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For over 40 years, a Moroccan state-owned company has exported phosphate rock from occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)

Despite the protests from Saharawis, Morocco has to this day continued its illegal oil programme, through the Moroccan state owned oil company Office national des hydrocarbures et des mines , ONHYM. (wsrw.org)
The Court of Justice's decision to clearly exclude Western Sahara from EU-Morocco trade deals are met with celebrations among Saharawis. (wsrw.org)
Moroccan police today barred Saharawis from attending a "public consultation" organised by ACWA Power, contracted to construct the first solar plants in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
Three Saharawis have submitted a complaint against police brutality following their protest against companies that import phosphate rock from their occupied homeland. (wsrw.org)
The Saharawis have not given permission to PotashCorp to purchase the phosphate rock from the government that is illegally occupying their territory. (spsrasd.info)
8 Thus, when Spain signalled its plan to hold a self-determination referendum for Saharawis in 1974, Morocco and Mauritania again expressed their own cases for territorial sovereignty over Western Sahara. (tni.org)

A Western Saharan diplomat has condemned New Zealand's purchases of the territory's fertilisers from Morocco. (wsrw.org)
Buying phosphates and fertilisers from Morocco supported the illegal occupation of Western Sahara, says Mohamed Beissat, the territory's Foreign Affairs Minister for Africa. (wsrw.org)
Nevertheless, amid a growing population of over 99mn people, the government has made food security and production a priority, and embraced intensive agricultural production practices such the use of modern water irrigation systems and agrochemicals and fertilisers. (fitchsolutions.com)
Nitrogen-based fertilisers are the most commonly produced and consumed fertilisers in the country, such as urea and ammonia, followed by phosphate-based fertilisers. (fitchsolutions.com)

The Moroccan government has contracted a group of companies to construct three solar plants - two of which will be located in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
For the second year in a row, the Moroccan government has spent most of the EU's fish sector support on the development of the fishing industry in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
It appears that the Moroccan government has shortlisted three Saudi companies to do develop the first phases of a large and highly problematic solar energy programme in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
However, Reuters did not report on the most interesting part of the news: the CEO informed that the contract between the Moroccan exporter OCP and the part of Nutrien that used to be called Agrium is ending now in 2018. (spsrasd.info)
This has a value of approximately 276 million USD, paid to the Moroccan government. (spsrasd.info)
Besides Nutrien, there are only three other companies globally that purchase from Western Sahara: an Indian subsidiary of the Moroccan exporting company, in addition to two farmer-owned cooperatives on New Zealand. (spsrasd.info)
Secondly, the authors go on to argue that energy (potentially) produced in occupied Western Sahara contributes to the diplomacy of the Moroccan regime abroad, furthering its colonial hold on occupied Western Sahara. (tni.org)
Since its independence in 1956, and with expansionist ambitions, the Moroccan regime has expressed its dream of a 'Greater Morocco', which would encompass Western Sahara, Mauritania and parts of Algeria and Mali. (tni.org)

Egypt is a country in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge to Western Asia. (wollecamp.be)
The Spanish colonization of Western Sahara started in 1884, after the Berlin Conference, in which the European states divided up Africa among themselves, with Western Sahara becoming a Spanish possession. (tni.org)
In spite of this, Egypt remains a significant producer and is for example one of the largest fertiliser producers in Africa, along with Morocco. (fitchsolutions.com)
Welcome to Africa Now , your weekly newsletter for Africa, presenting the most important developments in the continent - news that matters. (vifdatabase.com)

in fact Morocco is the world's thirdlargest producer of phosphates, after the United States and Russia. (wollecamp.be)
It was during Issoufou's time in office that the United States government built the world's largest drone base in Agadez and that the French special forces garrisoned the city of Irlit on behalf of the uranium mining company Orano (formerly a part of Areva). (alternet.org)

The invasion of Ukraine causes a massive increase in Morocco's profits from its illegal plunder of phosphate rock from occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
International investors have shied away from funding Morocco's dirty 'green' energy in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
As COP22 closes shop in Marrakech, a group of 51 MEPs has asked the European Commission to do all necessary to prevent the Union from becoming involved in Morocco's renewable energy plans in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)

There are plans to construct three phosphate factories in the Western Desert, as part of the government's development strategy to roll out more agricultural and industrial projects in the New Valley Governorate. (fitchsolutions.com)

The British Geological Survey (BGS) and its predecessor organisations have compiled production and trade statistics on a wide range of mineral commodities since 1913. (wollecamp.be)
However, the discovery of phosphates, oil and other mineral deposits in the 1940s encouraged Spain to extend its hold over the territory politically, socially and economically. (tni.org)
Moreover, Egypt is home to an abundance of mineral resources including phosphate (which is predominantly used for fertiliser production). (fitchsolutions.com)

