AdipocytesCartilageLineagesMSCsHuman chondrocytesVitroOsteoblasts and osteocytesDifferentiationOsteoclastsEndochondral bone formationChondroblastsConnectiveCellsExtracellular matrixPrimaryFormationCultureTimeAgentsMethodsOrderOsteoblastsCartilageHypertrophic chondrocytesOsteoblastSubchondral boneAdipocyteFibroblastsDedifferentiationConclusionsAutophagyLineageStemExpressionTransitionHumanMechanicalFoundResponseEffects
Adipocytes12
- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show trilineage differentiation because these cells differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. (nature.com)
- MSCs have the ability to differentiate into adipocytes and chondrocytes forming fat tissue and cartilage as well as into bone cells - called osteocytes. (nature.com)
- Furthermore, TMSCs had been differentiated into adipocytes effectively, osteocytes, and chondrocytes under induction moderate (Supplementary Body S1B). (woofahs.com)
- Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been characterized as having the ability to self-renew and differentiate into different connective tissue cells, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and myocytes, under specific inductive stimuli ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Their propensity to differentiate into cell types of connective tissue, such as osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes, suggests that MSC may function as a reserve of progenitor cells that repair and maintain healthy adult tissues. (ntu.edu.sg)
- As further evidence that these cells are MSC, they were differentiated in vitro into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. (ntu.edu.sg)
- Under the suitable environment these cells could be induced to differentiate into osteocytes adipocytes chondrocytes and myocytes (1-3). (sciencepop.org)
- MSCs are capable of differentiating into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. (thestemcellfoundation.com)
- Useful studies demonstrated that hWMSCs could be differentiated into chondrocytes JNK-IN-8 osteocytes adipocytes aswell as they could be trans-differentiated into endothelial cells. (tech-strategy.org)
- They are able to differentiate into mesodermal lineages forming osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. (drramon.com)
- Studies highlighted their ability to differentiate into various cell lineages, including osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. (mornd.com)
- Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) are the non-hematopoietic, multipotent stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal lineages such as osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes as well ectodermal (neurocytes) and endodermal lineages (hepatocytes). (stemedix.com)
Cartilage9
- Cats with OA had a reduction in articular chondrocyte density, an increase in the histopathological score of the articular cartilage and a decrease in the SCB porosity of the medial part of the humeral condyle. (biomedcentral.com)
- The chondrocytes undergo mitosis and there is deposition of new cartilage. (howmed.net)
- In a long bone, for example, at about 6 to 8 weeks after conception, some of the mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes (cartilage cells) that form the cartilaginous skeletal precursor of the bones ( [link] a ). (edu.vn)
- The differentiated chondrocyte is capable of synthesizing and regulating the extracellular matrix such as collagen type II, proteoglycans which are responsible for cartilage development and repair 1-3 . (researchsquare.com)
- However, in various cartilage degenerative diseases, the chondrocytes transition itself to more flattened fibroblast cells with different morphological, genetical and biochemical characteristics which is characterized as dedifferentiation 4,5 . (researchsquare.com)
- So, it is of imminent importance to study the molecular process of chondrocytes differentiation and dedifferentiation in order to discover potential therapies to manipulate the activity to rehabilitate chondrogenic functions and morphology to prevent degeneration of articular joints in various cartilage associated diseases. (researchsquare.com)
- In this protocol, we utilized 2 weeks old New Zealand rabbits to acquire articular chondrocyte that offers more genetic resemblance to human chondrocyte and can be used to accurately study the molecular mechanism behind cartilage degeneration. (researchsquare.com)
- they are also found on osteocytes (bone) and chondrocytes (cartilage). (thewrightdoctor.com)
- Conversely, the number of chondrocytes within the deep zone of cartilage displaying immunopositivity for GPR18 and TRPV1 was significantly decreased in degenerate cartilage. (cbdepot.eu)
Lineages2
- Differentiation was compared to mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow, which is known to differentiate into adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte lineages. (jove.com)
- and differentiation capability toward chondrocyte osteocyte and adipocyte lineages. (tech-strategy.org)
