Cell'sProteinsExpressed genesMitochondriaCytoplasmOrganellesNear the nucleusVacuoleSignalsOrganismsMoleculesChromosomesReactionsDeoxyribonucleic acidEpithelial cellSphericalReceptorsChromosomalApoptosisDopaminePhotosynthesisReplicateAmino acidsHypothalamusOrgansOrganizationTightly regulated chemical signaling dNeuronsSignaling pathwayMolecularRadiationSubstancesHumansEnvironmental chemicalsSomatic cellsOlfactory receptorFundamentalNuclearFunctionalInduceAdult somaticGenomeSunlightHumanChloroplastsMoleculeTissueMixturesOrganismBodyDifferentiateMembranesGeneticPlantViralEmbryonicPlasma membraneInvolvesAdenosine triphosphateOrganelleNerve cellsChemistryEpitheliumSubunitThylakoidSugars
Cell's7
- The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus. (cancer.gov)
- The BRAF , MAP2K1 , MAP2K2 , and KRAS genes provide instructions for making proteins that work together to transmit chemical signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
- Stanford, CA - Plant biologists have discovered the last major element of the series of chemical signals that one class of plant hormones, called brassinosteroids, send from a protein on the surface of a plant cell to the cell's nucleus. (scienceblog.com)
- This in turn informs the genes in the cell's nucleus to switch on an off, determining what that cell group is growing into - a fingernail or a kidney. (sciencealert.com)
- Androgens (steroid hormones) are fat soluble, meaning they can pass into the cell's nucleus, bind to specific receptors and genes and trigger the cell to make proteins. (nfpt.com)
- They also carry their own DNA that is distinct from the DNA in the cell's nucleus. (acs.org)
- The cell membrane is a thin membrane that encases the cytoplasm of the cell , and holds the cytoplasm (as well as the cell's organelles) within it, separating the interior of the cell from the outside environment. (databasefootball.com)
Proteins24
- This signaling pathway, called the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway, allows the environment outside the cell to affect cell function, including how the cell produces other proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- The signaling process begins when a TGF-β protein attaches (binds) to a receptor on the cell surface, which activates a group of related SMAD proteins (including the SMAD3 protein). (medlineplus.gov)
- These SMAD proteins combine to form a protein complex, which then moves to the cell nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
- Proteins are essential molecules that perform various functions in the cell, such as catalyzing chemical reactions, providing structural support, and regulating gene expression. (proprofs.com)
- Therefore, the correct answer is nucleus, proteins. (proprofs.com)
- The proteins produced from these genes are all part of the same chemical signaling pathway, which helps explain why variants in different genes can cause conditions with such similar signs and symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
- This Special Issue, "Plant Cell Wall Proteins and Development", will cover a selection of recent research topics in the field of cell wall biology focused on cell wall proteins and their roles during development. (mdpi.com)
- They mainly comprise polymers like polysaccharides and lignin in lignified secondary walls and a minute amount of cell wall proteins (CWPs). (mdpi.com)
- Cell wall proteomics, as well as numerous genetic or biochemical studies, have revealed the high diversity of CWPs, among which proteins acting on polysaccharides, proteases, oxido-reductases, lipid-related proteins and structural proteins. (mdpi.com)
- Molecular genetics focuses on the structure and function of the genetic units, ie, the chemical composition of genes and their expression in determining the structure of proteins, the most important functional components of cells. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- These molecules are usually proteins or bits of RNA, which go on to influence the genes expressed in each cell. (sciencealert.com)
- What happens here is that cells bust out certain proteins on their surfaces, which in turn inform neighbouring cells on what they need to become. (sciencealert.com)
- The adding and removing groups to the cholesterol polycyclic core is spurred by proteins called enzymes, causing the following chain of chemicals: pregnenolone (precursor to corticosteroids, mineral corticosteroids), 11-deoxycorticosterone (a steroid produced by adrenal gland that is a precursor to aldosterone), 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone then to corticosterone, cortisol and aldosterone. (nfpt.com)
- Exocytosis has vesicles that contain lipids and proteins combine with the cell membrane, which has the effect of increasing the overall size of the cell. (databasefootball.com)
- Endocytosis serves the opposite function, removing proteins and lipids from the cell membrane and bringing them into the interior of the cell, decreasing the size of the cell membrane and the cell itself. (databasefootball.com)