The pressure is mounting on the New Zealand importers of phosphate rock from occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)

Below, after giving a brief history of the Western Sahara conflict, the authors firstly identify forms of extractivism in occupied Western Sahara and map who contributes to, and profits from, extractive industries there. (tni.org)
A new round of talks began Monday between Ethiopia's government and Tigray regional representatives to work out military and other details of last week's signing of a "permanent" cessation of hostilities in a two-year conflict thought to have killed hundreds of thousands of people. (vifdatabase.com)

9 Spain, however, signed an illegal tripartite agreement with Morocco and Mauritania, which divided Western Sahara between the two African countries and gave Spain a 35 per cent share of profits from Western Sahara's phosphates reserves, as well as continued access to Western Sahara's fisheries. (tni.org)

The Saharawi government has in 2017 taken the first legal actions against the players involved in the trade with Morocco over the phosphate rock. (spsrasd.info)
3 The story told here, which aims to highlight the voices of the Saharawi population that is indigenous to Western Sahara, is different. (tni.org)
At first, the Spanish presence in so-called 'Spanish Sahara' was limited to fishing the coastal waters and trading with Saharawi tribes. (tni.org)
Around this time, organized mass movements for Saharawi independence emerged, the first of which was the Vanguard Organization for the Liberation of the Sahara, which was formed in 1968 by Mohamed Sidi Brahim Bassiri. (tni.org)

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Morocco faced external threats to its sovereignty, with Portugal seizing some territory and the Ottoman Empire encroaching from the east. (wmflabs.org)
The "corruption" that is talked about in Niger is not about petty bribes by government officials, but about an entire structure-developed during French colonial rule-that prevents Niger from establishing sovereignty over its raw materials and over its development. (alternet.org)

In June 2019, the Egyptian Chemical Industries Company (KIMA) finished construction of a new plant at its Aswan fertiliser complex which, according to local media, has a daily production capacity of 1,200 tonnes of ammonia and 1,600 tonnes of urea. (fitchsolutions.com)
Abu Qir Fertilizers Company launched in June 2019 the pilot phase of an industrial wastewater treatment project with an investment of EGP343mn. (fitchsolutions.com)

Morocco and Mauritania then took control of the region. (wsrw.org)
Mauritania withdrew in 1979 and Morocco filled the vacuum. (wsrw.org)
The two states' claims - that ahead of Spain's colonization, Western Sahara had belonged to Greater Morocco and Greater Mauritania - were heard by the International Court of Justice. (tni.org)
Mauritania lies to the south of Western Sahara. (wmflabs.org)
In 1975, after Spain agreed to decolonise the territory and cede its control to Morocco and Mauritania , a guerrilla war broke out between those powers and some of the local inhabitants . (wmflabs.org)

Spain took control of Western Sahara in the 19th century and remained there until shortly before dictator Francisco Franco's death in 1975. (wsrw.org)

Already in a letter from Agrium to WSRW in April 2017, the company stated that it looks to other sources for its production in Redwater, Canada, imported via Vancouver. (spsrasd.info)
In September 2017, Evergrow, an Egyptian fertiliser company, announced a EGP9.5bn project that would produce 1mn tonnes a year of additional fertiliser, beginning in 2020. (fitchsolutions.com)

Beissat is one of 160,000 Western Saharans who live in desert refugee camps in neighbouring Algeria. (wsrw.org)
Egypt's agriculture sector is often characterised by its limited availability of arable land (the Sahara Desert constitutes a large proportion of the country's territory), low rainfall leading to water scarcity concerns, and a high dependency on agricultural imports for food consumption. (fitchsolutions.com)

Germany, France, Spain and Portugal have signed a roadmap agreement with Morocco to work towards renewable electricity trade between Morocco and the EU. (wsrw.org)

The company refuses to remove lies about a civil society association from its website and refuse to answer questions from WSRW. (wsrw.org)
Western Sahara Resource Watch (WSRW) on 7 January 2018 wrote about the massive involvement of Nutrien. (spsrasd.info)
The people of Western Sahara cannot wait for Nutrien to stop at the same, slow pace to Baton Rouge as it has done to Vancouver', chair of WSRW, Sylvia Valentin, stated. (spsrasd.info)

While the primary focus of the report is on energy developments, it also shines a light on related forms of extractivism, including phosphate extraction, fishing, and sand and agricultural industries. (tni.org)
In 2015, the Chamber of Chemical Industries estimated that Egypt's phosphate segment could absorb more than 10 times the level of current investment. (fitchsolutions.com)

