• DNA methylation is common to all eukaryote genomes, but we still lack a complete understanding of the variation in DNA methylation patterns on sex chromosomes and between the sexes in diverse species. (edu.au)
  • In each system, we focus on DNA methylation patterns on the autosomes versus the sex chromosomes. (edu.au)
  • Trisomy of sex chromosomes is compatible with life, but will cause phenotypic abnormalities. (mindmeister.com)
  • The genome of some vole rodents exhibit large blocks of heterochromatin coupled to their sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we show prominent epigenetic marks of the heterochromatic blocks in the giant sex chromosomes of female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our data reveal that histone acetylation level affects DNA replication dynamics of the sex chromosomes' heterochromatin and leads to a global reduction in replication fork rate genome wide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, we mapped major epigenetic modifications controlling the structure of the sex chromosome-associated heterochromatin and demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the molecular mechanisms controlling the replication timing of the heterochromatic blocks at the sex chromosomes in female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some vole species, a bulk of constitutive heterochromatin is coupled to both sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
  • An autosome is one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. (genome.gov)
  • Chromatin is spatially organized across length scales, from DNA base pairs to chromosomes to tissues. (harvard.edu)
  • Mammals have two sex chromosomes: X and Y. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. (blogspot.com)
  • In fact, males and females often make about the same amount of gene product because one of the female X chromosomes is inactivated by a mechanism that causes extensive chromatin condensation. (blogspot.com)
  • Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein that packages DNA into chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The crosstalk that exists between X chromosomes and autologous genes is a relatively new paradigm that has emerged as a result of the biology of sex differences, and gives rise to the question of how SCD shapes the genome function. (dementiatalkclub.com)
  • Sex hormones and genes on the sex chromosomes are not only key factors in the regulation of sexual differentiation and reproduction but they are also deeply involved in brain homeostasis. (mdpi.com)
  • Examples of epigenetic systems include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin structure. (uab.edu)
  • Chromatin remodeling is important for the epigenetic reprogramming of human primordial germ cells. (nature.com)
  • Although the genome-wide histone modification landscapes of mouse in vivo germ cells and in vitro PGCLCs have been profiled and several germline-specific properties of epigenetic reprogramming have been revealed, the study of genome-scale chromatin states in human FGCs is still challenging, due to the scarcity of materials and technical difficulties. (nature.com)
  • DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification in vertebrate genomes known to be involved in the regulation of gene expression, X chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, chromatin structure, and control of transposable elements. (edu.au)
  • Sex differences at the genetic/epigenetic level in early development. (ubc.ca)
  • Lastly, two publicly available datasets were investigated to determine significant overlap between a known list of autism candidate genes and a list of genes with bivalent chromatin, a unique epigenetic feature. (duke.edu)
  • As sex is a strong factor underlying phenotypic variability in AD, the results of our study are particularly relevant for a better understanding of the epigenetic architecture that underlie AD and for promoting precision medicine in AD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • That missing fact links the presence of common developmental programming, which underlies the epigenetic regulation of duplicate genes across divergent cell types, to another missing fact: Nutrient-dependent amino acid substitutions, which differentiate cell types in all individuals of species from microbes to man, are fixed in the organized genomes of mammals via the metabolism of nutrients to species-specific pheromones. (scentoferos.com)
  • In addition to quantifying the mites' proteins, the researchers found that males and females expressed proteins involved in chromatin remodeling differently. (asbmb.org)
  • Part of what that might be pointing to is the mites exposing different parts of the DNA to express more sex-specific proteins. (asbmb.org)
  • All living organisms package their DNA with chromatin proteins. (biologists.com)
  • We have shown how upregulated AR and bromodomain proteins regulated by AR, contribute to genome-wide chromatin relaxation, which then leads to increased DNA accessibility. (ous-research.no)
  • This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The CHD7 protein belongs to a family of proteins that are thought to play a role in the organization of chromatin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin. (embl.de)
