reepithelialized mucosa: rat gastric mucosa after exposure to 70% (vol/vol) ethanol for 45 s and rapid wash with 0.9% (wt/vol) sodium chloride followed by 0.9% (wt/vol) sodium chloride for 1 h. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Mucosa was formalin fixed, embedded in paraffin wax, and sections were stained with periodic acid‐Schiff stain for mucin. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
From the stomach and throughout the intestines, the mucosa consists of a single layer of epithelial cells covered by a layer of secreted mucus. (connersclinic.com)
Gamma oryzanol has been shown to protect gastric mucosa from free radical stress and maintain normal inflammatory balance by inhibiting NFkB in macrophages. (connersclinic.com)
Coordinated localisation of mucins and trefoil peptides in the ulcer associated cell lineage and the gastrointestinal mucosa. (embl.de)
Coordinated localisation of trefoil peptides and mucins in UACL and normal gastrointestinal epithelia suggests they may assist each others' functions in protection and repair of gastrointestinal mucosa. (embl.de)
The trefoil peptide intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) plays a critical role in the protection of colonic mucosa and is essential to restitution after epithelial damage. (embl.de)
Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and the autoimmune inflammation of the gastric mucosa are recognized as the leading etiological factors of chronic atrophic gastritis, a disease associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer development. (encyclopedia.pub)
At the same time, autoimmune inflammation of the gastric mucosa, in addition to the formation of atrophy and an increase in the risk of stomach cancer, carries additional risks, both in relation to neoplasms (neuroendocrine tumors) and in relation to the deficiency of a number of micronutrients with the involvement of other organs and systems. (encyclopedia.pub)
The adherent mucus and residue contributes to the difficulty in discriminating the polyp from the surrounding normal colonic mucosa with white light endoscopy. (medscape.com)
Pathomorphological studies of gastrointestinal mucosa of asthma patients indicated increased activity of mucus-producing cells (as in the bronchi), barrier degeneration, and hyperplasia [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Other authors emphasized one additional feature of transitional mucosa, the greatly increased amount of extracellular mucus coating the lesion produced by the hypertrophic and hyperplastic goblet cells [ 20 , 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
UC is characterized by inflammation and ulceration confined to colonic mucosa, whereas CD is manifested by transmural inflammation and granulomas that may affect any segment of the GI tract, including the colon. (medscape.com)
Innate immune cells play a decisive role in host fate by enabling high bacterial loads and minimizing the immunological impact of this burden in the gastric mucosa. (nimml.org)
TFFs are rapidly and coordinately secreted from mucus-secreting cells when the gastrointestinal mucosa suffers mechanical and/or chemical damage, and they respond to the mucosal injury ( 4 , 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Epithelial10
The mucus prevents large particles from contacting the epithelial cell layer while allowing small molecules to pass. (wikipedia.org)
The mucus also facilitates passage of the luminal contents along the length of the intestines, protects the epithelial cells from digestive enzymes, and prevents the direct contact of microorganisms with the epithelial layer. (wikipedia.org)
The gut microbiota can influence barrier function both directly, by stimulating epithelial cell proliferation and secretion of IL-8, and indirectly by producing short-chain fatty acids, which are an important energy source for colonic epithelial cells (colonocytes). (wikipedia.org)
Mucin shields epithelial tissue from mechanical and chemical stress. (connersclinic.com)
The gut barrier consists of the mucus layer, commensal bacteria, epithelial cells, and immune cells residing in the lamina propria (see Glossary ) ( Figure 1 A). In the intestinal epithelium, goblet cells secrete mucus glycoproteins that prevent direct contact between gut microbes and colonocytes [ 2 ], while the mucus in the small intestine is loose and allows passage of bacteria [ 3 ]. (ojcius.net)
The peptide trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) is a major constituent of the intestinal mucus, playing an important role in the repair of epithelial surfaces. (akjournals.com)
#Akkermansia utilises mucin as a nutritional source and degrades it into SCFA acetate , which acts as a substrate for other beneficial bacteria to produce butyrate, an energy source for the intestinal epithelial cells. (metabiom.org)
CagA is an effector protein injected into the gastric epithelial cells by a type IV secretion system encoded by the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI). (nimml.org)
As shown in figure 1, the inflammatory response towards H. pylori is initiated through the interaction between the pathogen lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the Toll-like receptors (TLR) expressed on gastric epithelial cells [ 6 ]. (nimml.org)
