• The 1912-1956 French Protectorate produced marked patterns of uneven development across Morocco that continue into the present. (merip.org)
  • 1956 - End of French protectorate after unrest and strong nationalist sentiment. (flairng.com)
  • Following intermittent riots and revolts against colonial rule, in 1956, Morocco regained its independence and reunified. (explained.today)
  • Morocco has claimed those territories (except the island of Alborán, further away from Africa) since its independence in 1956. (wikipedia.org)
  • When Spain relinquished its protectorate and recognized Morocco's independence in 1956, it did not give up these minor territories, as Spain had held them well before the establishment of its protectorate. (wikipedia.org)
  • That generation succeeded, as Morocco was able to regain its independence in 1956. (bauhaus-imaginista.org)
  • In 1956, Morocco formally gained independence from France, [21] which was arguably the biggest turning point for Miloud's business. (familybusinesshistories.org)
  • After gaining independence from French colonial rule in 1956, Tunisia was governed for 55 years by harsh secular dictatorships, first under the rule of Habib Bourguiba (1956-87) and then under Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1987-2011). (democracyweb.org)
  • Morocco was made a French protectorate in 1912 but regained independence in 1956. (kanbrik.com)
  • 1912 - Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Treaty of Fez. (flairng.com)
  • The Treaty of Fez (signed on 30 March 1912) made most of Morocco a protectorate of France, while Spain assumed the role of protecting power over the northern part, called Spanish Morocco . (wikipedia.org)
  • France officially established a protectorate over Morocco with the Treaty of Fez, ending what remained of the country's de facto independence. (kanbrik.com)
  • in 1912, France and Spain divided the country into respective protectorates, reserving an international zone in Tangier. (explained.today)
  • Tunisia turned into a French protectorate in 1881, and Morocco (which has kept up an unsteady independence status, under its own local sultans, since the end of the Marinid administration) follows in 1912. (dayfinders.com)
  • C itizens of Morocco's poorest region, Draa-Tafilalet in southeastern Morocco, continue to struggle with a lack of adequate paved roads, electricity, water and internet access. (merip.org)
  • After Morocco's nationwide airline added flights from Casablanca to Doha for Moroccan supporters, he felt that the massive diaspora in Europe may be itching to get to Morocco. (nayanazriya.com)
  • At a second when the far-right is the most important single opposition celebration within the French parliament and its anti-immigration concepts are being echoed by different events, Morocco's workforce has been hailed as a logo of immigration and the Moroccan diaspora - a lot of Morocco's squad had been born or grew up exterior Morocco, together with its coach, Walid Regragui, who was born and raised close to Paris. (nayanazriya.com)
  • The shop also makes a quality jellaba fabric from locally spun, textured wool thread called hubba -sometimes referred to as couscous, because it's nubby texture resembles Morocco's national semolina dish of the same name. (travel-exploration.com)
  • While he believed that Tunisian Muslims had every right to expel the French who'd ruled their country as a protectorate since 1881, he had no wish to live under a government that he expected to be strongly influenced by Islam. (lrb.co.uk)
  • Tunisia gained effective autonomy under the Turkish Beys, but in 1881 the French forced the Ottomans to cede the country as a French protectorate. (democracyweb.org)
  • Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . (explained.today)
  • The Tunisian protests sparked a broader regional revolt against dictatorships across the Middle East and North Africa referred to as the Arab Spring. (democracyweb.org)
  • Fifty-three percent of the soldiers provided to France by its colonial empire in September 1939 came from Morocco and areas of North Africa. (kanbrik.com)
  • Since independence, Morocco has remained relatively stable. (explained.today)
  • Souffles provides crucial insights into the struggles of post-independence intellectuals to create a post-colonial aesthetic beyond existing European art education models and colonial knowledge production. (bauhaus-imaginista.org)
  • The anti-colonial struggle was successful in achieving political independence for Morocco, but ten years later young intellectuals confronted a situation where the colonial attitudes, as well as the socio-political structures of colonial governance, remained in place. (bauhaus-imaginista.org)
  • Although the French and the Spanish would compete for colonial rule of the country, the Moroccan independence movements of the 20th century were largely based out of Marrakech. (highlandlochpress.com)
  • not to be confused with the post-colonial Senegambia Confederation (1 February 1982 - 30 September 1989). (nationsonline.org)
