Chemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentHealth Care
ThiopentalAnesthetics, IntravenousMethohexitalPropofolAnesthesia, IntravenousEtomidateHalothaneAnestheticsKetamineThiamylalHypnotics and SedativesBarbituratesIsofluraneAnesthesia, GeneralAnesthesia Recovery PeriodAcepromazineAnesthesiaAnesthesia, InhalationPreanesthetic MedicationMidazolamFentanylNitrous OxideSuccinylcholineAlfaxalone Alfadolone MixtureElectroencephalographyPropanidid
PropofolSodium thiopentalKetaminePentobarbitalPHARMACOLOGYAnesthesia inductionDoseInductionAnestheticBarbiturateAnesthesiologyEtomidateSeizureSedationTrialsInduceCardiac arrestPatient'sDosesDifferencesPracticePediatricStudyLiverOutcomeDiagnosisProfessorExaminationCardiovascularEffectsPostoperativeDataTreatmentMechanismsGeneralContinuousPresentationPertinentMedicalAnesthesiologistsHistoryExperienceSigns
Propofol5
Sodium thiopental13
  • Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
  • A normal dose of sodium thiopental (usually 4-6 mg/kg) given to a pregnant woman for operative delivery (caesarean section) rapidly makes her unconscious, but the baby in her uterus remains conscious. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays zero-order elimination pharmacokinetics, leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain unconsciousness during anaesthesia due to its rapid redistribution throughout the body (as it has a high volume of distribution). (wikipedia.org)
  • In veterinary medicine, sodium thiopental is used to induce anesthesia in animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since it is redistributed to fat, certain lean breeds of dogs such as sighthounds will have prolonged recoveries from sodium thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to anesthesia induction, sodium thiopental was historically used to induce medical comas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity thereby decreasing cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), decrease the cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide, which in turn decreases intracranial pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of euthanasia. (wikipedia.org)
  • In both Belgium and the Netherlands, where active euthanasia is allowed by law, the standard protocol recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by pancuronium bromide to paralyze muscles and stop breathing. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first drug is an anesthetic (sodium thiopental), followed by a paralytic agent (pancuronium bromide), and, finally, a drug that causes the heart to stop beating (potassium chloride). (hrw.org)
  • Intervention 1: Intervention group 1: In this group, after lying on the bed and monitoring connection, patients received 5 mg/kg Sodium Thiopental from Jaber Ibn Hayyan company and 0.3 mg/kg Succinylcholine made by Caspian company for anesthesia and then under Electroconvulsive therapy with energy. (who.int)
Ketamine2
Pentobarbital4
  • Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to pentobarbital in reducing intracranial pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The authors determined the pharmacokinetics of R- and S-thiopental and serum concentrations of R- and S-pentobarbital from prolonged high-dose infusion of thiopental for neuroprotection. (silverchair.com)
  • Plasma concentrations of R- and S-pentobarbital were relatively small and unlikely to be of clinical significance. (silverchair.com)
  • All of these factors and the fact that there is no good evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials that pentobarbital coma improves outcome in patients with various neurological pathologies have led many practitioners to consider this therapy as the last resort when other treatments have been exhausted. (anesthesiageneral.com)
PHARMACOLOGY1
  • Principal Hospital Scientist, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal North Shore Hospital. (silverchair.com)
Anesthesia induction1
Dose7
  • During conditions of prolonged high-dose therapy, the pharmacokinetics of thiopental may become nonlinear, but whether this derives from one or both enantiomers has not been evaluated. (silverchair.com)
  • Twenty patients received a mean thiopental dose of 41.2 g over a mean duration of 95 h. (silverchair.com)
  • PROLONGED high-dose thiopental therapy is used to reduce intracranial hypertension and protect the brain against ischemic injury in acute neurologic and neurosurgical emergencies. (silverchair.com)
  • However, it is not known whether the nonlinearity of high-dose thiopental pharmacokinetics is an artifact of data analysis because of two drugs being combined or whether the component enantiomers each undergo nonlinear pharmacokinetics. (silverchair.com)
  • Furthermore, the significance of any pharmacodynamic differences between R- and S- thiopental enantiomers, during conditions of prolonged high-dose therapy is unknown. (silverchair.com)
  • High-dose barbiturates also suppress both clinical and electrical seizure activity. (anesthesiageneral.com)
  • It has been reported that the central administration of very small dose of thiopental sodium influence the renal function directly. (e-cep.org)
Induction4
  • Immediate recovery from anesthesia (as assessed by awakening time, time needed to follow simple commands and time to perform simple tests after anesthesia as well as they were performed before anesthesia), based upon data derived from short operative procedures where intravenous etomidate was used for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia, is about as rapid as, or slightly faster than, immediate recovery after similar use of thiopental. (nih.gov)
