• The fetal circulation is composed of the placenta, umbilical blood vessels encapsulated by the umbilical cord, heart and systemic blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • A major difference between the fetal circulation and postnatal circulation is that the lungs are not used during the fetal stage resulting in the presence of shunts to move oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetal tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • The placenta functions as the exchange site of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal hemoglobin enhances the fetus' ability to draw oxygen from the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enables fetal hemoglobin to absorb oxygen from adult hemoglobin in the placenta, where the oxygen pressure is lower than at the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the fetal stage, the lungs fill with fluid and collapse because the fetus is within the amniotic sac and the placenta is providing the oxygen it needs to grow. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the blood moves from the aorta through the internal iliac arteries to the umbilical arteries, and re-enters the placenta, where carbon dioxide and other waste products from the fetus are taken up and enter the maternal circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although often thought of as separate and distinct circulations, a baseline amount of bidirectional flow across the placenta between mother and fetus is considered physiologic. (hindawi.com)
  • Develop into placenta which supports the exchange of maternal-fetal gases. (preparingtobecome.com)
  • These results suggest that maternal-fetal transfer of IgG across the three-layer primate placenta may require a second receptor and suggest a means of providing maternal antibody treatments during pregnancy while avoiding fetal harm. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this brief review, we provide an overview of the immunomodulatory functions of progesterone in the decidua, placenta, myometrium, and maternal circulation during pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is rare condition that occurs when maternal red blood cell (RBC) or blood group antibodies cross the placenta during pregnancy and cause fetal red cell destruction. (ashpublications.org)
  • Elective: Surgery for treatment of APH can be elective for cases of placenta previa or vasa previa with minimal pre-delivery bleeding and no evidence of fetal stress. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Placental studies have shown a higher risk of high-volume hemorrhages associated with a less favorable clinical outcome for the fetus if the placenta presented villous edema, if nucleated red blood cells were found in the fetal vessels (nucleated erythrocytes can be found in fetal circulation normally, but are identified especially in growth restriction and fetal hypoxemia), and in the case of villous immaturity ( 4-6) . (medichub.ro)
  • These can range from traumas suffered by the mother, such as those from car accidents or falls ( 7,8) , to obstetrical procedures (such as antepartum umbilical cord blood sampling, external cephalic version, amniocentesis or chorionic villus biopsy) or obstetrical complications (placental abruption, placenta praevia , vasa praevia , choriocarcinoma, fetal death). (medichub.ro)
  • They stimulate the production of antibodies , some of which pass across the placenta into fetal circulation and lyse, or break apart, the red blood cells of the fetus ( hemolysis ). (britannica.com)
  • We demonstrate that B. duttonii infection during pregnancy results in intrauterine growth retardation, as well as placental damage and inflammation, impaired fetal circulation, and decreased maternal hemoglobin levels. (nih.gov)
  • This increased Hct is a normal compensatory mechanism in these infants for the relative tissue-level hypoxia that is prevalent in the intrauterine environment, and it is exacerbated by the high affinity of fetal hemoglobin for oxygen. (medscape.com)
  • Increased fetal erythropoiesis is usually a fetal response to intrauterine stress and fetal hypoxia associated with increased fetal oxygen consumption resulting in fetal hypoxia that could be related to several primary etiologic factors. (medscape.com)
  • We present a case of intrauterine growth restriction and deterioration in the placental and fetal Doppler parameters in a case of intraplacental hematoma. (jpgo.org)
  • Ultrasonography at our center was suggestive of single live intrauterine gestation of 30 weeks with estimated fetal weight of 1379 grams with adequate liquor, with asymmetric IUGR with intraplacental hematoma of 9 x 8 x 3 cm. (jpgo.org)
  • However, the risk of intrauterine fetal death is more in cases of retroplacental hematoma. (jpgo.org)
