Chromosome proteins protein conformation. Medical search. Frequent questions

Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
The genetic information in eukaryotic cells is stored in linear DNA molecules known as chromosomes [ 1 ]. (actanaturae.ru)

Histone modifications can lead to either tightly packed and inactive conformations or open and accessible DNA (termed heterochromatin and euchromatin respectively). (frontiersin.org)
There is certainly precedent because of this watch in the latest demonstration that little molecule inhibitors can bind selectively to either the energetic or inactive types of proteins kinases. (euromedh2020.com)
provides characterized small-molecule inhibitors that focus on an inactive conformation of proteins kinases4. (euromedh2020.com)
Prof. Timothy Hughes (University of Adelaide, Australia) explained that asciminib binds a myristoyl site of the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein, locking BCR-ABL1 into an inactive conformation through a mechanism distinct from all other ABL kinase inhibitors [1]. (sense-studios.com)
It can also compete with eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)4G and RNA for eIF4A binding and trap eIF4A in an inactive conformation to inhibit translation initiation via its two highly conserved MA3 domains [3] - [6] . (plos.org)

We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)

Epigenetics acts through two mechanisms: (1) modifications to chromosomal proteins that alter the 3D conformation of the genome and/or protein-DNA interactions and (2) chemical modification of the DNA strand itself ( Kondo, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)

Desmoplakin is a protein in humans that is encoded by the DSP gene. (wikipedia.org)
The DSP gene is located on chromosome 6p24.3, containing 24 exons and spanning approximately 45 kDa of genomic DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Fatal familial insomnia is a genetic condition caused by a mutation in the prion gene ( PRNP ) is located on chromosome 20. (medindia.net)
Thus, only one defective gene on a single chromosome is enough to cause the condition. (medindia.net)
Recent studies have revealed that variants of histone H2A and histone H3 play important roles not only in gene expression but also in the repair of DNA breaks and the assembly of chromosome centromeres. (sdbonline.org)
Whereas high occupancy architectural protein binding sites associate with robust partitioning of topologically associating domains and robust insulator function, low occupancy sites appear reserved for gene-specific regulation within topological domains. (illinois.edu)
gene coding for a protein that changes its conformation according to the environment (e.g. presence of calcium). (chromosomewalk.ch)
gene coding for a protein involved in the production of glucose, an important source of energy. (chromosomewalk.ch)
OXT: This gene codes for oxytocin, a protein involved in uterine contraction during labour and breastfeeding. (chromosomewalk.ch)
The lncRNA taurine-upregulated gene 1 ( TUG1 ) is a nonprotein-coding gene located on chromosome 22q12.2 that transcribes to a 6.7-kilobase-long, spliced, and polyadenylated RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Specifically, the PDCD4 protein combines directly with the mRNA coding region of the target gene ( MYB/c-MYB ) to block translation [2] . (plos.org)
The gene encoding these proteins is FANCM . (medscape.com)

Long-Range Chromatin Contacts in Embryonic Stem Cells Reveal a Role for Pluripotency Factors and Polycomb Proteins in Genome Organization. (ca.gov)
Our data confirm that long-range chromatin interactions are primarily associated with the spatial segregation of open and closed chromatin, defining overall chromosome conformation. (ca.gov)
Molecular analysis suggested that Esc2p contributed to silencing in a manner similar to Sir1p and probably helped recruit or stabilize the other Sir proteins, while Htz1p present at HMR assembled a specialized chromatin structure necessary for silencing (Dhillon, 2000). (sdbonline.org)
Over 200 different proteins are associated with chromatin [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It had seemed to me for some time that a nucleosome capable of adopting alternate conformations in response to its surrounding molecular environment could more efficiently ensure the structural integrity and fluidity chromatin needs for its biological role. (ucsf.edu)
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)