  • Rapid-sequence induction and intubation with cricoid pressure using thiopental-succinylcholine have been the standard for cesarean section under general anesthesia for a long time. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • In addition, general anesthesia is valuable in clinical obstetric conditions that require hemodynamic stability or rapid induction of anesthesia [ 12 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membranes have been the standard materials for clinical treatment with guided bone regeneration (GBR), achieving good results when used as mechanical barriers covering sites of extraction e- PTFE is a polymer with high stability in biological systems, which provides better tissue organization, infection resistance and no induction of inflammatory reactions 1 . (bvsalud.org)
Anesthetic1
  • Once blood-work has been assessed the question arises "Should the anesthetic technique be altered if abnormal results are unexpectedly found in an animal that has no history or clinical signs of disease? (vin.com)
Barbiturate1
  • One of the most frequently used anesthetics in the laboratory or clinical practice is barbiturate derivatives. (e-cep.org)
Anesthesiology3
  • The Anesthesia Consultant is written by Richard Novak, MD, an Adjunct Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine at Stanford University. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
  • Richard Novak, MD is a Stanford physician board certified in anesthesiology and internal medicine.Dr. Novak is an Adjunct Clinical Professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine at Stanford University, the Medical Director at Waverley Surgery Center in Palo Alto, California, and a member of the Associated Anesthesiologists Medical Group in Palo Alto, California. (theanesthesiaconsultant.com)
  • In addition to these differences in clinical presentation and management, numerous studies have also demonstrated knowledge and skill deficiencies in the proper assessment and management of perioperative crises within the anesthesiology community. (medscape.com)
Etomidate4
  • The hemodynamic effects of etomidate have in most cases been qualitatively similar to those of thiopental sodium, except that the heart rate tended to increase by a moderate amount following administration of thiopental under conditions where there was little or no change in heart rate following administration of etomidate. (nih.gov)
  • However, clinical data indicates that etomidate administration in geriatric patients, particularly those with hypertension, may result in decreases in heart rate, cardiac index, and mean arterial blood pressure. (nih.gov)
  • Clinical experience and special studies to date suggest that standard doses of intravenous etomidate ordinarily neither elevate plasma histamine nor cause signs of histamine release. (nih.gov)
  • Limited clinical experience, as well as animal studies, suggests that inadvertent intra-arterial injection of etomidate, unlike thiobarbiturates, will not usually be followed by necrosis of tissue distal to the injection site. (nih.gov)
Seizure1
Sedation2
  • Current data suggest that African providers believe pediatric pro- cedural sedation is an important clinical skill, but face barriers in ยท Procedural sedation is an incredibly valuable tool in pediatric emer- implementation due to scarcity of pediatric equipment and medica- gency medicine, as it decreases pain and anxiety in children, and tions, limited clinical guideline use, and lack of pediatric training. (bvsalud.org)
  • Following thiopental for sedation, he became severely bradycardic, requiring brief cardiopulmonary resuscitation. (mjdrdypu.org)
Trials3
  • Clinical trials of various neuroprotective agents are described and failures of trials are analyzed with suggestions for improving the selection of drugs and design of trials. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Many clinical trials have been conducted and have shown that RIPC has potential clinical benefits [ 8 , 11 ]. (medsci.org)
  • These patients are not well-studied, and in the absence of randomized clinical trials treatment is controversial [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Induce1
Cardiac arrest3
  • Retrospective review of clinical, imaging, and electroencephalography data of 33 adult comatose survivors of cardiac arrest following therapeutic hypothermia was performed. (ajnr.org)
  • Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. (anesthesiageneral.com)
  • Accordingly, the goal of this part 2 review is to offer an updated clinical perspective of cardiac arrest during the perioperative period. (medscape.com)
Patient's3
  • Background: The electroencephalogram (EEG) in the newborn period is highly superior to the clinical exam in the detection and prognosis of brain dysfunctions, since it allows continuous functional documentation of the brain at the patient's bedside in a non-invasive way. (bvsalud.org)
  • Anesthesiologists should choose between general or regional anesthesia depending on the individual patient's condition and clinical situation. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • depending on a patient's clinical presentation, local or regional anesthesia may be more appropriate. (medscape.com)