The results indicate that many intestinal bacteria may coexist with and confer benefits to the host by mechanisms not attributable to adhesion to epithelial cells or mucus. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycoproteins3
Composite diagram of proposed structures for typical branched oligosaccharides in human 223 and pig 219 gastric mucin glycoproteins showing the immunodeterminant blood group A and H (- - -) and I (‐ ‐ ‐) saccharide structures. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Mucus comprises water, glycoproteins (mucins), and ions. (bmj.com)
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides and the chromosome 11p15.5 mucin glycoproteins are expressed and secreted in a site specific fashion along the length of the gastrointestinal tract. (embl.de)
Secretion4
Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion that have changed treatment practice for gastric acid-related disorders. (bvsalud.org)
Commensal bacteria can induce the production of mucus from goblet cells by activating interleukin (IL)-22 secretion by innate lymphoid cells [ 8 ]. (ojcius.net)
Moreover, in feed, SPL supplementation at 5 and 10 mg/kg improved jejunal histological indices and gene expression levels related to mucin secretion and local inflammation markers. (biomedcentral.com)
MUC22
The most overexpressed genes included Fc Fragment of IgG Binding Protein ( FCGBP , logFC = 3.01, pFDR = 0.015), Mucin 2 ( MUC2 , logFC = 2.78, pFDR = 0.015), and Alpha 1B Defensin ( DEFA1B , logFC = 2.73, pFDR = 0.024). (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrate that DBZ elicits a homogeneous goblet cell conversion all along the mouse intestinal tract, associated with an overexpression of the gene Muc2 without ectopic expression of the gastric genes Muc5ac and Muc6 , and with the emergence of lysozyme-positive 'intermediate cells' in the colon. (biologists.com)
Barrier5
In order to protect the mucosal barrier, a thick, complex layer of mucus is produced. (connersclinic.com)
Mucosagen includes L-glutamine, gamma oryzanol, N-acetyl glucosamine and lactoferrin to help support the health of the intestinal mucosal barrier and maintain healthy mucin production. (connersclinic.com)
1, 2 This review approaches the role of mucin degrading enzymes from the potential interaction of micro-organisms with the cervical mucus barrier, and discusses the contribution that mucin degrading enzymes may make to microbial colonisation of the reproductive tract. (bmj.com)
Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles that rapidly penetrate the human mucus barrier. (innovareacademics.in)
Commensals also convert dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which protect the gut barrier in various ways, including by providing energy for colonocytes and stimulating the production of mucus, antimicrobial proteins, and Treg cells [ 5 ]. (ojcius.net)
Mucosal6
Partial or complete degradation of mucin molecules by microbial enzymes is often a fundamental step in disruption of defensive mucosal barriers, as these constitute direct interfaces between internal and external environments. (bmj.com)
Evidence for coexpression of mucins and trefoil peptides has been suggested in numerous gastrointestinal mucosal pathologies. (embl.de)
Nanoparticles with lesser zeta potential and mucoadhesion showed higher mucosal penetration which is evident from FITC labeled histopathological mucus penetration test. (innovareacademics.in)
Lai SK, Wang YY, Hanes J. Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to mucosal tissues. (innovareacademics.in)
These proteins have revealed many aspects of the relationships between the bacteria, the gastric mucosal surface, and the final outcome of the disease. (nimml.org)
Given the complexity of the host- H. pylori interactions at the systems level and the broad range of possible outcomes, our team has developed a computational model of the gastric mucosal immune response towards H. pylori infection. (nimml.org)
Secretory2
4 The proteins that occur in the mucus, including lactoferrin, lysozyme, and secretory IgA, are part of this defence system. (bmj.com)
Further studies should identify if TFF3 affects mucus sensing of dendritic cells and how TFF3 is involved in regulating the immune response as an intrinsic secretory peptide of immune cells. (akjournals.com)
Peptides2
We tested the hypothesis that individual trefoil peptides are uniquely localised with specific mucins in the UACL and normal gastrointestinal epithelia. (embl.de)
Colocalisation of mucins and trefoil peptides was demonstrated by immunofluorescent colabelling in UACL and normal gastrointestinal epithelia. (embl.de)
Pylori2
Helicobacter pylori colonizes half of the world's population as the dominant member of the gastric microbiota resulting in a lifelong chronic infection. (nimml.org)
Once in the gastric lamina propria, H. pylori is mainly found inside macrophages where their interaction leads to macrophage activation and cytokine release [ 7 ]. (nimml.org)
Microbiota1
Our previous studies on the HT-29 cell line and early-weaned rats demonstrated that adequate sophorolipid (SPL) supplementation in feed could enhance the mucin-producing and wound healing capacities of the gut defense system by modulating gut microbiota. (biomedcentral.com)
