• Mediated by lymphocyte receptors and vascular ligand interactions, "tethering" is a reversible linkage that leads to either rolling along the vessel wall or transient immediate arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, α4β1 with the ligand vascular adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) function in lymphocyte trafficking and inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • For instance, studies in mice have demonstrated that CD4+ T cells activated in cutaneous lymph nodes upregulate trafficking determinants specific for the skin, such as P-selectin ligand, while T cells responding to antigen in intestinal lymph nodes express high levels the gut-associated adhesion molecule integrin α4β7 and acquire responsiveness to the intestinal CC-chemokine ligand CCL25 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
  • The specific ligand of this receptor is CCL25 . (wikidoc.org)
  • This antimicrobial gene encodes a chemokine of the CXC subfamily and ligand for the receptor CXCR3. (cancerindex.org)
  • CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand CXCL12, both of which are overexpressed in many cancers, play a pivotal role in metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To elucidate the distinctive molecular characteristics and functional implications of the CXCR4-LPA 1 heteromer, we performed various assays, including cAMP, BRET for G protein activation, β-arrestin recruitment, ligand binding, and transwell migration assays. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ligand binding induces conformational changes in GPCRs followed by intracellular signaling through activation of heterotrimeric G proteins and recruitment of β-arrestins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies sug- terized by flow cytometry using anti between the immune response and the gest that HCV inhibits receptor genes in CD3, CD56 and CD16 monoclonal virus replication rate [5] and play a cru- the activation of NK cells [20], and the antibodies. (who.int)
  • Lymphocyte homing refers to adhesion of the circulating lymphocytes in blood to specialized endothelial cells within lymphoid organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • These diverse tissue-specific adhesion molecules on lymphocytes (homing receptors) and on endothelial cells (vascular addressins) contribute to the development of specialized immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • High endothelial venules (HEVs) are cells found in secondary lymphoid organs that express large quantities of cell adhesion molecules, enabling undifferentiated lymphocytes to bind. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subsequently, antigen-stimulated B and T cells express homing receptors particularly for the HEV in initial site of immunization tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • L-selectin, for example, is also able to be cleaved by an enzyme, ensuring proper binding of lymphocytes and allowing release of non-target cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human NK cell repertoire is functionally diversified through a tightly regulated differentiation process characterized by an early transition from CD56bright to CD56dim NK cells, followed by coordinated changes in expression of inhibitory receptors, including NKG2A and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). (confex.com)
  • Interestingly, CCR1 and CXCR6 were expressed mainly on less differentiated NKG2A+ CD56dim NK cells (B). Next, we stratified the chemokine receptor expression on mature KIR+ NK cells based on the expression of self (educated) or non-self KIR (uneducated). (confex.com)
  • We found that the chemokine-induced migration capability of NK cells correlated closely with the expression level of corresponding chemokine receptor, leading to subset specific responses to various chemokine gradients (D). (confex.com)
  • Circulating memory T cells can be divided into tissue-specific subsets, which traffic through distinct tissue compartments during physiologic immune surveillance, based on their expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We reasoned that a bias (either enrichment or depletion) of CSF T cell expression of known organ-specific trafficking determinants might suggest that homing of T cells to the subarachnoid space could be governed by a CNS-specific adhesion molecule or chemokine receptor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • associated with skin-homing) as well as the expression of integrin α4β7 and CCR9 (associated with gut-homing) was analyzed on CD4+ memory T cells in CSF from individuals with non-inflammatory neurological diseases using flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the ready access of skin- and gut-homing CD4+ memory T cells to the CNS compartment via CSF has implications for the mechanisms of action of immunotherapeutic strategies, such as oral tolerance or therapeutic immunization, where immunogens are administered using an oral or subcutaneous route. