protein antigen which would combine specifically with antibody to give a complex that could be dissociated into soluble antibody and insoluble antigen, which could then be separated by centrifugation. (caltech.edu)
However, in every case the resulting product either had lost too much native antigenicity (i.e., adsorbed serum always contained antibody which reacted with native antigen), was too soluble, or had too much power of adsorption for non-specific protein. (caltech.edu)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
[4] Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids , as well as many secretions . (wikipedia.org)
[5] The soluble Y-shaped units can occur individually as monomers , or in complexes of two to five units. (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) triggers release of cytokine IL-10 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and infected individuals [ 505 ], and the IL-10 then suppresses lymphoproliferative responses to SWAP by 90-100% [ 504 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
The sonicated antigen was stored at 4˚C and was used as soluble antigen of ICRC. (scirp.org)
Anti-ICRC antibodies were raised in a rabbit (out bred New Zealand strain rabbit) by hyper immunizing the animals with a total of 4 intra-dermal doses [each dose of 1.0 ml emulsion of equal volumes of ICRC soluble protein (100 μg) and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (Sigma, USA)] at weekly intervals. (scirp.org)
Anti-ICRC rabbit antibody absorbed with anti human IgG was also tested against soluble antigens of ICRC and human IgG by the agarose gel diffusion method. (scirp.org)

Antigens normally induce an immunoglobulin (Ig)G response which stays at an elevated level for several weeks or months, constituting an important part of the immunological memory. (ox.ac.uk)
An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
An antibody can also be called immunoglobulin or Ig. (webmd.com)
Anti-ICRC antibody raised by intradermal inoculation of sonicated ICRC bacilli in rabbits reacted with both human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and antigens of ICRC. (scirp.org)

[ 6 ] Detection of anti-PLA2R antibodies in glomeruli but not in liver parenchyma is a common finding in phatients with membranous nephropathy associated with autoimmune liver disease, suggesting that these autoantibodies are not exclusive to idiopathic membranous nephropathy. (medscape.com)
Autoantibodies can bind to basic structural molecules and interfere with the synthesis of structural elements and facilitate the uptake of antigen. (hindawi.com)
Both secreted autoantibodies and BCR on B cells can modulate the processing and presentation of antigen and thereby affect the nature of presented T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)

Regulation of IgG antibody titers by the amount persisting of immune-complexed antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
This study investigated factors influencing the level of neutralizing IgG titers against a virus and shows that within the range tested it was independent of the number of initially available and potentially responding T helper and B cells, but was regulated by the amount of specific IgG-immune complexes forming depots of persisting antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
Partial suppression was manifested in decreased frequency and delayed appearance of the response as well as decreased maximal antibody titers. (caltech.edu)
Treatment with prednisone is associated with a decrease in antibody titers. (medscape.com)
Most patients with relapsing polychondritis had high titers of antifetal cartilage antibodies during the early acute phase. (medscape.com)

Serum samples were then taken at various intervals and the specific activity of antibody was measured as soon as antibody reappeared in the circulation. (caltech.edu)
Quantitative antibody nitrogen data, obtained for the serum of each rabbit showed, in general, an inverse relationship between circulating antibody and radioactivity retained, i.e. the higher the circulating antibody titer, the lower the retention of radioactivity in liver tissue. (caltech.edu)
Attempts were made to confer insolubility on protein antigens such as ovalbumin and crystalline bovine serum albumin without destroying their antigenicity. (caltech.edu)
Some success has been obtained also in the formation of antibodies from other serum proteins and by other denaturation-renaturation procedures. (caltech.edu)
After obtaining data indicating the presence of a neutrophil attractant protein-1 (NAP-1)-IgG complex in normal human serum, we developed sandwich ELISAs that could quantify NAP-1 and NAP-1-IgG in mixtures of the two moieties. (nih.gov)
The result has been a rapid and sensitive sandwich immunoassay format that has now been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies to measure alpha-fetoprotein in human serum. (techconnect.org)
f) Antitoxin: A solution of antibodies (e.g., diphtheria antitoxin and botulinum antitoxin) derived from the serum of animals immunized with specific antigens. (cdc.gov)
Debiec et al reported that four of nine patients with childhood membranous nephropathy had high levels of circulating anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies and circulating cationic bovine serum albumin. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis is based on detection of antibodies in whole blood, serum, or plasma. (vin.com)