  • Nor did the unforgiving tone of his writing about the post-colonial condition: like V.S. Naipaul when he wrote about the Caribbean, Memmi seemed to flaunt his disappointment with, and estrangement from, the world he'd left behind. (lrb.co.uk)
  • keystone of the post-colonial global political and economic order after World War II. (versobooks.com)
  • One major axis of inequality exacerbated by the French colonial administration is the vast discrepancy in development between urban and rural areas. (merip.org)
  • [3] Michel Écochard, who served as the director of the Department of Urban Planning under the French Protectorate from 1946 to 1952, transformed the urban development of Casablanca and expanded the pace of industrial decentralization into new coastal cities like Agadir and Safi, largely to the detriment of small and medium sized towns in the interior. (merip.org)
  • The data is collected by arranged interviews with focus groups consisting of university students in Rabat, Morocco, in order to investigate the trends and the extent of the occurrence of French in speech situations where intra- sentential code-switching between colloquial Moroccan Arabic and French is present. (lu.se)
  • In this the French colonial empire differed from its chief rival, the British Empire. (discoverfrance.net)
  • Foundations of a second French colonial empire were laid between 1830 and 1870, when Louis Philippe's forces penetrated Algeria and Napoleon III's seized Cochin China in Southeast Asia. (discoverfrance.net)
  • Where there prevailed long traditions of organized political life and a common culture, the French tended to rule indirectly through existing local authorities, as in Tunisia and Morocco. (discoverfrance.net)
  • French colonial imperialism survived World War I, but World War II led to its reorganization as the French Union , and finally to its dissolution primarily as the result of the wars in Indochina and Algeria. (discoverfrance.net)
  • Collectively, these outer fringes of French civilization and government are referred to as "DOM-TOM" for domaines d'outre-mer and territoires d'outre-mer . (discoverfrance.net)
  • Abdel, 48, was born in Paris to Moroccan mother and father who arrived within the early Nineteen Fifties, when Morocco was nonetheless a French protectorate. (nayanazriya.com)
  • Relations grew frosty final yr after the Pegasus mission revelations that the cellphone variety of the president, Emmanuel Macron, in addition to these of a number of French ministers, appeared in leaked knowledge, elevating fears their telephones could have been of curiosity to Morocco. (nayanazriya.com)
  • Is Morocco still a French colony? (flairng.com)
  • Like most imperializing countries, the Spanish and French wanted to colonize Morocco because they wanted power. (flairng.com)
  • Miloud worked as a day laborer for a construction company called AFCA that was French-owned, as Morocco was still a French protectorate. (familybusinesshistories.org)
  • Most French critics of colonial rule focused on land expropriation, the exploitation of indigenous labour and violent repression. (lrb.co.uk)
  • The city was so prone to revolt that the French administration moved the colonial capital further north to Rabat. (highlandlochpress.com)
  • Moroccan crises, (1905-06, 1911), two international crises centring on France's attempts to control Morocco and on Germany's concurrent attempts to stem French power. (kanbrik.com)
  • Félix Zirah was born on August 5, 1892 in Tunis, the capital of the Regency which was a French Protectorate. (convoi77.org)
  • Algeria is occupied by France and the Regency of Tunis ( Tunisia ) was a colonial protectorate of France. (nationsonline.org)
  • In 1900, the British finally defeated the kingdom and incorporated it into the Gold Coast colony as a protectorate. (nationsonline.org)
  • The line was 460 km long and sealed off Algeria's eastern and western borders to prevent FLN guerrillas from entering the colony from Tunisia and Morocco. (montrealserai.com)
  • As a colony of France, Morocco participated in World War I from 1914 to 1918. (kanbrik.com)
  • Was Morocco ever a colony? (kanbrik.com)
  • [15] Centuries of Arab migration to the Maghreb since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope of Morocco. (explained.today)
  • Under the tree of Morocco which according to the late King Hassan II has roots deep in Africa, the trunk in the Arab-Muslim world, and the foliage in Europe, [ii] all its children have their place in its umbrage. (timesofisrael.com)
  • This legal document attests to a successful marriage of traditions, habits, and customs of different cultures: Amazigh, Arab-Muslim, Hassani, Jewish, Andalusian, Mediterranean, and African, giving Morocco a rich and diverse cultural heritage whereby each region has its own particularities contributing to enriching the Moroccan cultural legacy. (timesofisrael.com)
  • Marrakech was founded in 1070 by the Almoravid dynasty, which derived from a tribe that was part of a larger non-Arab confederation of peoples now referred to as Berbers. (highlandlochpress.com)