  • Fetal complications are: perinatal asphyxia, intrauterine fetal death, cerebral palsy and preterm labour. (badem.co.za)
  • Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 97(5):F377, 2012 Saksenberg V, Bauch B, Reznik S: Massive acute thymic haemorrhage and cerebral haemorrhage in an intrauterine fetal death. (gov.gy)
  • fetal blood has more hemoglobin than adult blood, and fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin at the same partial pressures of oxygen. (medscape.com)
  • Because it has a greater affinity to the blood cell than oxygen, a CO molecule will bind to hemoglobin 200 times stronger than that of oxygen. (ems1.com)
  • The fetal hemoglobin has an even higher affinity for CO than that of the adult. (ems1.com)
  • CO readily crosses capillary membranes in the lungs and binds the heme moiety on the erythrocyte hemoglobin complex with an affinity 200-300 times greater than that of oxygen. (medscape.com)
  • Because of the high affinity of CO for hemoglobin, even low ambient levels of CO can lead to clinically significant toxicity over long exposures. (medscape.com)
  • 6 5 1 Congenital secondary erythrocytosis can be caused by high oxygen affinity hemoglobin variants, inherited low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate leading to high hemoglobin oxygen affinity, congenital methemoglobinemia, and a recently described gain-of-function mutation of the gene encoding erythropoietin ( EPO ). (haematologica.org)
  • A new engineered hemoglobin derived from crocodile blood, with markedly reduced oxygen affinity and increased oxygen delivery to the tissues, points the way for future advances in medicine. (findmedarticle.com)
  • In the arterial circulation, hemoglobin has a highaffinity for oxygen and a low affinity for carbon dioxide, organic phosphates, and hydrogen andchloride ions. (findmedarticle.com)
  • Fetomaternal hemorrhage represents a transfer of fetal blood to the maternal circulation. (hindawi.com)
  • Fetomaternal hemorrhage is a condition that affects both the fetus and the mother, characterized by a transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulatory system. (medichub.ro)
  • Spontaneous fetomaternal hemorrhage is defined as the transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulation that occurs without any trauma history and in the absence of clinical or histopathological evidence of placental abruption. (medichub.ro)
  • One should consider FMH as part of the differential diagnosis for fetal or immediate neonatal anemia. (hindawi.com)
  • Association between maternal haemoglobin concentrations and maternal and neonatal outcomes: the prospective, observational, multinational, INTERBIO-21st fetal study. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The outcome measures were maternal (gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and preterm premature rupture of membranes) and neonatal outcomes (small for gestational age, preterm birth, and acute respiratory distress syndrome).FindingsBetween Feb 8, 2012, and Nov 30, 2019, 2069 women (mean age 30·7 years [SD 5·0]) had at least one routinely haemoglobin concentration measured at 14-40 weeks' gestation, contributing 4690 haemoglobin measurements for the analysis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Trimester-specific results are also presented.InterpretationOur data suggests that the current WHO haemoglobin cutoffs are associated with reduced risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The current haemoglobin concentration cutoffs during pregnancy should not only consider thresholds for low haemoglobin concentrations that are associated with adverse outcomes but also define a threshold for high haemoglobin concentrations given the U-shaped relationship between haemoglobin concentration and adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Increased circulating red blood cell (RBC) mass in the newborn could be secondary to actively increased RBC production by the fetus or the newborn, or due to passive transfusion of RBCs into the fetal or neonatal circulation. (medscape.com)
  • Fetal and neonatal consequences include low birth weight and poor mental and psychomotor performance. (medscape.com)
  • The volume of the blood loss can vary from a small, clinically insignificant amount to large amounts that can cause fetal anemia or even more serious complications like premature birth, stillbirth or neonatal death. (medichub.ro)
  • J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 29(1):36, 2016 Gazzin S, Tiribelli C: Bilirubin-induced neurological damage. (gov.gy)
  • Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 100(3):F216, 2015 Kaplan M, Bromiker R, Hammerman C: Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus: are these still problems in the third millennium Am J Perinatol 23(1):41, 2006 Kirton A, Armstrong-Wells J, Chang T, et al: Symptomatic neonatal arterial ischemic stroke: the International Pediatric Stroke Study. (gov.gy)