Antigen-antibody complexes can develop by the production of immune complexes in situ or by deposition of circulating complexes. (medscape.com)
When the food antigen load surpasses the body's ability to clear the food immune complexes from the circulation, tissue deposition, complement activation, and secretory inflammation of the ear, nose and throat occur. (healthy.net)
Heartworms may induce glomerulonephritis and proteinuria secondary to antigen-antibody complex deposition. (capcvet.org)

The specific activity of antibody was measured in the antigen-antibody precipitates obtained, both in the period when the antibody had been allowed to decline and also after antigen had been reinjected to induce an anamnestic response. (caltech.edu)

The specificity of tissue antigens has previously been investigated by the usual immunologic procedures [1] and the effects of antibodies [2,3] upon tissue explants has long been known. (caltech.edu)
The growth and function of tissue explants have previously been used to study the specificity of tissue antibodies [4,5], but the antisera used were of low, uncertain potency, and only a few different tissues were examined in testing the toxic effects. (caltech.edu)
Likewise, antigen/antibody complexes are bound by the FcR of APCs and processed in a unique fashion dependent on the epitope specificity of the bound antibody. (hindawi.com)
The epitope specificity of the antibodies in relapsing polychondritis differs from those in RA, suggesting different mechanisms for formation and pathophysiologic roles. (medscape.com)

We present the 1.9 A structure of the CAMPATH-1H Fab complexed [corrected] with an analogue of the antigenic determinant of CD52. (ox.ac.uk)
Benefits and risks are associated with using all immunobiologics (i.e., an antigenic substance or antibody-containing preparation). (cdc.gov)
With an appropriate design, nanorobots could alter their antigenic signature ( Section 5.3.6 ) fast enough to avoid antibodies from being raised at all. (nanomedicine.com)
With each attack, a new antigenic variant of the bacterium appears and a new set of antibodies is formed in the host. (nanomedicine.com)
Immunobiologic: Immunobiologics include antigenic substances, such as vaccines and toxoids, or antibody-containing preparations, such as globulins and antitoxins, from human or animal donors. (cdc.gov)

Right panel: antigen binds to the BCR of antigen-specific B cells and is internalized. (hindawi.com)
Then, at the same time, another reagent specifically binds to each replicated genetic complex. (hdkino.org)

The problem of obtaining from precipitation experiments evidence about the structure of antibodies and the nature of serological reactions is obviously greatly simplified by the replacement of protein antigens by simple substances of known structure. (caltech.edu)

Because these fluids were traditionally known as humors , antibody-mediated immunity is sometimes known as, or considered a part of, humoral immunity . (wikipedia.org)
Acquired immunity comes from antibodies you get from your mother in the womb or that you make in response to antigens that aren't yours -- like from a cold virus or a vaccine. (webmd.com)
Passive immunization means the provision of temporary immunity by the administration of preformed antibodies. (cdc.gov)

It should be pointed out that the radioautographic studies did not bear out the speculation presented by Campbell and Garvey (3, 4) that release of primary antigen resulted in uptake by adjacent hepatic cells and thus production of a "clone. (caltech.edu)
However it is possible that clones of cells might be formed in lymphoid tissues by such a mechanism of release and transfer of antigen. (caltech.edu)
These findings appear irreconcilable with the possibility of direct clonal selection of antibody-producing cells by unprocessed antigen. (caltech.edu)
The investigation was carried out in the following manner: rabbits were first immunized by a series of intravenous injections of antigen and at the height of precipitin production they were fed S35-labelled yeast cells. (caltech.edu)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
Some, called human leukocyte antigens (HLA), tag your cells so your body can ID itself. (webmd.com)
When these cells find certain antigens (typically, harmless things that your body sees as a threat), they release histamine to bring immune cells to the area. (webmd.com)
Once your B cells get a read on the antigen of a new invader, they make antibodies to either kill it or flag it as "Trouble here! (webmd.com)
Usually, another immune cell, like a dendritic cell, will need to break down an antigen so it can be recognized to start the process of making specialized T cells. (webmd.com)
Through these mechanisms B cells are involved both in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as antibody mediated and also in autoimmune diseases that are commonly classified as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
Likewise B cells function as crucial antigen presenting cells in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
B cells have antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathogenic functions. (hindawi.com)
Deposited immune complexes can activate complement and effector cells. (hindawi.com)
Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
c) Effect of antibodies and antigen-specific B cells on antigen uptake. (hindawi.com)
Left panel: antigen bound by antibody is taken up via FcR on APCs such as dendritic cells or macrophages. (hindawi.com)
B cells are highly efficient APCs in situations of low antigen concentrations. (hindawi.com)
Within a few weeks, CD4 and CD8 T cell concentrations drop, followed by antibody production and suppression of circulating virus, and an increase in CD8 cells to above pre infection levels with inversion of the CD4:CD8 ratio. (vin.com)
The evidence for an autoimmune etiology includes pathological findings of infiltrating T cells, the presence of antigen-antibody complexes in affected cartilage, cellular and humoral responses against collagen type II and other collagen antigens, and the observation that immunosuppressive regimens most often suppress the disease. (medscape.com)