Change in the 3D structure of DNA is enacted via post-translational modifications of the histone proteins at the center of the simplest DNA structure, the nucleosome. (frontiersin.org)
The dominant model in the field portrays nucleosomes as passive spindles, themselves 'octamers' made up of eight blocks of rigid histone proteins that snap together like Lego pieces when wrapped in DNA, and which must break apart or slide out of the way to allow their archived DNA to become active again. (ucsf.edu)
The field of epigenetics may have been literally scratching the surface," Narlikar said, referring to the field's focus on the function of epigenetic "marks," such as the chemical tags called methyl groups, on the exposed surfaces of histone proteins. (ucsf.edu)

To identify YpdB-regulated genes, we compared the transcriptomes of E. coli cells overproducing either YpdB or a control protein. (cipsm.de)
Swr1 is required for the deposition of histone H2AZ at specific chromosome locations in vivo, and Swr1 and H2AZ commonly regulate a subset of yeast genes. (sdbonline.org)
In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
SEMG1/SEMG2: These genes code for the most abundant proteins in sperm. (chromosomewalk.ch)
In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. (mdpi.com)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)

This offers a potential explanation for mysterious histone modifications that would be buried uselessly deep inside the nucleosome according to the traditional model, and suggests a new mechanism for the extreme compaction chromosomes undergo during cell division, and offers potential answers to the chicken-and-egg problem of how cells know how to pull specific DNA sequences out of the archives without being first able to "see" them. (ucsf.edu)
[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)

Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This protein plays a pivotal role in DNA recombination and repair. (medscape.com)

Prion diseases are caused by the accumulation of proteins called prions of altered conformation in the brain cells, thereby damaging the cells. (medindia.net)

Both technologies have been primarily focused on measurement of protein epitopes, but have been used to measure nucleic acids such as targeted mRNA 11 , 12 . (nature.com)

Other non-telomeric proteins, such as the DNA repair proteins Mre11 and Rad51, also play important roles at telomeres [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
results from their study show the importance of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament conformation for stimulating DNA pairing by BLM . (medscape.com)

The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)

As a protein biochemist who had studied the amazing plasticity many proteins display, the idea of a completely static histone octamer was a little disconcerting," Sinha said. (ucsf.edu)

BACKGROUND: Chromosome conformation capture studies suggest that eukaryotic genomes are organized into structures called topologically associating domains. (illinois.edu)
Brd4 is certainly a dual bromodomain-containing proteins that is utilized as a mobile adaptor by some pet and individual papillomaviruses (HPV) for anchoring viral genomes to mitotic chromosomes. (euromedh2020.com)

In addition, TRF2 can modulate the activity of several enzymes and influence the conformation of telomeric DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). (cipsm.de)

Proteins phosphorylation is among the most common post-translational adjustments in eukaryotic cells and has a central function in signaling. (euromedh2020.com)
in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones . (wikipedia.org)

Protein crowding induces membrane curvatures through an entropic mechanism. (portlandpress.com)

The AAA-ATPase (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) valosin-containing protein (VCP), is essential for many cellular pathways including but not limited to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), DNA damage responses, and cell cycle regulation. (portlandpress.com)
The mammalian TRF1 and TRF2 proteins, for example, bind double-stranded telomeres via a Myb-like DNA-binding domain and are involved with telomere length regulation and chromosome end protection. (biomedcentral.com)
The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
We used circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) coupled with next-generation sequencing to explore the genome regions that interact with TUG1 and the TUG1 -mediated regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)

Each chromatid is a single molecule of DNA attached to protein matrix fibres that forms its scaffold or axial filament [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
An alternative is always to rely on the actual fact that many proteins phosphorylation events bring about significant conformational adjustments in the proteins, which might develop little molecule binding storage compartments that are absent in the unmodified proteins. (euromedh2020.com)
Lately, Filippakopoulous et al discovered a cell-permeable little molecule (JQ1) being a selective and powerful inhibitor of recombinant Brd4 proteins derived from bacterias14. (euromedh2020.com)
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
These proteins, aided by chaperone proteins , bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity. (wikipedia.org)