  • The Kleihauer-Betke technique depends on the difference in vulnerability of cells containing fetal hemoglobin from those with adult hemoglobin when subjected to acid-elution. (medscape.com)
  • Betke-Kleihauer stain (fetal hemoglobin stain, Kleihauer-Betke stain, K-B) - diagnostic. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The use of paraclinical tests, such as Kleihauer-Betke test and flow cytometry, is ne-ces-sary to iden-ti-fy the passage of fetal erythrocytes into the maternal cir-cu-la-tion. (medichub.ro)
  • The Kleihauer Betke test is a blood test done on maternal blood that detects the presence of fetal haemoglobin, indicating that fetal maternal haemorrhage has occurred. (badem.co.za)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GDM on fetal cardiac morphology and function, and to determine whether these changes increase with increasing estimated fetal weight (EFW). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pregnant women, and more importantly the fetus, are at an increased risk for adverse outcomes from CO exposure, largely due to the fetal circulation. (ems1.com)
  • The ovum from which the fetus is formed develops during the early fetal life of the mother. (cdc.gov)
  • The fetal physiological consequences of severe anemia in the fetus can also lead to edema, ascites, hydrops, heart failure, and death. (ashpublications.org)
  • [7] When the fetal stage commences, a fetus is typically about 30 mm (1.2 inches) in length, and the heart is beating. (wikidoc.org)
  • As the fetus grows, volume of blood in fetoplacental circulation increases. (medicinembbs.org)
  • Depending on the Rh factor of the fetus, another possible complication is represented by Rh alloimmunization, where maternal antibodies are directed against fetal red blood cells, leading to hemolysis and its associated severe consequences ( 3) . (medichub.ro)
  • Fetal-maternal incompatibilities within the ABO blood group alone are more common than those of the Rh type, but the immune reaction is usually much less severe, unless the fetus is type A and the mother type O. (britannica.com)
  • We show that spirochetes frequently cross the maternal-fetal barrier, resulting in congenital infection. (nih.gov)
  • Fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) refers to the passage of fetal blood into the maternal circulation before or during delivery. (hindawi.com)
  • A 36-year-old gravida 6 para 3 at 37 and 5/7 completed gestational weeks was referred to our perinatal diagnostic center for fetal right atrial enlargement. (hindawi.com)
  • A pregnancy with such hematomas can result in serious hemodynamic changes in the placental and fetal circulation resulting in adverse perinatal outcomes. (jpgo.org)
  • The following timeline describes some of the specific changes in fetal anatomy and physiology by fertilization age (i.e. the time elapsed since fertilization). (wikidoc.org)
  • Les mensurations du nouveau-né étaient étroitement corrélées à la consommation maternelle d'aliments riches en micronutriments à toutes les étapes de la gestation. (who.int)
  • Fetal growth retardation in weight and length commonly occurs in this highly malarious area and is present from 30 weeks gestation. (bmj.com)
  • A maternal HIV effect on fetal weight occurred after 38 weeks gestation. (bmj.com)
  • A therapeutic that could quench the disease process would be useful to treat preterm pre-eclampsia, as it could allow these pregnancies to safely continue to a gestation where fetal outcomes are significantly improved. (bmj.com)
  • It is due to maternal blood group antibodies that cause fetal red cell destruction and in some cases, marrow suppression. (ashpublications.org)
  • This study showed that fetal HQ can be used to assess fetal cardiac morphology and function easily and quickly, and the effects of GDM on fetal cardiac morphology and function appeared from the second trimester. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At birth, the start of breathing and the severance of the umbilical cord prompt various changes that quickly transform fetal circulation into postnatal circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal doppler was suggestive of feto-placental insufficiency with raised umbilical artery S/D ratio of 4, fetal middle cerebral artery and pulsatility index of 1.5 (normal). (jpgo.org)
  • DNA polymorphisms at BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB and Xmn1-HBG2 site loci associated with fetal hemoglobin levels in sickle cell anemia patients from Northern Brazil. (cdc.gov)