  • Furthermore, AT-hook motifs are frequently associated with known functional domains seen in chromatin proteins and in DNA-binding proteins (e.g. histone folds, homeodomains and zinc fingers). (embl.de)
  • DSB sites are preferentially located within chromatin loops, while several proteins that are required for DSB formation (Rec114, Mei4, and Mer2) localize on the chromosome axis (Blat et al. (springer.com)
  • Her lab at UAB utilizes a classical genetics model system, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , to study various open questions in the area of epigenetics and chromatin. (uab.edu)
  • 2009). These effects include changes in the concentration and ratios of sex steroid hormones (Landry et al. (researchgate.net)
  • Sex exerts a profound impact on cancer incidence, spectrum and outcomes, yet the molecular genetic bases of such sex differences are ill-defined and presumptively ascribed to X-chromosome genes and sex hormones. (tmc.edu)
  • Androgens, or male sex hormones such as testosterone, send messages through the AR, into the prostate's cells and tissues. (ous-research.no)
  • They are the primary female sex hormones. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.The core. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • It also disrupts the development of certain neurons needed for the production of sex hormones, which interferes with normal sexual development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Here we use nucleosome occupancy and methylation sequencing method to analyze both the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and DNA methylome at a series of crucial time points during fetal germ cell development in both human and mouse. (nature.com)
  • To better understand sex chromosome DNA methylation patterns between different amniote vertebrates, we review literature that has analyzed the genome-wide distribution of DNA methylation in mammals and birds. (edu.au)
  • Use of human fetal brain tissues demonstrated that there is a significant, sex-specific, inverse relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression at this locus. (duke.edu)
  • We studied sex-specific DNA methylation differences in the blood samples of AD subjects compared to cognitively normal subjects, by performing sex-specific meta-analyses of two large blood-based epigenome-wide association studies (ADNI and AIBL), which included DNA methylation data for a total of 1284 whole blood samples (632 females and 652 males). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within each dataset, we used two complementary analytical strategies, a sex-stratified analysis that examined methylation to AD associations in male and female samples separately, and a methylation-by-sex interaction analysis that compared the magnitude of these associations between different sexes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, we also evaluated the performance of the sex-specific methylation-based risk prediction models for AD diagnosis using an independent external dataset. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In males, the best logistic prediction model included only age and MRS computed from 2 of the 5 CpGs identified in methylation-by-sex interaction analysis that are also available in the AddNeuroMed dataset (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.56-0.82). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our best-performing sex-specific methylation-based prediction model in females performed better than that for males and additionally included estimated cell-type proportions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The significant discriminatory classification of AD samples with our methylation-based prediction models demonstrates that sex-specific DNA methylation could be a predictive biomarker for AD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This refutes the idea that [RNA-directed] DNA methylation of genes is strictly determined in a tissue-by-tissue manner and indicates the presence of a common developmental programming underlying regulation of duplicate genes across divergent cell types. (scentoferos.com)
  • Currently, it is not clear if these same processes contribute to the sex differences in aging seen in many species. (uab.edu)
  • Such sex differences are particularly prominent in colorectal cancer (CRC) where men experience higher metastases and mortality. (tmc.edu)
  • Thus, upregulation of Y chromosome KDM5D in cancer cells and immune cells collaboratively contributes to the sex differences in CRC via its disruption of cancer cell adhesion properties and regulation of tumor immunity, providing an actionable therapeutic strategy for metastasis risk reduction for men afflicted with KRAS* CRC. (tmc.edu)
  • Additionally, building on the sex differences in NDD pathology observed in my mentor's previous work, we plan to use the forced-swim test to measure depressive behavior in DEP/MS mice. (duke.edu)
  • To explore this, human sex aneuploidies were analyzed from a genome-wide expression dataset by Raznahan et al. (dementiatalkclub.com)