MSCs3
- Mobilized pluripotent MSCs from the subchondral bone migrate into the defect filled with the clot, differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and form a repair tissue over time. (hindawi.com)
- MSCs have multilineage differentiation potential, allowing them to differentiate, for example, into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, the key cells from the two tissues that constitute the osteochondral unit. (hindawi.com)
- In contrast to the cost- and labor-intensive cultivation and propagation of cells such as MSCs or articular chondrocytes, the clinical use of "minimally processed" autologous BMA that can be prepared in the operation room as a single-step procedure appears straightforward. (hindawi.com)
Human chondrocytes3
- Are biological agents toxic to human chondrocytes and osteocytes? (biomedcentral.com)
- For this purpose, various cell models are deployed such as chicken, bovine, rat and rabbit, chondrocytes as they are analogues to human chondrocytes 7 . (researchsquare.com)
- However, to date very few studies have investigated the expression and localization of these receptors in human chondrocytes, and expression during degeneration, and thus their potential in clinical applications is unknown. (cbdepot.eu)
Vitro3
- used in B-cell-inhibiting treatments on human primary chondrocytes and osteocytes in vitro ). (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, inflammation‑inflicted oxidative stress was induced in vitro by stimulating chondrocytes with H2O2. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Using osteogenic differentiation medium, multipotent stromal cells (MSC) are induced to differentiate into osteocytes in vitro and to secrete bone matrix. (bio-protocol.org)
Osteoblasts and osteocytes1
- Most of the transitory osteoblasts and secretory osteoblasts, all osteocytic osteoblasts and osteocytes were positive. (revmedvet.com)
Differentiation2
- Chondrocytes are derived from mesenchymal cells through the process of differentiation during embryogenesis. (researchsquare.com)
- 2014)] or chondrocytes upon culture in specific differentiation medium. (bio-protocol.org)
Osteoclasts2
- It was detected in the periosteum which contains mesenchymal pre-osteoblasts of the ulna and radius, in osteocytes and osteoclasts. (cdc.gov)
- A couple of four main types of cell in bone tissue, osteoblasts (OB), osteoclasts (OC), osteocytes, and chondrocytes. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
Endochondral bone formation2
- Roles of Chondrocytes in Endochondral Bone Formation and Fracture Repair. (tamu.edu)
- The current concept regarding endochondral bone formation postulates that most hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death prior to bone formation. (tamu.edu)
Chondroblasts2
- Chondrocytes, chondroblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes were found to be negative at all stages. (revmedvet.com)
- As the matrix surrounds and isolates chondroblasts, they are called chondrocytes. (edu.vn)
Connective1
- As osteoblasts transform into osteocytes, osteogenic cells in the surrounding connective tissue differentiate into new osteoblasts. (edu.vn)
Cells6
- GFAP has also been found to be expressed in glomeruli and peritubular fibroblasts, Leydig cells of the testis, keratinocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes and stellate cells of the pancreas and liver. (biolegend.com)
- However, recent investigations using cell lineage tracing techniques have demonstrated that many, perhaps the majority, of bone cells are derived via direct transformation from chondrocytes. (tamu.edu)
- In this review, the authors will briefly discuss the history of this idea and describe recent studies that clearly demonstrate that the direct transformation of chondrocytes into bone cells is common in both long bone and mandibular condyle development and during bone fracture repair. (tamu.edu)
- The conventional approach utilized to induce dedifferentiation in chondrocytes are comprised of adding dedifferentiating agents or techniques which are often highly expensive, require specific conditions and a long time period to convert the chondrocyte phenotype into fibroblastic cells 8 . (researchsquare.com)
- CB2 receptors are primarily on immune cells as well as osteo and chondrocytes. (thewrightdoctor.com)
- Chondrocytes from OA joints were shown to express a wide range of cannabinoid receptors even in degenerate tissues, demonstrating that these cells could respond to cannabinoids. (cbdepot.eu)
Extracellular matrix1
- Chondrocyte dedifferentiation is a cellular phenomenon in which chondrocyte loses its chondrogenic characteristics and ability to synthesize extracellular matrix. (researchsquare.com)
Primary2
- Primary cell cultures obtained from gonarthrosis patients were divided into four groups, two of which were designated as control cultures of chondrocyte and osteocyte, and the other two groups were exposed to BAs administered via the culture medium. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cannabinoids have shown to reduce joint damage in animal models of arthritis and reduce matrix metalloproteinase expression in primary human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes. (cbdepot.eu)