- There are different kinds of proteins associated with the cell membrane. (databasefootball.com)
- Structural proteins enable our cells to maintain a constant shape and gives the cell support, much as the skeleton of an animal's body does. (databasefootball.com)
- Receptor proteins are those which enable the cell to communicate with things in the environment, achieving this to the use of neurotransmitters and hormones. (databasefootball.com)
- Glycoproteins are proteins that have a carbohydrate chain linked to them, and they assist cells in communicating with other cells and transporting molecules across the cell membrane. (databasefootball.com)
- Transport proteins, as the name implies, are responsible for transporting molecules through the cell membranes and into the body of the cell through the process of facilitated diffusion. (databasefootball.com)
- He was the first to describe the chemical structure and properties of nucleic acids, and to discuss the structure of proteins present in the nucleus. (animalresearch.info)
- The golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell. (enchantedlearning.com)
- Rough ER transport materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane). (enchantedlearning.com)
- Analysis of DNA-binding proteins extracted from the nuclei of untreated BU-11 cells indicated DNA-binding complexes comprising NF-κB subunits p50, c-Rel, and/or Rel A. NF-κB down-regulation with previously described inhibitors induced BU-11 cell apoptosis, demonstrating that the default apoptosis pathway blocked by NF-κB is functional at this early stage in B cell development. (aspetjournals.org)
Expressed genes1
- Using RNA-Seq, we identified a total of 163 and 568 differentially expressed genes in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells that were exposed to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, respectively. (nature.com)
Mitochondria6
- Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
- That includes the nucleus, mitochondria , and other organelles. (gsu.edu)
- Mitochondria are often called the powerhouses of the cell because they produce the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via the oxidative phosphorylation chemical reaction. (acs.org)
- Given their fundamental function within each cell in the body, mitochondria are implicated in a broad swath of diseases, including cognitive disorders, cancer, and aging-related ailments. (acs.org)
- In plant cells, ATP is produced in the cristae of mitochondria and chloroplasts. (enchantedlearning.com)
- However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Cytoplasm3
- Most chemical reactions in a cell take place in the cytoplasm. (cancer.gov)
- All cells contain a fluid called cytoplasm and a nucleus, and are enclosed in a cell membrane. (jainworld.com)
- Steroid hormones moving through the cell cytoplasm will form a hormone/receptor that moves into the nucleus of the cell attaching to the DNA binding sites, activating protein-producing genes. (nfpt.com)
Organelles4
- Plants are unique among the eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles, because they can manufacture their own food. (gate2biotech.com)
- Satellite cells are activated by muscle tears, causing the nucleus to replicate leaving some of the cell organelles on the muscle fiber while others fuse to muscle fibers to form new muscle protein stands (or myofibrils) and/or repair damaged fibers. (nfpt.com)
- Although the cell membrane is the most well-known membrane in a cell, some of the organelles found within a cell also have their own respective membranes. (databasefootball.com)
- The jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located. (enchantedlearning.com)
Near the nucleus3
- S. occidentalis (Caprifoliaceae) extracts are cytotoxic, and, strikingly, treated cells undergo light-dependent vacuolation near the nucleus. (nih.gov)
- A small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. (enchantedlearning.com)
- A flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. (enchantedlearning.com)
Vacuole3
- Vacuolated cells show a striking phenotype of a large perinuclear vacuole (nuclear associated vacuole, NAV) that is distinct from vesicles observed by treatment with an autophagy-inducing agent. (nih.gov)
- Treatment with S. occidentalis extracts and light induces an intense lamin A/C signal at the junction of a nuclear vacuole and the nucleus. (nih.gov)
- nuclear associated vacuole (NAV), nucleus. (nih.gov)
Signals6
- The SMAD3 gene provides instructions for making a protein involved in transmitting chemical signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
- From this structure chemical signals can be sent to neighboring neurons. (gsu.edu)
- The RASA1 gene provides instructions for making a protein known as p120-RasGAP, which is involved in transmitting chemical signals from outside the cell to the nucleus. (medlineplus.gov)
- Cell determination occurs thanks to molecular signals between the cells, but it can also occur due to the distribution of certain molecules within a cell before it splits. (sciencealert.com)