  • Prediction of fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia using an ensemble of genetic risk prediction models. (cdc.gov)
  • BCL11A enhancer haplotypes and fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia. (cdc.gov)
  • The role of BCL11A and HMIP-2 polymorphisms on endogenous and hydroxyurea induced levels of fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia patients from southern Brazil. (cdc.gov)
  • A candidate transacting modulator of fetal hemoglobin gene expression in the Arab-Indian haplotype of sickle cell anemia. (cdc.gov)
  • A 36-year-old gravida 6 para 3 presented at 37 and 5/7 completed gestational weeks with ultrasound findings suggestive of chronic fetal anemia such as right ventricular enlargement, diminished cerebral vascular resistance, and elevated middle cerebral artery end-diastolic velocity. (hindawi.com)
  • The diagnosis of anemia is influenced by variables such as the patient's age (neonates are anemic at levels of hemoglobin that would be considered polycythemic in some adults), gender (men have higher hemoglobin levels than women), pregnancy (hemodilution in pregnancy lowers measured hemoglobin), residential altitude, and ethnic or racial background. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • adv. Symptomatic anemia exists when hemoglobin content is less than meets the oxygen-carrying demands of the body. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • If anemia develops slowly, there may be no functional impairment even though the hemoglobin is less than 7 g/100/dL of blood. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This process leads to fetal anemia, and in severe cases can progress to edema, ascites, heart failure, and death. (ashpublications.org)
  • In 1957 Ingram demonstrated that sickle cell anemia was caused by the replacement of one of the 287 amino acid residues in the half molecule of hemoglobin (2). (findmedarticle.com)
  • Despite this, these hematomas cause a leak in the fetal circulation resulting in under perfusion and fetal anemia. (jpgo.org)
  • Central sensitization associated with low fetal hemoglobin levels in adults with sickle cell anemia. (nih.gov)
  • In an iron-replete population, anemia defined as a value less than the fifth percentile is a hemoglobin level of 11 g/dL or less in the first trimester, 10.5 g/dL or less in the second trimester, and 11 g/dL or less in the third trimester. (medscape.com)
  • In its most recent guidelines on anemia in pregnancy, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists eliminated different hemoglobin level thresholds to define iron-deficiency anemia in Black and White pregnant persons. (medscape.com)
  • This causes red blood cells that are very fragile," explained Tisdale, "resulting in a severe anemia of red cells that also become rigid and don't pass through the circulation, causing frequent, severe pain, organ damage and, ultimately, early mortality in the 40s, even in the modern era. (nih.gov)
  • Its oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left, meaning that it is able to absorb oxygen at lower concentrations than adult hemoglobin. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have shown that embryonic and fetal globin mRNA and peptides are expressed in cultured erythroid cells and in circulating blood cells from newborns, adult non-pregnant women and from men. (hku.hk)
  • In 1958 Ingram, who used a two-dimensional system of electrophoresis and chromatography to break down the hemoglobin molecule into a mixture of smaller peptides, defined the molecular defect in HbS by showing that it differed from normal adult hemoglobin by only a single peptide. (findmedarticle.com)
  • With the lung collapsed, pulmonary vascular resistance remains high during the fetal stage to prevent blood flow into the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Shunting is encouraged by high pulmonary arteriolar resistance and relatively low resistance to blood flow in the systemic (including placental) circulation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This blood consists of oxygenated placental blood and deoxygenated blood returning from the fetal circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malaria parasitaemia was assessed in maternal peripheral and placental blood, fetal haemoglobin was measured in cord blood, and maternal HIV status was determined. (bmj.com)
  • Hereditary anemias result from defects in hemoglobin production, abnormalities in red blood cell (RBC) metabolism, or changes within RBC membrane structure. (mhmedical.com)
  • 1 These genetic abnormalities result in hemoglobin that tends to gel or crystallize, possesses abnormal oxygen-binding properties, or is readily oxidized to methemoglobin, rendering the RBC susceptible to hemolysis. (mhmedical.com)