Goblet cell1
The actual goblet cell hyperplasia, simply an increase in the number of goblet cells lining the colonic crypts. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells3
The mucus consists of a highly glycosylated hydrated gel formed by mucin molecules that are secreted by goblet cells. (wikipedia.org)
Pseudomembranous colitis is a form of inflammatory colitis characterized by the pathologic presence of pseudomembranes consisting of mucin, fibrin, necrotic cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). (medscape.com)
#Akkermansia is a symbiont that degrades mucin and encourages cells to produce more mucin. (metabiom.org)
Protease1
Therefore, peptide hydrolysates were obtained by shaving two phenotypically distinct strains of S. thermophilus (LMD-9 PrtS+ and CNRZ-21N PrtS−) with pepsin, a gastric protease, followed or not by trypsinolysis. (calbinotox.fr)
Molecules2
This can be explained by the large hydrated glycoprotein molecules at higher concentrations occupying the whole solution volume and their overlapping molecular domains interacting noncovalently to form the mucus‐gel matrix. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Mucinases are enzymes capable of degrading mucins (the complex high molecular weight molecules that are the major non-aqueous components of mucous gels). (bmj.com)
Genes1
METHODS: Expression of mucin genes in the UACL from small bowel tissue of patients with Crohn's disease was detected by in situ hybridisation, and localisation of the products by immunohistochemistry. (embl.de)
Inflammatory1
Colorectal cancer is a complication of ulcerative colitis and colonic Crohn's disease, the two main forms of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IIBD). (biomedcentral.com)
Microbial3
Mucin also provides a broad range of immune support which helps maintain microbial balance. (connersclinic.com)
3 In the female reproductive tract a primary function of the cervical mucus is the defence of the upper reproductive tract from microbial invasion. (bmj.com)
The occurrence of diarrhea after weaning in piglets could be reduced by feeding a 10 ppm of SPL supplemented diet which improves the gut defense system by improving the microbial population and enhancing mucin layer integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene expression1
CONCLUSIONS: The UACL has a unique profile of mucin gene expression. (embl.de)
Layer3
Mucus forms a layer (or layers, in the case of the colon) that separates the bulk of the luminal contents from the intestinal epithelium. (wikipedia.org)
Chemotaxis assays indicated that the motile L. agilis strain is attracted by mucin, which is a major component of the intestinal mucus layer in animal guts. (biomedcentral.com)
#Parkinson's Disease ] - Intestinal mucus layer is rich in protein mucin. (metabiom.org)
Thickness2
Note the thickness and increased vascularity of the colonic wall, as well as irregularities on the serosal surface. (medscape.com)
Also note the thickness of the colonic hepatic flexure. (medscape.com)
Mechanical1
mechanical spectrum for pig gastric mucus showing a plot of elastic (storage modulus, --) and viscous (loss modulus, --) moduli against frequency of oscillatory deformations 20. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Defense1
4) Role of intestinal mucins as a defense mechanism against rotavirus. (stanford.edu)
Acid1
The gastric acid produced by the stomach can also kill microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
The possible contribution of mucin degrading enzymes to the pathogenesis of infection is, therefore, not to be underestimated. (bmj.com)
However, a small percentage of infected individuals will ultimately develop duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer due to the inability of the host immune system to clear the infection. (nimml.org)
Role1
The role of hydrolytic enzymes in the pathogenesis of sexually transmitted diseases and their effect on cervical mucus are discussed in this review. (bmj.com)
Colon1
Mesenteric fat, vessels and lymph nodes were resected en block with the ascending colon. (medscape.com)
Severe1
This cut also shows severe tumor infiltration of the colonic mesentery surrounding the mesenteric and retroperitoneal vessels. (medscape.com)
Dominant2
Native gastric mucus and mucus reconstituted from isolated glycoprotein have the behavior characteristic of a weak viscoelastic gel with the elastic modulus dominant over the viscous modulus. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Reduced and proteolytically digested mucus has the behavior of viscous liquid where the viscous modulus is dominant over the loss modulus for much of the frequency range accessed. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Production2
N-acetyl glucosamine is a mucin precursor and has been shown to increase the production of mucus within the GI tract. (connersclinic.com)
6 Colonic mucus production has been shown to be deficient in individuals with GI challenges. (connersclinic.com)
Function1
Mucus has an integrated antibacterial function. (bmj.com)
Small1
Mucus gel is sandwiched between a flat plate and shallow cone and subjected to small deformations at different oscillatory frequencies without disrupting gel structure. (comprehensivephysiology.com)