The typical microfluidic assays have used fluorescent dye labeled antibodies in direct binding assays or labeled antigens in competitive binding formats. (techconnect.org)
Immunoradiometric assays show that host erythrocyte antigen is lost from adult worm tegument with a half-life of up to 45 hours in vitro and ~5 days in vivo [ 493 ]. (nanomedicine.com)

6 . The fluorescent immunoassay is a non-competitive, double-antibody method for the determination of human albumin in urine. (cdc.gov)

There was no correlation between anti-TNP-precipitating antibody titer after sensitization and the ability to respond to challenge by hapten-heterologous carrier. (caltech.edu)
The results are discussed in terms of immunogenicity of sensitization, suppressive effects of persisting postsensitization antibody, and submolecular haptenic environment as factors possibly affecting the heterologous recall process. (caltech.edu)
Passively administered homologous antibody did not produce a change in the retention of the primary injection of antigen nor did secondary injections of a heterologous native protein injected according to the same immunization schedule as the homologous azoprotein. (caltech.edu)
We report the preparation, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of the Fab fragment from a heteroclitic murine (BALB/c) monoclonal anti-hen egg-white lysozyme antibody complexed with a heterologous antigen, pheasant lysozyme. (pasteur.fr)
The complex between the heterologous antigen and the antibody has been crystallized from polyethylene glycol 8000 solutions in a form suitable for X-ray crystallographic studies. (pasteur.fr)

[2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)

This FcR-mediated antigen uptake is more efficient than antigen uptake by pinocytosis. (hindawi.com)
BCR-mediated antigen uptake can influence antigen processing and the nature of MHC-displayed T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)

The purpose of the present investigation was to study further, such antibody which appeared to be bound with antigen and perhaps normal tissue constituents. (caltech.edu)
Preliminary studies are reported which indicate that the retained antigen is bound to ribonucleic acid. (caltech.edu)
Antibody bound to worm tegumental antigen causes shedding of the bound complex in ~20 minutes at 37 o C [ 503 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
Some bacteria also shed bound antigen-antibody immune complexes [ 1737 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
The Fc portion of antibodies in immune complexes can be bound by C1q of the classical complement pathway, which eventually leads to the release of C5a and C3a. (hindawi.com)

Antibodies are passively transferred to kittens nursing on infected queens and may persist for 6 months. (vin.com)

The presence of dinitrophenyl groups on the immunizing antigen could suppress, partially or completely, the antibody response to p-azophenyl arsonate when this hapten was located on the same molecule. (caltech.edu)

The level may be too low for detection but still significant with respect to antibody formation. (caltech.edu)
The ELISA for NAP-1-IgG was based on omission of the anti-NAP-1 detection antibody (required for the free NAP-1 ELISA) and on interaction of phosphatase-conjugated anti-human IgG with the human NAP-1-IgG complex. (nih.gov)

CAMPATH-1 antibodies have a long and successful history in the treatment of leukaemia, autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. (ox.ac.uk)
Membranous nephropathy is an autoimmune disorder in which immune complexes deposit along the subepithelial region of the glomerular basement membrane. (medscape.com)