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The differentiation of naïve T cells into an activated memory phenotype is characterized by an extensive change in the expression of trafficking determinants, resulting in the acquisition of homing receptors that enable the cells to migrate from the circulation into peripheral tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This change in T cell homing potential is affected by the microenvironment where initial antigen recognition occurred, as memory T cells preferentially return to regions of the body similar to those where the initial antigen was encountered [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While trafficking of T cells to the skin and gut is well characterized, less is known about the mechanisms governing homing of T cells across the choroid plexus into the CSF during immune surveillance of the healthy brain [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Akt Activation, but not Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activation, Is Required for SDF-1{alpha}/CXCR4-Mediated Migration of Epitheloid Carcinoma Cells. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Interactions of chemokines and chemokine receptors mediate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells to the impaired site in the brain after hypoglossal nerve injury. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Regulation of CXCR4 expression in human mesenchymal stem cells by cytokine treatment: role in homing efficiency in NOD/SCID mice. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Indeed, there are now compelling data to suggest that chronic cytokine activation may contribute substantially to the phenotype and effector function of synovial T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I conclude by speculating about how our understanding of T-cell activation in chronic inflammation may influence future therapy, and discuss this in the context of the prevailing view that in a susceptible host, chronic inflammatory disease occurs through a failure of regulatory T cells to downregulate the inflammatory process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • solid course="kwd-title" Keywords: plasmacytoma, nasal area, sinusitis Launch Plasma cells are older B lymphocytes typically within high or low volume in various tissue and organs and in inflammatory foci generally. (siamtech.net)
  • Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The activation, differentiation, and development of CD8+ T cells can be affected by numerous inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors, and chemokines. (frontiersin.org)
  • The discovery of these modifications that contribute to the activation or suppression of CD8+ cells has been concurrent with the increasing evidence that CD8+ T cells play a role in autoimmunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • In each of these diseases, genes that play a role in the proliferation or activation of CD8+ T cells have been found to be affected by epigenetic modifications. (frontiersin.org)
  • These genes are involved in T cell regulation, including interferons, interleukin (IL),tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as linker for activation of T cells (LAT), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and adapter proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • CD8+ T cells, also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), are one subtype of T cell ( 6 ), characterized by robust production of interferon (IFN)-γ and cytolytic activities via perforin (PRF)/granzymes (GZM) or Fas mechanisms to kill target cells ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The activation, differentiation, and development of CD8+ T cells is accompanied by large-scale changes in the coordinated expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors (TFs) and chemokines that are correlated with their survival, effector function, and self-renewal ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • LECs can modulate dendritic cell function, present antigens to T cells on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules, and express immunomodulatory cytokines and receptors, which suggests that their roles in adaptive immunity are far more extensive than previously realized. (jci.org)
  • Lymphocytes recirculate continuously between the peripheral lymphoid cells via the blood and lymphatic systems1 2 Lymphocytes enter across the high endothelial venule (HEV) into lymphoid cells via a specialized connection with venule. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • In Spa-1-expressing cells the basal kinase activity increased to 1.8 times and hardly decreased after CXCL12 p-Coumaric acid activation indicating that the conversion to Rap1-GTP is important for reduction of LOK kinase activity by chemokine (Fig. 5g). (hiv-proteases.com)
  • These data suggest that OCLN Rap1-GDP is required for LOK activation and takes on an important part in the phosphorylation of ERM proteins in resting cells. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • discuss the role of integrins in T cell- mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs. (scielo.br)
  • Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (T CM cells) and effector memory (T EM ) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. (scielo.br)
  • In a very interesting review, P. MARRACK & J. KAPPLER focus on naïve, activated, and memory T cells survival separately, and discuss experiments done in vitro and in mice lacking or containing normal populations of lymphocytes. (scielo.br)
  • Due to their secretory functions, differentiation capabilities, specific homing effects through chemotaxis, distinctive therapeutic potentials, and ex vivo expandability, cells have become an attractive reagent for advanced therapeutic strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the efficacy of adoptive transfer of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was examined over several decades, genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) rapidly replaced the application of TILs due to their high specificity, non-MHC-restricted recognition of tumor antigen, superior potency, and improved in vivo persistency [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. (explorationpub.com)
  • Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
  • Due to their structure difference, TCR-T and CAR-T cells show different characteristics in signal activation and antigen recognition. (cip.com.cn)
  • In this article, we address structure and signal activation, target selection, affinity optimization, safety modification and gene editing strategies for engineered T cells, and also review the potential synthetic biological approaches and latest progress of engineered T cell therapy in the application of tumor immunotherapy. (cip.com.cn)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine , 2013 , 368 (16): 1509-1518. (cip.com.cn)
  • Specifically, the timely orchestration of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, based on the activation and inhibition of various cell types, such as tissue-resident cells and different types of immune cells, can significantly impact wound repair [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The loss of TNF α receptor 1/2 resulted in reduced recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells into the spleen, but only neutrophil recruitment was inhibited in the peritoneal cavity. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition to lymphocytes, dendritic cells can also produce LT α [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • As the two major cell types in the spleen, B cells and T cells produce cytokines and chemokines [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • After induction in secondary lymphoid organs, a subset of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) homes to the bone marrow (BM) and contributes to long-term antibody production. (silverchair.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that in mice treated with FTY720 or that lack sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 (S1P 1 ) in B cells, IgG ASCs are induced and localize normally in secondary lymphoid organs but they are reduced in numbers in blood and BM. (silverchair.com)
  • The presence of manganese partially restored the binding of these T cells to VCAM-1 in vitro, suggesting that FTY interferes with integrin activation. (neurology.org)
  • However, recent studies have shown that endogenous GCs induced by the diurnal cycle and dietary restriction enhance immune responses against some infections by promoting the survival, redistribution, and response of T and B cells via cytokine and chemokine receptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • While PD-1 expression is induced upon T cell receptor (TCR) activation or cytokine signaling, PD-L1 is expressed on B cells, antigen presenting cells, and on non-immune tissues, including cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In asthma, mast cells, eosinophils and CD4 T lymphocytes represent the predominant cell types in the inflammatory process. (knowyourasthma.com)
  • The attraction of leukocytes from circulation to inflamed lungs depends on the activation of both the leukocytes and the resident cells within the lung. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study we determined gene expression and secretion patterns for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and T-cell specific CXCR3 agonistic chemokines (Mig/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10, and I-TAC/CXCL11) in TNF-α-, IFN-γ-, and IL-1β-stimulated human alveolar epithelial cells type II (AEC-II). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many pulmonary disorders are characterized by accumulation and activation of inflammatory cells within the lung, followed by the release of regulatory mediators, resulting in macrophage/lymphocyte alveolitis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, located at the boundary between the alveolar airspace and the interstitium, alveolar epithelial cells type II (AEC-II) are ideally situated to regulate the recruitment and activation of different types of leukocytes through the production of chemokines/cytokines in response to inflammatory stimulation from the alveolar space. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CC chemokines/CCL attract monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic and T cells and signal through chemokine receptors CCR1 to CCR10. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Organ-specific lymphocyte homing is important for antigen-specificity and in avoiding autoimmune cross-reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Control of cell migration in the development of the posterior lateral line: antagonistic interactions between the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7/RDC1. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Coexpression of LPA 1 with CXCR4 reduced CXCL12-mediated cAMP inhibition, ERK activation, Gα i/o activation, and β-arrestin recruitment, while CXCL12 binding to CXCR4 remained unaffected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, our findings propose a therapeutic potential in combined CXCR4 and LPA 1 inhibitors for cancer and inflammatory diseases associated with these receptors, simultaneously raising concerns about the use of LPA 1 antagonists alone for such conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon exposure to antigens, lymphocytes lack homing ability during a period of sessile differentiation and cell division, and antigen specific lymphocytes are stored in the spleen for 1-3 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • The microarchitecture of secondary lymphoid organs plays an important role in facilitating the activation and maturation of antigen-specific lymphocytes and ultimately the mounting of an adaptive immune response ( 1 ). (rupress.org)