  • It argues that, while the BBC broadcasts pushed colonial territories in Arabian Peninsula away from British India into the fold of Britain's Middle East administration, colonial officials had to acknowledge Arabia's social, economic, and cultural ties to the Indian Ocean region in order to have the BBC successfully compete with German and Italian broadcasts among Arab and Muslim audiences worldwide. (openedition.org)
  • Britain took the 91,000 square kilometers of the Palestine Mandate east of the Jordan River, and created Trans-Jordan (later the Arab country of Jordan) as a new Arab protectorate. (tundratabloids.com)
  • Born in 1920, between the poet Aimé Césaire (1913) and Frantz Fanon (1925), Memmi shared their opposition to colonial domination and took part in the anti-colonial struggle. (lrb.co.uk)
  • Germany wanted to challenge France's growing control over Morocco, aggravating France and Great Britain. (kanbrik.com)
  • Damaraland was a name given to the north-central part of what later became Namibia , inhabited by Herero-speaking people, who in the 19th century were often referred to by outsiders as 'Damaras. (nationsonline.org)
  • In the late 19th century, after the so-called Scramble for Africa , European nations had taken over colonial control of most of the African continent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to the late 19th century, the region was commonly referred to as Senegambia and was not yet distinguished as separate entities. (commonwealthchamber.com)
  • By the end of the 19th century, the share of Jewish population in Palestine was very low, antisemitism was rampant in Europe, and ideas of nations were en vogue. (tomaspueyo.com)
  • The region constituting Morocco has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era over 300,000 years ago, and the first Moroccan state was established by Idris I in 788. (explained.today)
  • The generation that preceded us, Moroccan men and women, was preoccupied with the political fight against the colonial system. (bauhaus-imaginista.org)
  • The love that Moroccans of the Jewish faith have for their country of origin all over the world shows that Judaism has never been alien to Morocco, on the contrary, it has for over more than two millennia been an integral part of the culture of the country and still is today, and in spite of the fact that Moroccan Jews have gone to Israel and elsewhere. (timesofisrael.com)
  • On March 31, 1905, Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany arrives in Tangiers to declare his support for the sultan of Morocco, provoking the anger of France and Britain in what will become known as the First Moroccan Crisis, a foreshadowing of the greater conflict between Europe's great nations still to come, the First World War. (kanbrik.com)
  • The First Moroccan Crisis or the Tangier Crisis was an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco. (kanbrik.com)
  • Morocco (1920-1926) The Rif War, also called the Second Moroccan War, was fought in the early 1920s between the colonial power Spain (later assisted by France) and the Moroccan Berbers of the Rif mountainous region. (kanbrik.com)
  • The recorded history of Morocco begins with the Phoenician colonization of the Moroccan coast between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, although the area was inhabited by indigenous Berbers for some two thousand years before that. (kanbrik.com)
  • Imperialism refers to the process of expansion and conquest necessary in the construction of an empire. (encyclopedia.com)
  • But unlike Césaire and Fanon, whose writing celebrated revolt, Memmi saw little poetry or utopian promise in anti-colonial struggle. (lrb.co.uk)
  • The Kingdom of Morocco is ruled by Hassan I of Morocco, a member of the Alaouite dynasty. (nationsonline.org)
  • A sovereign Muslim State, attached to its national unity and to its territorial integrity, the Kingdom of Morocco intends to preserve, in its plentitude and its diversity, its one and indivisible national identity. (timesofisrael.com)
  • In the face of Ottoman expansion in the 16th century, the kingdom of Morocco, based out of Marrakech, was the sole region of the Arabic-speaking world to maintain their autonomy from Turkish control. (highlandlochpress.com)
  • What was Morocco like before colonization? (flairng.com)
  • Before the advent of colonization and the imposition of the protectorate on Morocco, the country was fully sovereign, independent, and united. (flairng.com)
  • The de-colonization process would reveal the one-sidedness of colonial rule. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • From a strictly legal point of view, the treaty did not deprive Morocco of its status as a sovereign state. (kanbrik.com)
  • The term is distinct from king ( ملك malik ), though both refer to a sovereign ruler. (wikipedia.org)
  • A notable example is Morocco , whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957. (wikipedia.org)
  • Maroc utile referred to the section of Morocco that spans from El Jadida to Kenitra, across the northern plains to Meknes and south to Marrakech, while Maroc inutile identified the largely mountainous interior of the country as unproductive territory. (merip.org)