- This can happen through direct contact, or signals can also be sent through the empty space between cells. (sciencealert.com)
- What's fascinating is that all this knowledge is actually fairly recent - scientists have been trying to crack the cell determination problem since early 20th century, but the first gene that sends these types of chemical signals was only identified by embryologist Eddy De Robertis in 1990, in a frog embryo. (sciencealert.com)
Organisms7
- These organisms live together, and each cell must carry out all life processes to survive. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, even the simplest multicellular organisms have cells that depend on each other to survive. (wikipedia.org)
- The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. (jainworld.com)
- The four nucleotides are adermine (A), guanine (G) cytosine (C) and thymine (T). DNA from all organisms is made up of the same chemical and physical components. (jainworld.com)
- Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
- The cell membrane also serves as an anchor point for the cytoskeleton of the cell in some organisms, and it attaches to the cell wall in plant cells. (databasefootball.com)
- The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
Molecules7
- Although the origin of life is largely still a mystery, in the currently prevailing theory, known as the RNA world hypothesis, early RNA molecules would have been the basis for catalyzing organic chemical reactions and self-replication. (wikipedia.org)
- Imaging individual RNA molecules in live cells is key to understanding fundamental cellular processes such as transcription, translation, splicing, transport and decay. (imperial.ac.uk)
- For example, if a mother cell - one that's about to split into two daughter cells - has a lot of determinant 'nerve cell' molecules scattered on the left, after splitting, only the left-hand daughter cell will go on to become a nerve cell, because it carries these necessary determinants. (sciencealert.com)
- Aim: To detect the expression of molecules associated with Notch signaling pathway in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) cultured in specific differentiation medium, namely, keratinocyte growth medium (KGM). (bvsalud.org)
- RNA was reverse-transcribed to obtain the cDNA and then proceeded with PCR using specific primers for the Notch signaling pathway molecules (Notch1, Jagged-1, Jagged-2 and, Hes1) as well as stem cell marker (Nanog). (bvsalud.org)
- Since the Notch signaling pathway molecules play an important role in differentiation of epithelial cells, it is important to identify the presence of notch signaling molecules in SHED during the process of cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
- Knowledge on the expression analysis of Notch signaling pathway molecules in SHED cultured in KGM could highlight its involvement in controlling the biological activity of these stem cells, particularly during odontogenesis and other developmental process. (bvsalud.org)
Chromosomes4
- These two cells like all other carry within them material that forms a definite number of chromosomes. (jainworld.com)
- Their analyses showed that the hybrid cells were "tetraploid" - meaning they contained the combined chromosomes of both the somatic cells and the embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
- Throughout the life of a eukaryotic cell, chromosomes undergo drastic conformational rearrangements that play essential roles in almost all nuclear processes, including gene expression, DNA repair and cell division. (imperial.ac.uk)
- The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). (enchantedlearning.com)
Reactions5
- Compartmentalization was necessary for chemical reactions to be more likely as well as to differentiate reactions with the external environment. (wikipedia.org)
- Primitive cells likely used self-assembling fatty-acid vesicles to separate chemical reactions and the environment. (wikipedia.org)
- New technology that harnesses sunlight to drive chemical reactions is paving the way for a more sustainable chemical manufacturing industry, one of the globe's biggest energy users. (powersystemsdesign.com)
- Other chemical reactions occur in the cell causing enzymes to acquire phosphorous which in turn amplifies the action of cAMP, causing breakdown of glycogen stores in the liver and muscle and lipolysis (fat burning in fat cells). (nfpt.com)
- When energy is expended the body has innate chemical reactions that cause energy to be resupplied. (nfpt.com)
Deoxyribonucleic acid1
- The nucleus of a cell contains a chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). (jainworld.com)
Epithelial cell3
- Boston) - Researchers from the Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) have demonstrated that commensal species of the genus Neisseriae are low inducers of human airway epithelial cell responses as compared to the pathogenic species. (scienceblog.com)