  • Cytokine and chemokine expression in humans infected with Sudan Ebola virus. (cdc.gov)
  • α4β7 is an α4 integrin class homing receptor that targets lymphocytes in the gut expressing mucosal adhesion molecule-1(MAdCAM-1), mostly expressed in Peyer's patches. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytoplasmic actin-binding proteins such as talin kindlin and filamin (FLN) bind directly to integrin tails and positively or negatively regulate integrin function: the currently available evidence shows that talin and kindlin promote integrin activation whereas FLN is definitely a negative regulator of integrin functions such as cell adhesion and migration8 9 FLN also serves as a scaffolding protein for Rho or Ras family members10. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • Naive lymphocyte extravasation into Peyer's patches is often mediated by L-selectin and limited expression of α4 integrins and other homing receptors prevents these lymphocytes from accessing mucosal effector tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • L-selectin is able to mediate vessel adhesion whereas α4 integrins, α4β1 or α4β7, can perform primary or secondary adhesion through a stronger tethering and even contribute to transendothelial migration of lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to α4 integrins, LFA-1 and Mac-1 mediate the prevention of lymphocyte transendothelial migration into target tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activation of integrins is definitely regulated by relationships with numerous intracellular adaptor proteins7. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • A skewed preference for BV7 genes and sequential "G" amino acids motif is observed in complementarity-determining region-3 of T cell receptor-β. (nature.com)
  • An individual T-cell has a specific complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of T cell receptor (TCR)-α and -β, which is a result of the recombination of somatic TCR V-(D)-J genes and junction diversity. (nature.com)
  • This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Increased binding scores are observed in T-cell clones with complementarity-determining region-3 of T cell receptor-β with a "(G)GG" motif. (nature.com)
  • Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. (lookformedical.com)
  • In contrast to CC chemokines, the CXC chemokines (CXCL) are divided into two classes depending on the presence of the glutamate-leucine-arginine motif (ELR) in the NH 2 -terminal domain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mature lymphocytes are constantly recirculating in the blood and can traffic to secondary lymphoid tissue as well as target tissue including mucosal tissues of the lamina propria, inflammation, and other extralymphoid immune effector sites. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemokines beyond inflammation. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • This study was undertaken to explore the contribution of PDCs and type I IFNs to RA pathogenesis using various animal models of PDC depletion and to monitor the effect of localized PDC recruitment and activation on joint inflammation and bone damage. (cnrs.fr)
  • Multiscale models should also be used to investigate how chronic inflammation could be caused by prolonged exposure to different kinds/levels of trauma, increased activation and diffusion of chemotactic attractants or high levels of inflammatory cytokines at a site of injury. (knowyourasthma.com)
  • Chemokines are a superfamily of small, secreted proteins that direct the recruitment of leukocytes to the sites of inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lymphocyte homing receptor control of organ-specific lymphocyte trafficking is thought to prevent autoreactivity in immune responses during B and T cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present results show that peripheral blood NK cell chemokine receptor profile changes in a coordinated fashion during NK cell differentiation and is further influenced by the expression of self-specific KIR. (confex.com)
  • The area of Lymphocyte Development and Differentiation has been the target for several publications in previous volumes of this scientific series. (scielo.br)
  • Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
  • Stromal cell-derived factor 1 stimulates prolonged protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation in T lymphocytes. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. (lookformedical.com)
  • C-C chemokine receptor type 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR9 gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the beta chemokine receptor family. (wikidoc.org)
  • It is predicted to be a seven transmembrane protein similar to G protein-coupled receptors. (wikidoc.org)
  • 1999). "Human G protein-coupled receptor GPR-9-6/CC chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal homing T lymphocytes, mucosal lymphocytes, and thymocytes and is required for thymus-expressed chemokine-mediated chemotaxis" . (wikidoc.org)
  • Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1/2, control T cell activation and tolerance. (bvsalud.org)
  • G protein-coupled receptor heteromerization is believed to exert dynamic regulatory impact on signal transduction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of plasma membrane receptors that orchestrate intracellular signaling in response to diverse extracellular stimuli [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review highlights recent advances in vitamin D and T-lymphocyte biology in an effort to harness vitamin D's potential to reduce the impact of autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Traditionally, the roles of B lymphocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases have already been widely studied and are well recognized. (frontiersin.org)
  • Importantly, PD-L1 binding inhibits T cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Naive lymphocytes are able to circulate into secondary lymphoid tissues, Peyer's patches, lymph nodes, and the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Naive lymphocytes (TN) are 1st captured and then they undergo rolling because of poor binding between L-selectin and sulfated sialyl Lex-related O-glycans indicated on HEVs collectively called peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd). (hiv-proteases.com)
  • Intro Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) probably the most common type of adult leukemia in Traditional western countries is seen as a the progressive build up of phenotypically adult monoclonal LY2784544 (Gandotinib) B lymphocytes in the peripheral bloodstream lymph nodes and bone tissue marrow. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • Here we report that when mice lacking the RelA subunit of NF-κB are brought to term by breeding onto a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)1-deficient background, the mice that are born lack lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and an organized splenic microarchitecture, and have a profound defect in T cell-dependent antigen responses. (rupress.org)
  • This process is mediated by chemokines, which guide cell migration by binding to their specific receptors. (confex.com)
  • Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. (lookformedical.com)
  • Chemokines and their receptors are key regulators of thymocyte migration and maturation in normal and inflammatory conditions. (wikidoc.org)
  • Likewise, lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA 1 ) is implicated in cancer cell proliferation and migration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent years, engineering T cell therapy has made great progress in tumor immunotherapy, which mainly includes T-cell receptor-engineered T cell (TCR-T) therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy. (cip.com.cn)
  • The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 binds to and signals through the orphan receptor RDC1 in T lymphocytes [J].2005,280(42). (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • CXCL12 activation rapidly reduced the kinase activity of LOK to one-third which was consistent with the kinetics of reduction of the phosphorylation of ERM proteins. (hiv-proteases.com)
  • In order to delineate the homing patterns of distinct NK cell subsets, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry combined with functional assays to map the NK cell chemokine receptor expression and migratory behavior. (confex.com)
  • To determine whether the observed differences in chemokine receptor expression translate into altered chemokine responsiveness between the subsets, we combined the transwell system with multicolor flow cytometry. (confex.com)
  • other lymphocyte subsets. (123dok.net)
  • The process of lymphocyte homing is deliberate, mediated by lymphocyte-endothelial recognition mechanisms that enable antigen-specific immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been found that this gene is differentially expressed by T lymphocytes of small intestine and colon, suggested a role in thymocyte recruitment and development that may permit functional specialization of immune responses in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. (wikidoc.org)
  • 2000). "Lymphocyte CC chemokine receptor 9 and epithelial thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK) expression distinguish the small intestinal immune compartment: Epithelial expression of tissue-specific chemokines as an organizing principle in regional immunity" . (wikidoc.org)
  • Intriguingly, EBV miRNAs directly suppress host antiviral immunity by interfering with antigen presentation and immune cell activation. (ijbs.com)
  • Effect of stromal-cell-derived factor 1 on stem-cell homing and tissue regeneration in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • This happens so that the full repertoire of antigenic specificities of lymphocytes is continuously represented throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphocyte homing receptor expression is altered by antigen exposure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphotoxin alpha (LT α ) and TNF α were shown to induce the expression of homing chemokines in B and T cell areas of the spleen [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Human fatal zaire ebola virus infection is associated with an aberrant innate immunity and with massive lymphocyte apoptosis. (cdc.gov)