Formation1
- Based on our recent findings and those of other laboratories, we propose a new model that contrasts the mode of bone formation in much of the mandibular ramus (chondrocyte-derived) with intramembranous bone formation of the mandibular body (non-chondrocyte-derived). (tamu.edu)
Culture1
- The highly recognized and accurate method used for studying this phenomena is chondrocyte culture. (researchsquare.com)
Time1
- The methods used to induce dedifferentiation in cell models of chondrocytes are often time consuming or require expensive reagents. (researchsquare.com)
Agents2
- Rituximab and adalimumab were the least toxic agents to chondrocytes, whereas adalimumab and etanercept were to osteocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
- These challenges hinder the scientific community to understand the molecular mechanism behind the transition of chondrocyte phenotypes and expedite the discovery of therapeutic agents for various disease. (researchsquare.com)
Methods1
- Whereas we have utilized 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a dedifferentiating agent which is relatively cheap and quickly induces dedifferentiation in chondrocytes as compared to other methods 9 . (researchsquare.com)
Order1
- And, we furtherly performed single-cell spatial transcriptomic sequencing on postnatal day 1 mouse enthesis, in order to deconvolute bone-tendon junction (BTJ) chondrocytes onto spatial spots. (elifesciences.org)
Osteoblasts3
- PLF was detectable in the cytoplasm of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts, and matrix surrounding proliferating and hypertrophied chondrocytes, suggestive of secretion. (cdc.gov)
- Our data demonstrate that hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo a process of dedifferentiation to generate marrow associated SSPCs that serve as a primary source of osteoblasts during skeletal development. (elifesciences.org)
- It constitutes approximately 12% of the noncollagenous proteins in human bone and is synthesized by skeletal-associated cell types, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. (nih.gov)
Cartilage13
- The differentiated chondrocyte is capable of synthesizing and regulating the extracellular matrix such as collagen type II, proteoglycans which are responsible for cartilage development and repair 1-3 . (researchsquare.com)
- However, in various cartilage degenerative diseases, the chondrocytes transition itself to more flattened fibroblast cells with different morphological, genetical and biochemical characteristics which is characterized as dedifferentiation 4,5 . (researchsquare.com)
- So, it is of imminent importance to study the molecular process of chondrocytes differentiation and dedifferentiation in order to discover potential therapies to manipulate the activity to rehabilitate chondrogenic functions and morphology to prevent degeneration of articular joints in various cartilage associated diseases. (researchsquare.com)
- In this protocol, we utilized 2 weeks old New Zealand rabbits to acquire articular chondrocyte that offers more genetic resemblance to human chondrocyte and can be used to accurately study the molecular mechanism behind cartilage degeneration. (researchsquare.com)
- they are also found on osteocytes (bone) and chondrocytes (cartilage). (thewrightdoctor.com)
- The mechanical environment of the chondrocyte is an important factor that influences the maintenance of the articular cartilage extracellular matrix. (lievers.net)
- Previous studies have utilized theoretical models of chondrocytes within articular cartilage to predict the stress-strain and fluid flow environments around the cell, but little is currently known regarding the cellular properties which are required for implementation of these models. (lievers.net)
- The objectives of this study were to characterize the mechanical behavior of primary human chondrocytes and to determine the Young's modulus of chondrocytes from non-osteoarthritic ('normal') and osteoarthritic cartilage. (lievers.net)
- This finding suggests that chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage may have altered volume regulation capabilities in response to mechanical deformation. (lievers.net)
- Chondrocyte deformation and local tissue strain in articular cartilage: a confocal microscopy study. (lievers.net)
- DKK-1 but not SOST was expressed by chondrocytes in cores with macroscopically normal cartilage. (ox.ac.uk)
- Expression was highest in the osteocytes in bone underlying partial thickness cartilage defects. (ox.ac.uk)
- Hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate and mineralized cartilage cells in zone 4 of hyaline articular cartilage strongly expressed sclerostin, but most chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage were negative. (ox.ac.uk)