  • What country owns Morocco? (flairng.com)
  • Morocco is a Northern African country, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and the annexed Western Sahara. (flairng.com)
  • Over the centuries, Morocco, a country whose roots have been irrigated by the streams of multiculturalism, has forged its own model in which everyone finds their place. (timesofisrael.com)
  • The Marinid and Saadi dynasties otherwise resisted foreign domination, and Morocco was the only North African nation to escape Ottoman dominion. (explained.today)
  • The regions seized by the corsairs were then given a formal status as protectorates of the Ottoman empire. (dayfinders.com)
  • Contemporary regional inequalities result in part from colonial territorial history. (merip.org)
  • Through this work, Norouzi comments on the processes of botanical extraction from colonies around the globe that drove the expansion of Western scientific knowledge and territorial conquest, while at the same time reversing the roles and subverting the colonial gaze. (montrealserai.com)
  • Perhaps not uncoincidentally, sub-Saharan African refugees and labor migrants have suffered various forms of racism, exclusion, and exploitation both in North African nations (Egypt, Libya, Morocco) and in South Africa. (umn.edu)
  • In January 1899, the UK and Egypt (a British protectorate at the time) signed an agreement and established the shared dominion of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, defining "Sudan" as the "territories south of the 22nd parallel of latitude. (montrealserai.com)
  • The surprising semi-final conflict between the world champions, France, and the outsider success story, Morocco, is being seen as deeply symbolic in France, which has for many years grappled with the notion of nationwide identification and its colonial previous. (nayanazriya.com)
  • The match comes at a fragile second within the diplomatic relationship between France and Morocco. (nayanazriya.com)
  • Why did France want Morocco? (flairng.com)
  • France had already taken control of Algeria, which borders Morocco, and wanted to take over Morocco as well. (flairng.com)
  • Morocco became the centre of the world's attention between 1905 and 1906 and the crisis clearly indicated that Germany's relation with France was at best fragile. (kanbrik.com)
  • You asked, why did France want Morocco? (kanbrik.com)
  • France would be allowed to continue their activity in Morocco without Germany intervening only if they gave something back to Germany in return. (kanbrik.com)
  • What did France do to Morocco? (kanbrik.com)
  • It was one of the first major cities in the wider Islamic west, known as the Maghrib - now comprising Morocco, Algeria and parts of Tunisia - to be founded by a group indigenous to the region. (highlandlochpress.com)
  • 3 The hybrid and transnational character of Souffles also relates directly to one of the main subjects of debate in its pages: the deep and abiding concern of artists and intellectuals with the awkward position for aesthetic production occasioned by both the colonial past and the conservative politics of many postcolonial regimes, including feudal oligarchies and ruling political parties. (bauhaus-imaginista.org)
  • Memmi's attachment to Israel is partly to blame: his failure, or refusal, to see the colonial nature of Zionism did little to raise his standing among anti-colonial intellectuals. (lrb.co.uk)
  • strongholds of sovereignty") [3] is a term describing a series of Spanish overseas minor territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering Morocco in Africa , or that are closer to Africa than Europe . (wikipedia.org)
  • Historically, a distinction was made between the so-called "major places of sovereignty", comprising the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla , and the "minor places of sovereignty", referring to a number of islands (and a small peninsula) along the coast. (wikipedia.org)
  • Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall caliphate , or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Morocco remained under Roman rule until the 5th century AD. (flairng.com)
  • They inhabited Morocco from the end of the 2nd millennium B.C. In 146 BC Romans extended their rule to Morocco after defeating the Carthage. (flairng.com)
  • The Vandals later invaded Morocco after the decline of the Roman rule. (flairng.com)
  • Indeed, true anticolonialism-that is, the theoretical and active resistance to colonial rule with the objective of overthrowing imperial control and establishing independent, national states-became nearly indistinguishable from nationalism in Africa, the Middle East , and Asia by the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. (encyclopedia.com)
  • E.P. Thompson uses the term ' moral economy' to refer to English bread riots and other protests during the 18th century. (scielo.org.za)
  • If Morocco wins, historical past will likely be made, with Africa within the ultimate. (nayanazriya.com)
  • Morocco was known as the Kingdom of Marrakesh under the three dynasties that made Marrakesh their capital. (flairng.com)