A comparison of antibody-specific activity provided evidence that there was a release of antibody which had been made at the time of S35 feeding and stored in some stabilized form in tissues. (caltech.edu)
From these results it may be concluded that an intracellular antibody-forming activity influences the loss (or retention) of antigen deposited in liver tissue and that the mechanism is immunologically specific. (caltech.edu)
e) Specific immune globulin: Special preparations obtained from blood plasma from donor pools preselected for a high antibody content against a specific antigen (e.g., hepatitis B immune globulin, varicella-zoster immune globulin, rabies immune globulin, tetanus immune globulin, vaccinia immune globulin, and cytomegalovirus immune globulin). (cdc.gov)
or it may be passive, being acquired from transfer of antibodies from another person or from an animal, either naturally, as from mother to fetus, or by intentional inoculation (artificial passive i.), and, with respect to the particular antibodies transferred, it is specific. (theodora.com)
in general, innate i. is nonspecific and is not stimulated by specific antigens. (theodora.com)
Specific agglutination effected by antibody. (theodora.com)
IgM is usually the first, specific antibody type generated by the body in response to infection. (hdkino.org)
Various studies find circulating antibodies to cartilage-specific collagen types II, IX, and XI to be present in 30%-70% of patients with relapsing polychondritis. (medscape.com)

In a recent report by Garvey and Campbell (2) the loss of antigen material from hepatic tissue following a secondary injection of the native protein carrier was clearly demonstrated by radioautography. (caltech.edu)
In rabbits given a single primary intravenous injection of radioactive antigen, the retention of radioactivity in liver tissue, after a period of 21 days, was greater than when the primary injection was followed by secondary injections of the same, but non-radioactive antigen. (caltech.edu)

SYN: group i.. humoral i. i. associated with circulating antibodies, in contradistinction to cellular i.. infection i. the paradoxical immune status in which resistance to reinfection coincides with the persistence of the original infection. (theodora.com)

Furthermore CDR H3, which is essential for effective antigen recognition in most antibodies, participates in only two main-chain interactions in CAMPATH-1H. (ox.ac.uk)
The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)

1.9 A structure of the therapeutic antibody CAMPATH-1H fab in complex with a synthetic peptide antigen. (ox.ac.uk)

Remove the unattached fluorescent antibody by washing during centrifugation. (cdc.gov)

When you're born, before your body comes across any unfamiliar antigens, it can defend itself from infection. (webmd.com)
It is primarily used for replacement therapy in primary antibody-deficiency disorders, for the treatment of Kawasaki disease, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hypogammaglobulinemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and some cases of HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
Then, the IgG antibody type is generated and replaces IgM as the predominant antibody in the response to infection. (hdkino.org)
Cats in terminal infection may become negative due to antigen-antibody complexes sequestering antigen. (vin.com)
Cats infected as adults who produce antibodies rarely clear the infection and are generally positive for life. (vin.com)

These Y-shaped molecules fit into antigens like puzzle pieces, making an immune complex. (webmd.com)
After processing, antigen is presented on MHC molecules. (hindawi.com)

Prolonged treatment with CAMPATH-1H can lead to patient anti-idiotype responses which may be exacerbated by the unusually high number of basic residues in the antibody. (ox.ac.uk)
Active immunization is the production of antibody or other immune responses through the administration of a vaccine or toxoid. (cdc.gov)
CMI) , cellular i. immune responses that are initiated by an antigen-presenting cell interacting with and mediated by T lymphocytes ( e.g., graft rejection, delayed-type hypersensitivity). (theodora.com)

Furthermore, levels of antibodies to matrilin 1, an extracellular matrix protein predominantly expressed in tracheal cartilage, were significantly higher in patients with relapsing polychondritis, especially in those with respiratory symptoms, than in patients with Wegener granulomatosis , systemic lupus erythematosus , or RA and in healthy controls. (medscape.com)

To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)

ionic interaction with the enthanolamine phosphate of the CD52 GPI anchor has long been hypothesised to be important in antigen binding. (ox.ac.uk)
The classic pathway is activated by the interaction of C1 with an antigen-antibody complex. (medscape.com)

It recognises the CD52 antigen which is a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchored protein expressed on lymphocytes and mediates cell depletion. (ox.ac.uk)
It is present in cow's milk and beef protein and can escape the intestinal barrier and cause antibody formation. (medscape.com)

Small amounts of C3b are constantly being formed in the circulation, which are inactivated by factors H and I. The binding of C3b to a foreign antigen decreases its affinity for factor H and allows for the formation of increasing amounts of the alternate pathway convertase. (medscape.com)
C3b is an opsonin itself, and C3 convertase facilitates the activation of the terminal pathway and the formation of the membrane attack complex C5b-9. (medscape.com)