During an investor conference in Whistler, British Columbia, on 25 January, Chuck Magro, Nutrien's President and CEO, told that the company has an intention to stop buying phosphate rock from Western Sahara. (spsrasd.info)
The company purchases half of the phosphate rock from Western Sahara. (spsrasd.info)
Since it began its imports in 2013, Agrium has imported around 27% of the phosphate rock that Morocco is excavating in the territory under occupation. (spsrasd.info)

Vanuatu recently established diplomatic links with Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
The 'Alawi dynasty , which rules the country to this day, seized power in 1631, and over the next two centuries expanded diplomatic and commercial relations with the Western world . (wmflabs.org)

It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east , and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south . (wmflabs.org)

Nutrien emerged as a new Canadian company on the first week of January 2018, as a merger between PotashCorp and Agrium. (spsrasd.info)
It is expected that many investors during the first six months of 2018 will automatically apply the old Agrium/PotashCorp exclusion decisions on the new company Nutrien. (spsrasd.info)
On 10 January 2018, the General-Advocate of the EU underlined that EU and Morocco cannot include Western Sahara in a bilateral fisheries agreement, as Western Sahara is a separate territory from Morocco. (spsrasd.info)
This trade advanced mainly crumbled on 10 August 2018, at 00:12. (superiorcasecoding.com)

Western Sahara Resource Watch works to uncover the plunder of the territory and to keep the companies and governments accountable for their support to the occupation. (wsrw.org)

Western Sahara has campaigned for independence since the 1970s when the Spanish colonial power moved out and Morocco took control. (wsrw.org)
Following intermittent riots and revolts against colonial rule, in 1956, Morocco regained its independence and reunified. (wmflabs.org)
Since independence, Morocco has remained relatively stable. (wmflabs.org)

A referendum needed to be held to give Western Saharans the choice of remaining part of Morocco, seeking autonomy or becoming an independent country, he says. (wsrw.org)

Western Sahara has been on the United Nations' decolonisation list since 1990. (wsrw.org)
5 Spanish Sahara (Western Sahara) was included in the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories to be decolonized in 1963. (tni.org)

While other companies internationally have managed to find alternative sources of phosphate - and in spite of a request of the New Zealand government that they do the same - the Kiwi fertilizer industry seems unwilling to drop its imports from occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
In addition to announcing the halt of imports directly into Canada, Mr. Magro told that the company will, in half a year from now, make a decision on what to do with the PotashCorp imports from the territory. (spsrasd.info)
While we welcome the decision to halt imports to Vancouver, we call on global investors who have already excluded one of the two companies to immediately apply their exclusions to Nutrien. (spsrasd.info)

The territory is rich in fish, phosphates, gas and petroleum. (wsrw.org)
Beissat visited New Zealand en route to this week's Pacific Islands Forum in Niue where he was due to meet leaders and put forward the case for official recognition of the territory. (wsrw.org)
The oil block named "Tarfaya Onshore", overlapping the border between Morocco and the occupied territory of Western Sahara, in still unresolved, a newly published oil map reveals. (wsrw.org)
According to WSRW's calculations, the new company Nutrien is, by far, the biggest funder of the illegal occupation of the territory of Western Sahara. (spsrasd.info)
Morocco claims ownership of the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara , which it has designated its Southern Provinces . (wmflabs.org)
Today, Morocco occupies two-thirds of the territory, and efforts to resolve the dispute have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. (wmflabs.org)

democratic governance and ecological resilience' - in Western Sahara. (tni.org)

The highest Court of the European Union this morning found that EU's trade agreement with Morocco cannot be implemented in Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)

Western Sahara occupation soon to electrify EU? (wsrw.org)
He underlined that Western Sahara is under occupation, and that the international humanitarian law applies. (spsrasd.info)

The importing plant of PotasnCorp in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, imported last year phosphate worth 33 million USD. (spsrasd.info)

Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. (wmflabs.org)

Agrium was during these years the biggest importer from Western Sahara. (spsrasd.info)
On the anyone results encircle a also as to run trade of the newest smokers of windows that read the newest users on the customers Powered in the home of years. (wise-biz.net)

East Timor and Papua New Guinea also recognise Western Sahara as an independent country. (wsrw.org)

The authors situate their research on extractivism in occupied Western Sahara in wider academic and activist conversations on energy and colonialism globally. (tni.org)

Jan 21, 2013· Egypt discovered a large deposit of natural uranium Sunday, reported Israel's Walla News. (wollecamp.be)

Morocco has selected Saudi company ACWA Power to develop 100 MW of solar power in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
The executive branch is led by the King of Morocco and the prime minister , while legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament: the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors . (wmflabs.org)

France (New Caledonia), New Zealand (Tokelau), and Morocco (Western Sahara) each administer one. (wsrw.org)

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