VCP primarily identifies ubiquitylated proteins in these pathways and mediates their unfolding and degradation by the 26S proteasome. (portlandpress.com)
VCP identifies ubiquitylated substrates through numerous dedicated adaptor proteins and unfolds substrates by threading them through a central pore in the hexamer ( Figure 1 ). (portlandpress.com)
Single cell Hi-C identifies plastic chromosome conformations underlying the gastrulation enhancer landscape. (babraham.ac.uk)
In this ongoing work, we survey the initial exemplory case of a peptidomimetic substance identifies the phosphorylated area selectively, PDID, of Brd4 proteins produced from insect cells. (euromedh2020.com)

Silencing at mating locus HMR requires silencers, and one of the roles of the silencer is to recruit Sir proteins. (sdbonline.org)
The borders of these domains are highly enriched for architectural proteins with characterized roles in insulator function. (illinois.edu)
The rationale of this organization may be related to important roles of these proteins as "exchange hubs" for the signaling proteins for their migration from the subcortical cytosol to the membrane. (frontiersin.org)

These complexes, which are abundant at chromosome ends but do not accumulate elsewhere, are present at telomeres throughout the cell cycle and their action is limited to telomeres [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
RESULTS: By mapping the genome-wide target sites for several Drosophila architectural proteins, including previously uncharacterized profiles for TFIIIC and SMC-containing condensin complexes, we uncover an extensive pattern of colocalization in which architectural proteins establish dense clusters at the borders of topological domains. (illinois.edu)
First identified in Drosophila, the conserved Polycomb group (Pc-G) protein complexes were shown to be both writers (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, PRC2) and readers (Polycomb Repressive Complex 1, PRC1) of H3K27me3 [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, we identified two further levels of genome organization in ESCs characterized by colocalization of regions with high pluripotency factor occupancy and strong enrichment for Polycomb proteins/H3K27me3, respectively. (ca.gov)
Underlining the independence of these networks and their functional relevance for genome organization, loss of the Polycomb protein Eed diminishes interactions between Polycomb-regulated regions without altering overarching chromosome conformation. (ca.gov)
Analyses in mouse and human stem cells suggest that clustering of architectural proteins is a general feature of genome organization, and conserved architectural protein binding sites may underlie the tissue-invariant nature of topologically associating domains observed in mammals. (illinois.edu)
Altering the shape of the nucleosome, a fundamental building block of the chromosome, could in principle have large effects on processes ranging from genome organization to epigenetic inheritance. (ucsf.edu)
Postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins in excitatory synapses are relatively immobile components, while there is a structured organization of mobile scaffolding proteins lying beneath the PSDs. (frontiersin.org)

Reporter-based enhancer-blocking insulator activity as well as endogenous domain border strength scale with the occupancy level of architectural protein binding sites, suggesting co-binding by architectural proteins underlies the functional potential of these loci. (illinois.edu)
We exploited the fungus Podospora anserina , a valuable alternative to higher eukaryote models, to question the biological relevance and functional interplay of these two distinct heterochromatin conformations. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we demonstrate that PSRP1 is not a bona fide ribosomal protein, but rather a functional homologue of the Escherichia coli cold-shock protein pY. (cipsm.de)

proteins that bind specifically to single-stranded G-rich DNA, proteins that bind to double-stranded DNA and proteins that interact with telomeric factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Methicillin is of a class of antibiotics known as β-lactams which bind to the penicillin binding protein (PBP) of the bacteria. (randox.com)
Moreover, these ligands usually do not bind to various other phospho-proteins promiscuously. (euromedh2020.com)
Due to these limitations, it might be beneficial to develop easy-to-make and inexpensive artificial substances that could become PSSA surrogates, that is certainly, bind and selectively to a specific phospho-form of confirmed proteins tightly. (euromedh2020.com)

VCP interacts with adaptor proteins to identify ubiquitylated substrates for degradation by the proteasome. (portlandpress.com)

At the heart of epigenetics is the question of how cells control which stretches of DNA are accessible to be read out and translated into proteins, and which sequences are spooled away and archived on nucleosomes. (ucsf.edu)

The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)