The results are discussed with respect to the anamnestic response and the retention of antigen in tissues. (caltech.edu)

The retention of antigen in rabbit liver tissue, resulting from a primary intravenous injection, is influenced by immunization brought about by subsequent intravenous injections of the same antigen. (caltech.edu)
All of the radioactivity of material retained in the liver tissue 6 weeks after injection was immunologically related to the original S^(35)-BSA antigen. (caltech.edu)
While investigating the pathogenesis of experimental nephritis produced by rabbit anti-rat-kidney antibody, it occurred to us that the effects of antikidney antibody on kidney tissue might readily be visualized in tissue cultures. (caltech.edu)

C3 cleavage may result in formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), the cytotoxic component of the complement system. (msdmanuals.com)

b) Pathogenic effects of deposited immune complexes. (hindawi.com)

For the past several years we have been interested in devising methods that would afford practical procedures for the isolation and purification of antibodies from immune serums and in particular the isolation of non-precipitating antibodies from animal serums and allergic antibodies (reagins) from human serums. (caltech.edu)
Antibody to human albumin is covalently attached to derivatized polyacrylamide beads. (cdc.gov)
c) Immune globulin (IG): A sterile solution containing antibodies from human blood. (cdc.gov)

These findings support the notion that the efficiency of vaccines in inducing long-lasting protective IgG is regulated predominantly by the amount of persisting (and presumably follicular dendritic cell-associated) antigen-antibody complexes. (ox.ac.uk)

Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
[ 8 , 9 ] Hoxha et al reported expression of THSD7A in a gallbladder carcinoma, in a patient who developed membranous nephropathy with anti-THSD7A antibodies, and subsequently found anti-THSD7A antibodies in six other patients with membranous nephropathy and malignant tumors, suggesting that THSD7A production by malignancies is a possible mechanism for membranous nephropathy. (medscape.com)

The class hence determines the function triggered by an antibody after binding to an antigen, in addition to some structural features. (wikipedia.org)

This suggests that a strategy where redundant basic residues are replaced with neutral counterparts may be effective in further reducing the immunogenicity of this versatile and widely used antibody. (ox.ac.uk)
[ 8 ] A report of relapsing polychondritis in the newborn of a mother with relapsing polychondritis suggests that antibodies crossing the placenta are necessary and sufficient to elicit the entire clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)

Analysis of the CAMPATH-1H binding site reveals that in contrast to most antibodies CDR L3 plays a dominant role in antigen binding. (ox.ac.uk)
In contrast, the remainder of the antibody is relatively constant. (wikipedia.org)

in most applications the substance in question serves as antigen, both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. (theodora.com)

Bacteria then disappear from the blood because of antibody mediated phagocytosis, lysis, and agglutination, and then the fever falls. (nanomedicine.com)

M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) has been identified as the major target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy in adults. (medscape.com)

Often electrophoretic or hydrodynamic separation is employed to measure the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. (techconnect.org)
Its cationic nature allows binding to the anionic glomerular capillary wall with resultant immune complex formation, a parallel to experimental models. (medscape.com)

Diagnosis and pathogenesis of FIV are less complex than FeLV. (vin.com)

Another minor antigen is thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A). (medscape.com)
Researchers have found that antibodies to type II collagen are present during acute relapsing polychondritis episodes and that the levels correlate with the severity of the episode. (medscape.com)
They are more likely to be found in association with antibodies to type II collagen in patients with relapsing polychondritis. (medscape.com)

The first antibody to undergo "humanisation", CAMPATH-1H, permits treatment with limited patient anti-globulin response. (ox.ac.uk)
Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)

Binding between NAP-1 and antibody is strong, since 8 M urea at neutral or alkaline pH did not release NAP-1. (nih.gov)
Neutral endopeptidase, a podocyte antigen that can digest biologically active peptides, was identified as the target antigen in a subset of patients with antenatal membranous nephropathy. (medscape.com)

The antigen binding site is circled. (wikipedia.org)
Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one V L , V H , C L , and C H 1 domain each, as well as the crystallisable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. (wikipedia.org)

Returning from a visit to the Lund University in Sweden in 1965, Andrewes told Tyrrell that there was a young Swedish surgeon who was able to grow complex viruses. (wikipedia.org)
others have antigens that are complex or incompletely defined (e.g., killed Bordetella pertussis or live attenuated viruses). (cdc.gov)

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