  • On the other hand, signs of acute fetal decompensation such as deterioration of the fetal heart tracing, diminished biophysical score, decreased cord pH, and increased cord base deficit were noted. (hindawi.com)
  • Animal studies have suggested that acute fetal hypoxia can lead to increased fetal blood volume before birth, but this is unlikely to lead to significant polycythemia. (medscape.com)
  • Hemoglobin is a structure found within the red blood cells that binds to and carries oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aged or damaged fetal red blood cells are removed from the circulation by reticuloendothelial cells, which convert heme to bilirubin (1 g of hemoglobin yields 35 mg of bilirubin). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The neonate's initial hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, and nucleated red blood cell count were 4.0 g/dL, 6.0%, and 360 per 100 white blood cells, respectively. (hindawi.com)
  • There are several different parameters for diagnosis of polycythemia and erythrocytosis based on a blood count: the number of red blood cells, the hematocrit, and the hemoglobin concentration. (haematologica.org)
  • The fetal-maternal erythrocyte distribution test is used to measure the number of the unborn baby's red blood cells in a pregnant woman's blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, the A and B antigens are not well developed on fetal red blood cells. (ashpublications.org)
  • Haemoglobin, which is present in your red blood cells, carries oxygen to different parts of the body. (soundhealthandlastingwealth.com)
  • Sensitization of the mother's immune system (immunization) occurs when fetal red blood cells that carry the Rh factor (an antigen in this context) cross the placental barrier and enter the mother's bloodstream. (britannica.com)
  • The risk can be reduced if the mother receives injections of Rh immunoglobulin , which destroys fetal red blood cells in her bloodstream, during her first pregnancy. (britannica.com)
  • protection is conferred by ABO antibodies, which destroy fetal blood cells in the maternal circulation before the mother develops Rh sensitivity. (britannica.com)
  • These antibodies may then enter the baby's circulation and destroy the baby's red blood cells - this is known an Rh disease. (nygh.on.ca)
  • Furthermore, these findings underscore the need for caution in using embryonic and fetal globin chains as markers to identify erythroid cells of fetal origin in maternal circulation for prenatal diagnosis. (hku.hk)
  • In humans, the fetal stage of prenatal development begins about eight weeks after fertilization , when the major structures and organ systems have formed, until birth. (wikidoc.org)
  • Increased hemolysis occurs because the RBCs produced are either abnormal or sustain damage after release from the bone marrow, and are removed from the circulation, primarily by the spleen. (mhmedical.com)
  • Fetal echocardiography demonstrating right atrial and ventricular enlargement. (hindawi.com)
  • Delivery was by emergent cesarean section because of fetal cardiac decelerations. (cdc.gov)
  • an estimated 7% of the world's population are carriers of an abnormal hemoglobin gene. (mhmedical.com)
  • Physiology hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone trh increased heat production and accumulation, edema, and fetal hemoglobin gene. (albionfoundation.org)
  • SCD is a single-gene disorder that produces abnormal hemoglobin. (nih.gov)
  • When infused into the patient through an engineered viral vector, the corrected gene prompts the body to start producing healthy hemoglobin. (nih.gov)
  • A biophysical profile was performed the following morning and revealed a score of 2/10 with recurrent fetal decelerations. (hindawi.com)
  • This is facilitated by the hemoglobin molecule that made up of two alpha and two gamma chains (2α2γ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular and immunocytological techniques were used to study the expression of embryonic zeta (ζ), epsilon (ε), and fetal gamma (γ) globin genes in newborn cord blood, peripheral blood from men, pregnant and non-pregnant women, and in vitro mononuclear cell cultures. (hku.hk)
  • Laboratory evaluation showed normal peripheral leukocyte count, hemoglobin, and liver enzymes and platelet count of 93,000/mm 3 . (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanosis of the circulation, including peripheral neuropathy and myopathy, mucositis. (albionfoundation.org)
  • Basically, pulse oximeter technology measures the percentage of something - normally oxygen - that is bound to hemoglobin. (ems1.com)
  • Did he mean only 98% of hemoglobin was bound to oxygen or 98% of the oxygen molecules are bound to hemoglobin? (khanacademy.org)