Doses3
  • The pharmacokinetics of R- and S-thiopental became nonlinear at these doses. (silverchair.com)
  • It is well-established that thiopental shows nonlinear Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetics at high doses. (silverchair.com)
  • 2 , 3 Traditional fluid therapy consists of significantly higher doses of intravenous fluids than the clinical losses that occur because of tissue trauma or surgery. (dovepress.com)
Differences1
  • The pharmacokinetic differences between R- and S-thiopental, although small, were statistically significant and were influenced by the higher f(u) of R-thiopental. (silverchair.com)
Practice3
  • however, in clinical practice, only a few are used on a routine basis. (medscape.com)
  • Progressive advances in imaging technology, especially in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have reduced the use of EP testing in clinical practice. (medscape.com)
  • in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. (wikem.org)
Pediatric2
  • This randomized clinical study aimed to evaluate the proper timing of a VR tour of an OR (a few days before vs. immediately before anesthesia) to reduce the anxiety in a pediatric patient undergoing elective surgery. (frontiersin.org)
  • One of the clinical applications of VR technology is to educate pediatric patients and address their preoperative anxiety before anesthesia and surgery ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Study4
  • Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial I Study Group. (anesthesiageneral.com)
  • Method: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) study was performed in 2020 on 106 patients who were candidates for general anesthesia for different surgical treatments in Neyshabur 22 Bahman Hospital. (ac.ir)
  • A Clinical Study on Reye's Syndrome. (e-cep.org)
  • This was a blinded, interventional pre-clinical study. (ed.ac.uk)
Liver1
  • Parameters routinely assessed include PCV (hematocrit), total protein, urea, creatinine and liver enzymes with further tests carried out if the patient has a history or clinical signs of a disease. (vin.com)
Outcome1
  • Clinical outcome will be measured by clinician assessed and patient reported outcome measures. (biomedcentral.com)
Diagnosis1
Professor1
  • Assistant Clinical Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University. (silverchair.com)
Examination1
  • This is an important concept-good history and clinical examination are of equal if not greater importance in determining suitability to undergo anesthesia. (vin.com)
Cardiovascular1
  • Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) increase sodium and glucose excretion and show clinical promise in reducing cardiovascular risk, even in non-diabetics. (ed.ac.uk)
Effects2
  • Effects of short-term cannabidiol treatment on response to social stress in subjects at clinical high risk of developing psychosis. (sayexplores.com)
  • Grasshoff C, Drexler B, Rudolph U, Antkowiak B. Anaesthetic drugs: linking molecular actions to clinical effects. (iesrj.com)
Postoperative1
  • Her postoperative course was uneventful without any clinical sequelae. (ahrq.gov)
Data1
  • R- and S-thiopental enantiomer serum concentration-time data from 18 patients were fitted with two models: a linear one-compartment model with first-order output, and a nonlinear one-compartment model with Michaelis-Menten output. (silverchair.com)
Treatment1
  • All participants will undergo multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as neuropsychological and clinical assessments at multiple time points before, during and after treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms1
  • Correlating the clinical actions and molecular mechanisms of general anaesthetics. (iesrj.com)
General1
  • Their clinical usefulness is limited by the experimental paradigm, and they are not used routinely or widely in general clinical neurology. (medscape.com)
Continuous1
  • A multimodal approach to prognostication, including continuous electroencephalography (EEG) patterns, clinical assessment of initial illness severity, MR imaging, spontaneous and evoked potentials, and serum biomarkers, has been recommended. (ajnr.org)
Presentation1
  • clinical presentation had been reported with sore throat, fever, and fatigue followed by progressive shortness of breath, dysphasia, and insomnia. (mjdrdypu.org)
Pertinent1
  • However, most clinical questions are answered better by MRI of the pertinent neurologic structures. (medscape.com)
Medical2
  • There is a strong and growing interest in biomedical ethics and medical humanities (BEMH) within medical education for facilitating key components of medical professionalism and ethics, clinical communication and observational skills, and self-care and reflective practices. (stanford.edu)
  • Medical records were reviewed for clinical details. (biomedcentral.com)
Anesthesiologists1
  • Other anesthesiologists have also reported similar outcomes when following the clinical pathway referenced herein. (apsf.org)
History1
  • only additional clinical history and, often, MRI are needed to uncover the etiology. (medscape.com)
Experience1
  • This clinical experience should strongly suggest reproducibility. (apsf.org)
Signs1
  • 7 The depth of anesthesia therefore needs to be adjusted continuously by assessing the clinical signs of depth of anesthesia or by monitoring the processed electroencephalogram (EEG). (ahrq.gov)