Hypertrophic chondrocytes1
- Sclerostin was expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes in osteochondroma and chondroblasts in chondroblastoma, but not by tumour cells in other bone tumours, including myeloma and metastatic carcinoma. (ox.ac.uk)
Osteoblast1
- It is now clear that hormones and growth factors produced by cells of other tissues are able to modulate bone modeling and remodeling by altering osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte functions. (frontiersin.org)
Subchondral bone2
- In subchondral bone, expression of both DKK-1 and SOST was observed exclusively in osteocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
- Impairment in the function of subchondral bone due to reduced numbers of osteocytes and altered mineral composition. (youngplasmastudy.com)
Adipocyte1
- Tri-lineage differentiations are Adipocyte, Chondrocyte, and Osteocyte. (xcell.media)
Fibroblasts1
- 4 In addition, SHOX is most strongly expressed in bone marrow fibroblasts, implying that SHOX has a certain role in bone growth and maturation (however, SHOX expression has not been examined in several critical tissues such as chondrocytes or osteocytes). (bmj.com)
Dedifferentiation4
- Chondrocyte dedifferentiation is a cellular phenomenon in which chondrocyte loses its chondrogenic characteristics and ability to synthesize extracellular matrix. (researchsquare.com)
- The methods used to induce dedifferentiation in cell models of chondrocytes are often time consuming or require expensive reagents. (researchsquare.com)
- Here in our protocol, we describe the utility of using 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a dedifferentiating agent for rabbit chondrocytes for studying dedifferentiation process. (researchsquare.com)
- Whereas we have utilized 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a dedifferentiating agent which is relatively cheap and quickly induces dedifferentiation in chondrocytes as compared to other methods 9 . (researchsquare.com)
Conclusions1
- CONCLUSIONS: Sclerostin is an osteocyte marker that is strongly expressed in human woven and lamellar bone and mineralizing chondrocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
Autophagy1
- Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and reduced autophagy in chondrocytes alters their function, promoting catabolic processes and cell death over anabolic processes. (youngplasmastudy.com)
Lineage1
- These hypertrophic chondrocyte derived SSPCs commit to a CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cell phenotype during skeletal development and demonstrate unique abilities to recruit vasculature and promote bone marrow establishment, while also contributing to the adipogenic lineage. (elifesciences.org)
Stem1
- G-protein stimulatory subunit alpha and Gq/11α G-proteins are both required to maintain quiescent stem-like chondrocytes. (nih.gov)
Expression2
- In lamellar and woven bone, there was strong sclerostin expression by osteocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
- After irradiation, histological staining, immunohistochemical staining, and gene expression analysis were conducted following 1 or 14 days of in vitro culture (DIV). Our data indicated a significant loss of proliferating chondrocytes at 1 DIV, which was followed by regeneration attempts through chondrocytic cluster formation at 14 DIV. Accelerated levels of mineralization were observed, which correlated with increased proteoglycan production and secretion into the pericellular matrix. (mdpi.com)
Transition1
- These challenges hinder the scientific community to understand the molecular mechanism behind the transition of chondrocyte phenotypes and expedite the discovery of therapeutic agents for various disease. (researchsquare.com)
Human2
- For this purpose, various cell models are deployed such as chicken, bovine, rat and rabbit, chondrocytes as they are analogues to human chondrocytes 7 . (researchsquare.com)
- The results of this study indicate that the human chondrocyte behaves as a viscoelastic solid. (lievers.net)
Mechanical3
- A second goal was to quantify changes in the volume of isolated chondrocytes in response to mechanical deformation. (lievers.net)
- The mechanical and volumetric properties determined in this study will be of use in analytical and finite element models of chondrocyte-matrix interactions in order to better predict the mechanical environment of the cell in vivo. (lievers.net)
- Mechanical and physicochemical determinants of the chondrocyte biosynthetic response. (lievers.net)
Found1
- No differences were found between the Young's moduli of normal (0.65±0.63 kPa, n=44) and osteoarthritic chondrocytes (0.67±0.86 kPa, n=69, p=0.93). (lievers.net)
Response1
- The micropipette aspiration technique was used to measure the deformation of a single chondrocyte into a glass micropipette in response to a prescribed pressure. (lievers.net)
Effects1
- The effects of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures on chondrocyte metabolism. (lievers.net)