  • When oxygenated blood enters the IVC, it moves in parallel with deoxygenated blood from the fetal systemic veins, establishing a bilaminar blood flow as it enters the right atrium. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the second post of our Interpreting A1C blog series, Randie R. Little, PhD, discusses how hemoglobin variants can give falsely high or low readings with A1C testing methods, and how this can lead to the over-treatment or under-treatment of diabetes. (nih.gov)
  • Q: What are hemoglobin variants and how can they affect the reliability of the A1C test used to diagnose and manage diabetes? (nih.gov)
  • Some people have both HbA and another kind of Hb, such as hemoglobin S, C, D or E. These less common forms of hemoglobin are called hemoglobin variants, or hemoglobinopathies. (nih.gov)
  • Some hemoglobin variants can affect some HbA1c methods, but not all of them. (nih.gov)
  • Many of these people also have diabetes, so that's why hemoglobin variants are discussed so much with regard to hemoglobin A1C testing. (nih.gov)
  • Some hemoglobin variants are more common in different races, and in different parts of the world. (nih.gov)
  • To date, well over 200 hemoglobin variants have been described. (findmedarticle.com)
  • they are taken out of your circulation and no Rh antibodies will be formed to cause Rh disease. (nygh.on.ca)
  • Normal human hemoglobin is made up of about 98% hemoglobin A (HbA). (nih.gov)
  • The understanding of human hemoglobin ontogeny during development is of biological and clinical importance. (hku.hk)
  • Inherited hemoglobin disorders are comprised of two main groups: disorders with abnormal hemoglobin structure (e.g., sickle cell disease) and disorders of abnormal hemoglobin production (e.g., the thalassemias). (mhmedical.com)
  • She continued to perceive good fetal movements. (jpgo.org)
  • The quickening , the first maternally discernable fetal movements, are often felt during this period. (wikidoc.org)
  • presentation of placental abruption is abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding and reduced fetal movements. (badem.co.za)
  • Color Doppler interrogation of the fetal brain showed markedly increased vascularity within the fetal brain at the level of the circle of Willis (Figure 4 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Hypoxia occurs from 3 primary mechanisms: CO diminishes the oxygen-carrying capability of hemoglobin, decreases the uptake of bound oxygen into tissues, and impairs the mechanisms of cellular respiration. (medscape.com)
  • Hemoglobin concentration, white cell count and platelet levels were normal and the direct coombs test was negative. (ispub.com)
  • Uterine rupture causes catastrophic bleeding and fetal compromise and occurs very rarely. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • The findings suggest that during erythroid cell differentiation in newborns and adults, there is a transient recapitulation of sequential globin chain expression as found during embryonic and fetal development. (hku.hk)
  • In cases of placental abruption, bleeding may be concealed, but immediate delivery is indicated for fetal reasons (usually fetal bradycardia). (renalandurologynews.com)
  • Fetal monitoring was done using biophysical profiles and daily kick charts. (ispub.com)
  • We investigated the effects of air pollutants on birth weight mediated by reduced fetal growth among term infants who were born in California during 1975-1987 and who participated in the Children's Health Study. (nih.gov)
  • Statistically significant negative correlations were found between maternal haemoglobin levels and birth size. (who.int)
  • To describe fetal growth centiles in relation to maternal malaria and HIV status, using cross sectional measurements at birth. (bmj.com)
  • 11 The aim of the present analysis was to describe fetal growth centiles, using cross sectional measurements at birth, in relation to maternal malaria and HIV infection. (bmj.com)
  • The A1C blood test , also called the hemoglobin A1C test, HbA1c, or glycated hemoglobin test, reflects a person's average blood glucose levels for the past 3 months. (nih.gov)
  • Since red cell volume determination is no longer readily available, in clinical practice, polycythemia and erythrocytosis are defined by elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit. (haematologica.org)
  • This results in a physiologically lowered hemoglobin (Hb) level, hematocrit (Hct) value, and RBC count, but it has no effect on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV). (medscape.com)
  • C26726 Infectious Disease C118464 Adverse Events Terminology C111756 Absent Fetal Heart Rate Variability Absent Baseline Variability A baseline fetal heart rate with an undetectable amplitude range. (nih.gov)
  • A baseline fetal heart rate with an undetectable amplitude range. (nih.gov)