  • Films that disrupt colonial narrative structures and depictions have been made, traditional settings have been incorporated into online games while traditional board games are being digitised. (googleapis.com)
  • Under the Almoravid and the Almohad dynasties, Morocco dominated the Maghreb and Muslim Spain. (flairng.com)
  • Tension between colonial Spanish forces and Rif peoples in northern Morocco culminated in a series of guerrilla attacks led by Berber leader Abd el-Krim on Spanish fortifications in June-July 1921. (flairng.com)
  • Memmi, who died in late May, spent the rest of his life in Paris, in an apartment in the Marais, but he remained preoccupied with the question of the 'lived experience' of colonial domination, racism and other forms of oppression. (lrb.co.uk)
  • When did Spain lose Morocco? (flairng.com)
  • Spain continues to operate its coastal protectorate. (flairng.com)
  • On 11 July 2002, Morocco stationed six gendarmes on Perejil Island , which was at the time a source of complaint by Spain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, Portugal, which had essentially abandoned a colonial empire in the area, long held through the mostly defunct proxy Kingdom of Kongo , also claimed the area, based on old treaties with Restoration-era Spain and the Catholic Church . (wikipedia.org)
  • Songhay , region of the Songhai people and the pre-colonial Songhai Empire one of the largest African empires in history (c. 1340-1591) in present day Niger and Burkina Faso . (nationsonline.org)
  • In this article, I'll refer to Palestine as the historical region of Palestine , which comes from the label that the Ottomans put on the region that is today Israel and Palestine. (tomaspueyo.com)
  • Morocco also claims Ceuta and Melilla , making up about 22.8km2 more claimed territory. (explained.today)
  • Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. (explained.today)
  • She first went to Morocco in 2007 and since then, many awards and traveling grants later, this serene force is revising, re-writing and re-thinking the art history of Morocco after 1999. (appartement22.com)
  • The pre-colonial history of The Gambia has been passed down through oral traditions and is closely intertwined with the history of neighboring Senegal. (commonwealthchamber.com)
  • The Ottomans were excellent record-keepers, enabling scholars to explore extensive centralized archives on every part of the Arabic world - except Morocco, whose archives remain dispersed and underfunded. (highlandlochpress.com)
  • In all colonies, protest uprisings and movements appeared to highlight colonial injustice, and often specific abuses and impositions, in order to provoke concessions, reform, and improvements. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A powerful earthquake that hit close to the medieval city of Marrakech in Morocco on Sept. 8, 2023, has killed thousands and injured many more. (highlandlochpress.com)
  • Even the word "Morocco" is derived from an etymological transmutation of "Marrakech. (highlandlochpress.com)
  • David Scott develops it further in his work on peasant economies of South-East Asia, which were disrupted by the colonial state and its economic practices (Scott 1976). (scielo.org.za)
  • Also referred to as a 'federal republican' Valero García, Víctor (20 March 2011). (wikipedia.org)
  • [4] Some historians however warn against an overemphasis of its role in the colonial partitioning of Africa, and draw attention to bilateral agreements concluded before and after the conference. (wikipedia.org)
  • The departing colonial powers left behind economies that were designed to benefit themselves. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • First there was an understanding that we could not move forward without having resolved our problems with the colonial experience. (bauhaus-imaginista.org)
  • Morocco Travel guide books such as Lonely Planet, Frommers and Rough Guides can be the perfect travel companion for those who desire to see and do the status quo in Fes however first hand experience from a foreigner living in Morocco can offer more off the beat experiences. (travel-exploration.com)
  • I want to thank Maria Persson, supervisor for this study, for her guidance and supervision throughout this process, as well as assigning me as a representative of Lund University to conduct field work in Morocco. (lu.se)
  • This Style refers allowing a process mapping to Get itself from perfect infractions. (zukunft-stenghau.org)
  • However, Souffles has long been difficult to locate, having been banned in Morocco in 1972, with its editor, the poet Abdellatif Laâbi, imprisoned for eight years until his release due to international pressure in 1980: he was exiled to Paris five years later. (bauhaus-imaginista.org)
  • How many years was Morocco at war? (kanbrik.com)
  • Then, in the context of the war, it was necessary to refer first of all on his deportation dossier [3] which formed a basis for the research, as then on files from the Fort de Montluc prison and Drancy, and Yad Vashem records [4] . (convoi77.org)