  • CD56 is a sensitive marker of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors and may also be useful in the diagnosis of this group of neoplasms, especially in cases that are inhibin or calretinin negative, and the differential diagnosis includes neoplasms that are CD56 negative. (medscape.com)
  • Uterine Tumor Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumor: A Distinct Entity Characterized by Recurrent NCOA2/3 Gene Fusions. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • For example, histone variants and histone modifications can influence local chromatin structure, either directly or indirectly. (nature.com)
  • The increased gene dosage of three X/Y chromosome pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) SHOX genes has been postulated as a cause of the increased stature seen in all three sex chromosome trisomies: 47,XXX, 47,XXY, and 47,XYY. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was further discovered that autism candidate genes are significantly enriched for genes containing bivalent chromatin. (duke.edu)
  • Enrichment of both autism candidate genes and genes possessing bivalent chromatin was identified in the human RRBS dataset of genes significantly differentially methylated in sperm of cannabis users. (duke.edu)
  • We used RNA sequencing coupled with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to analyze primed microglial inflammatory gene expression and modifications to histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) at the promoters of primed genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The CHD7 protein regulates the activity (expression) of several other genes through a process known as chromatin remodeling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The differential diagnosis includes endometrial stromal tumor with sex cord-like differentiation, endometrial carcinoma with sex cord-like differentiation, adenosarcoma with extensive sex cord-like differentiation, and mesonephric adenocarcinoma. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • KDM5D-dependent chromatin mark and transcriptome changes showed repression of regulators of the epithelial cell tight junction and MHC class I complex components. (tmc.edu)
  • We profiled the transcriptome, chromatin accessibility state, and heteroplasmy in cells from the eyes of a patient with mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and from healthy control donors. (jci.org)
  • These findings constitute the potential for creating new prognostic and predictive tools, whereby chromatin accessibility can be used as an indicator of prostate cancer progression and severity, and help indicate the most suitable form of treatment for the patient. (ous-research.no)
  • By studying the chromatin and DNA accessibility, we have also determined a 10-gene signature, BROMO-10, that can be used as a genetic biomarker to show which patients fall into different categories in terms of the severity of their cancer. (ous-research.no)
  • The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Material and methods: The study included a number of 21 patients diagnosed with colorectal and gastric cancer from which we gathered biopsies that were processed and analyzed using a Transmission Electron Microscope Philips CM Results: The ultrastructural study identifies common characteristics of the malign transformation of both colorectal cancer and gastric cancer and also a series of particularities for colorectal cancer inaccessible for common microscopy techniques. (malaimare.ro)
  • In addition to classical gene regulatory networks noted above, we have recently identified a central role for additional biologic mechanisms, namely gene regulation by chromatin regulators and by noncoding RNAs. (stanford.edu)
  • The high-mobility group (HMG) domain is a DNA-binding motif that is shared abundant non-histone components of chromatin and by specific regulators of transcription and cell differentiation. (embl.de)
  • This post covers another paper by Tomkins claiming that the GULO pseudogenes in various primate species are not derived from a common ancestor but instead have been deactivated independently in each lineage. (blogspot.com)
  • We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • This dissertation is an empirical and theoretical examination of the evolution of sex, sex-determining mechanisms, and sexual selection. (harvard.edu)
  • A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
  • In this review, we explore the role of biological sex in the development of the brain and analyze its impact on the predisposition toward and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. (mdpi.com)
  • Shortage of this protein is thought to disrupt chromatin remodeling and the regulation of gene expression. (medlineplus.gov)
  • H&E, 40x & 200x magnifications): Retiform architecture of epithelioid cells with hyaline material resembling a sex cord-like structure. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • The structure of chromatin can be changed (remodeled) to alter how tightly DNA is packaged. (medlineplus.gov)