Telomeres are specialized structures at the end of chromosomes essential for maintaining genome stability and cell viability. (biomedcentral.com)

The protein fractions were separated using SDS-PAGE revealing an intense 15 kDa band which was abundant in soft wheat, but only weakly present in hard wheats, and absent from ultra-hard durum wheat. (cropscience.org.au)

However, a majority of architectural protein binding sites localize within topological domains, suggesting sites associated with domain borders represent a functionally different subclass of these regulatory elements. (illinois.edu)
CONCLUSIONS: We identify a spectrum of architectural protein occupancy that scales with the topological structure of chromosomes and the regulatory potential of these elements. (illinois.edu)
Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)

This difference is assumed to result from increased starch damage during the milling of hard wheats, implying that the starch granules are more tightly bound to the protein matrix. (cropscience.org.au)

When portrayed in bacculovirus-infected insect cells, this proteins is certainly stated in a mulitply phosphorylated type12. (euromedh2020.com)

The RNA binding proteins TIA1 and TIAL1 promote Mcl1 mRNA translation to protect germinal center responses from apoptosis. (babraham.ac.uk)
These regions are involved in the formation of stress granules - consisting of protein and mRNA - when a cell is under some kind of pressure. (chromosomewalk.ch)
Application of unidirectional pulsatile shear stress to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) decreased PDCD4 protein but not mRNA level. (plos.org)

Valosin-containing protein (VCP, also p97, or Cdc48p in yeast) is an evolutionarily conserved, homo-hexameric, ubiquitin-selective, AAA-ATPase that functions in numerous ubiquitin-dependent protein quality control pathways. (portlandpress.com)

Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

While it is routine to detect structural viral proteins in vitro for diagnostic purposes, it previously remained impossible to directly and dynamically visualize HIV in living cells without genetic modification of the virus. (cipsm.de)

The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
It was revealed as early as in the 1930s that the behavior of the whole chromosome and its fragments in cells varies. (actanaturae.ru)

In this review, the hypothesis is forwarded that nNOS delivered to subcortical cytoskeleton requires interactions with scaffolding proteins prior to docking at the membrane. (frontiersin.org)
Didier Trono s'est beaucoup intéressé aux interactions entre les virus et leurs hôtes, ce qui l'a conduit à étudier la biologie de pathogènes comme le VIH et le virus de l''hépatite B, et à créer des outils de transfert génétique dérivés du VIH aujourd'hui utilisés avec succès en thérapie génique. (epfl.ch)

The results demonstrated that TUG1 RNA was bound to enhancer of zeste protein 2/embryonic ectoderm development (EZH2/EED), which is essential for PRC2. (biomedcentral.com)

CRISPRi genetic interaction analysis revealed Retro-2 activity resembles disruption of the transmembrane domain recognition complex (TRC) pathway, which mediates post-translational ER-targeting and insertion of tail-anchored (TA) proteins, including SNAREs required for retrograde transport. (elifesciences.org)

Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that LaTRF, similarly to hTRF2, is a nuclear protein that also associates with parasite telomeres. (biomedcentral.com)
The nuclear localization of LaTRF, its association and co-localization with parasite telomeres and its high identity with TbTRF protein, support the hypothesis that LaTRF is a Leishmania telomeric protein. (biomedcentral.com)
Telomeres are specialized structures at the end of chromosomes and consist of stretches of repetitive DNA (5'-TTAGGG-3' in vertebrates and trypanosomatids) and associated proteins [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The telomeres consist of repeating sequences and a set of special proteins, which interact with these repeats and spatially organize them in a specific manner, resulting in the formation of the nucleoprotein complex known as telomeric heterochromatin [ 6 , 7 ]. (actanaturae.ru)

Cell-based and in vitro assays show that Retro-2 blocks delivery of newly-synthesized TA-proteins to the ER-targeting factor ASNA1 (TRC40). (elifesciences.org)

In patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) refractive to ABL kinase inhibition, asciminib was well-tolerated and showed initial clinical activity. (sense-studios.com)
Asciminib in heavily pre-treated patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) CML in chronic phase sensitive to TKI therapy. (sense-studios.com)

Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)

The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)

We present a method enabling simultaneous, ultra-high throughput single-cell barcoding of millions of cells for targeted analysis of proteins and RNAs. (nature.com)
Current theories suggest that hardness is determined by the degree of adhesion between various components of the starchy endosperm cells of the mature wheat grain, notably between starch granules and matrix (gluten) proteins but also between proteins and cell walls. (cropscience.org.au)
Preexisting antivector immunity can severely compromise the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective CD8 T-cell frequencies after type III secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. (cipsm.de)
Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)

The defective protein forms clumps which destroy the neurons or the nerve cells. (medindia.net)
Crowding of asymmetric proteins results in an asymmetric lateral pressure across the membrane which can be used by cells in a number of biological processes involving membrane remodeling. (portlandpress.com)
En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
BLM encodes 1417 amino acids that code for a protein in the nuclear matrix of growing cells, which is a member of the RecQ family of helicases. (medscape.com)

Some eight years later it was discovered that triplets of the base pairs specified each amino acid in the polypeptide chain of each protein [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The similarities between these platelet disorders and our recent refinement of the MHA (ref. 6) and FTNS (ref. 7) disease loci to an overlapping region of 480 kb on chromosome 22 suggested that all three disorders are allelic. (nih.gov)
A transcriptome wide association study (TWAS) identified 6 loci associated with ALS, including in NUP50 encoding for the nucleopore basket protein NUP50. (cdc.gov)

Microscopy will be used to study the synthesis, trafficking and deposition of the tagged PIN-b protein in the developing and mature grain of the transgenic lines using the epitope tag as a basis for immunogold labelling. (cropscience.org.au)
A thesis is proposed here, based on rational argument that depletion of the cytoskeletal organizer protein shank3 may result in defective nNOS membrane localization, resulting in defective nitric oxide synthesis. (frontiersin.org)

The precise biological function of PINs is still unknown, and is the subject of continued research, but it has been shown that, with the exception of the tryptophan-rich region, PINs have strong sequence identity to lipid transfer proteins, including similar patterns of disulphide bonds (Le Bihan et al . (cropscience.org.au)

Additional proteins participate in various processes. (actanaturae.ru)

Removal of the H3K9me binding protein PaHP1 provided further support to the notion that each type of heterochromatin requires the presence of the other. (biomedcentral.com)

Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Amyloid angiopathy can be identified using stains for amyloidal protein (Congo red, thioflavin-S), or immunohistochemical staining against Aβ (see the image below). (medscape.com)

AD is characterized diagnostically by two histologic findings: (1) extracellular amorphus eosinophilic deposits of amyloid consisting of Aβ peptides (a cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein [APP]), which are referred to as amyloid plaques, and (2) intraneuronal aggregates of abnormally modified microtubule-associated protein tau (neurofibrillary tangles) (see the image below). (medscape.com)

Anatomy53

Organisms8

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment47

Phenomena and Processes142

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science7

Health Care2

Known as chromosomes2

Inactive5

Metaphase chromosome2

Chromosomal1

Gene12

Chromatin6

Histone proteins3

Genes5

Theory of inheritance2

Compaction2

Recombination2

Prions1

Nucleic acids1

Rad512

Membrane proteins1

Plasticity1

Genomes2

Modulate2

Eukaryotic2

Mechanism1

Regulation6

Molecule5

Identifies4

Roles3

Complexes3

Organization5

Functional3

Bind4

Adaptor1

Epigenetics1

Molecular2

Stability1

Abundant1

Regulatory3

Tightly1

Insect Cells1

MRNA3

Pathways1

Meiosis1

Viral1

Behavior3

Interactions2

Enhancer1

Mediates1

Telomeres4

Vitro1

Philadelphia2

Yeast1

Aggregation1

Cell4

Cells4

Amino Acid1

Species1

Loci2

Synthesis2

Patterns1

Processes1

Heterochromatin1

Stains2

Amyloid1