  • One pathway, which has been extensively studied in yeast, is mainly guided by chromatin structure and the other, analyzed in detail in mice, is driven by the sequence-specific DNA-binding PR domain-containing protein 9 (PRDM9). (springer.com)
  • A worldwide database analysis revealed that younger age, smaller tumor size, early stage, and granulosa cell tumor histologic type appear to be independent prognostic factors for improved survival in patients with malignant sex cord-stromal tumors who undergo lymph node dissection. (medscape.com)
  • We are manipulating genome content, heterochromatin amount, DNA repair pathways, and more to define their role in sex-specific aging. (uab.edu)
  • Long before the identification of its molecular nature, it was recognized that chromatin exists in two main states: the densely stained heterochromatin contrasting with euchromatin ( Heitz, 1928 ). (biologists.com)
  • The 48 kDa subunit, RETINOBLASTOMA-BINDING PROTEIN 4, is also a component of several other protein complexes involved in chromatin remodeling. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
  • The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nanoscale changes in chromatin organization represents the initial steps of tumorigenesis: a transmission electron microscopy study. (malaimare.ro)
  • In June 2018, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences sponsored a workshop to identify research gaps in an increasingly common form of chronic kidney disease in agricultural communities, often termed 'CKDu. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the comprehensive chromatin state has not yet been analyzed for human fetal germ cells (FGCs). (nature.com)
  • Our work offers a comprehensive and high-resolution roadmap for dissecting chromatin state transition dynamics during the epigenomic reprogramming of human and mouse FGCs. (nature.com)
  • The tumor consists of sex cord-like and mesenchymal differentiation with various possible components, including Sertoli-like tubules, nested granulosa-like architecture, retiform growth, lipidized cells, Leydig-like cells, stromal cells with infiltrative growth, and solid sheets of smooth muscle-like cells. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • 2009 ). At a larger scale, DSB formation occurs in the context of a specific chromosome architecture that consists of chromatin loops anchored to a proteinaceous axis (Zickler and Kleckner 1999 ). (springer.com)
  • 8,000 ferrets, equal numbers of both sexes, were affect- revealed bronchointerstitial pneumonia with prominent hy- ed. (cdc.gov)
  • In higher eukaryotes, the nuclear genome is compartmentalized into distinct chromatin territories to facilitate the regulation of complex processes such as DNA repair, transcription and replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The maintenance phase often involves a plethora of non-DNA sequence specific chromatin cofactors that set up and maintain chromatin states through cell division and for extended periods of time-sometimes in the absence of the initial transcription factors 3 . (nature.com)
  • DNA repair pathways function less well, chromatin modifiers become misregulated, and noise in gene expression increases. (uab.edu)
  • Sex is increasingly recognized as a significant factor contributing to the biological and clinical heterogeneity in AD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sex cord-stromal tumors are groups of tumors composed of granulosa cells, theca cells, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and fibroblasts of stromal origin, singly or in various combinations. (medscape.com)
  • Neurobiologist who has used the common fruit fly as a model to study aging and human neurodegenerative diseases such as Lou Gehrig's disease and Alzheimer's. (science.ca)
  • Late-onset Alzheimer's is the more common form of the condition. (dementiatalkclub.com)
  • UTROSCT expresses a variable immunoprofile with possible positive or negative staining for any of the commonly used sex cord markers, including inhibin, calretinin, SF1, WT1, and FOXL2. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • lab: PSU-m lab description: Hardison - Penn State University datatype: ChipSeq datatype description: Chromatin IP Sequencing cell: MEL cell organism: mouse cell description: Leukemia (K562 analog) cell sex: U antibody: Pol2-4H8 antibody antibodydescription: Mouse monoclonal to RNA polymerase II CTD repeat YSPTSPS antibody (4H8) - ChIP Grade. (nih.gov)
  • Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL NOS) is the most common lymphoid malignancy in the Western world and classically presents as a rapidly enlarging nodal or extranodal mass. (hindawi.com)
  • 2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
  • Although the global and thorough DNA demethylation patterns of human FGCs have been revealed, the accompanying chromatin states in human germline remains unexplored. (nature.com)
  • Their action is crucial for the development of the brain, which presents different characteristics depending on the sex of individuals. (mdpi.com)
  • Sex-specific BMI latent class trajectories were derived using latent class growth modeling from up to 22 possible BMI values from age 1 month to 42 years measured between 1969 and 2004. (cdc.gov)