- Notch signaling pathway is also involved in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation in various tissues 5-6 . (bvsalud.org)
- To investigate genotoxicity of NDMW and HTMW compared to PMW we used two human lung epithelial cell types, an immortalized BEAS-2B and primary SAEC. (cdc.gov)
Spherical1
- A ____ is a large spherical body within the nucleus. (quizhub.com)
Receptors4
- Other types of receptors respond to chemical neurotransmitters. (gsu.edu)
- The acetylcholine receptors are examples of ligand-gated ion channels: upon binding the acetylcholine molecule, they open up a channel for sodium and potassium ions to enter the cell. (gsu.edu)
- Along the outside of the cells are billions of receptors, which are receivers of incoming information. (emofree.com)
- The peptides sit in these receptors, attaching themselves to the cell, sending it information and changing it in many ways. (emofree.com)
Chromosomal1
- The researchers were also able to further confirmed that fusion occurred by studying the chromosomal makeup of the fused cells. (news-medical.net)
Apoptosis11
- Through the TGF-β signaling pathway, the SMAD3 protein also influences many aspects of cellular processes, including cell growth and division (proliferation), cell movement (migration), and controlled cell death (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
- It helps control the growth and division (proliferation) of cells, the process by which cells mature to carry out specific functions (differentiation), cell movement, and the self-destruction of cells (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
- These include regulation of cell cycle, activation of mitochondrial pathway, induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, induction of apoptosis, modulation of oxidative stress, amelioration of inflammation, modulation of insulin signaling and inhibition of angiogenesis. (mdpi.com)
- One type, known as apoptosis, results from cancer cells essentially committing suicide. (cancer.org)
- If ginger can cause autophagic cell death in addition to apoptosis, it may circumvent resistance to conventional chemotherapy," says study author J. Rebecca Liu, M.D., assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the U-M Medical School and a member of the U-M Comprehensive Cancer Center. (cancer.org)
- Specifically, PAH induce preB cell apoptosis in primary bone marrow cultures and in cocultures of an early preB cell line (BU-11) and a bone marrow stromal cell line (BMS2). (aspetjournals.org)
- Previous studies focused on the molecular mechanisms through which PAH induce stromal cells to deliver an apoptosis signal to adjacent preB cells. (aspetjournals.org)
- Apoptosis signaling within the preB cell itself was not investigated. (aspetjournals.org)
- Here, the role of NF-κB, a lymphocyte survival factor, in PAH-induced preB cell apoptosis was assessed. (aspetjournals.org)
- Finally, ectopic expression of Rel A or c-Rel rescued BU-11 cells from DMBA-induced apoptosis. (aspetjournals.org)
- These results extend previous observations by demonstrating that 1) NF-κB is a survival factor at an earlier stage of B cell development than previously appreciated and 2) NF-κB down-regulation is likely to be part of the molecular mechanism resulting in PAH-induced preB cell apoptosis. (aspetjournals.org)
Dopamine4
- We identified dopamine neurons that uniquely coexpress the Onecut3 and Nmur2 genes, and placed these in the periventricular nucleus with many synaptic afferents arising from neuromedin S + neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. (nature.com)
- These neuroendocrine dopamine cells may contribute to the dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion diurnally, as their neuromedin S + inputs originate from neurons expressing Per2 and Per3 and their tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation is regulated in a circadian fashion. (nature.com)
- 9. Björklund, A., Skagerberg, G.: Evidence for a major spinal cord projection from the diencephalic A11 dopamine cell group in the rat. (lu.se)
- 10. Lindvall, O., Björklund, A., Skagerberg, G.: Selective histochemical demonstration of dopamine terminal systems in rat di- and telencephalon: new evidence for dopaminergic innervation of hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei. (lu.se)
Photosynthesis1
- Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplasts. (enchantedlearning.com)
Replicate1
- HHVs replicate in the host cell nucleus. (medscape.com)
Amino acids1
- Mixtures of various chemicals such as amino acids and peptides, with theoretical support as natural defense aids against cancer and various other diseases. (theodora.com)
Hypothalamus5
- According to What the Bleep, the hypothalamus assembles chemicals called peptides that match certain emotions. (emofree.com)
- When we experience an emotion, the hypothalamus releases these peptides into the blood stream and then to the cells in the body. (emofree.com)
- Here we map neuronal identities in the hypothalamus by single-cell RNA sequencing. (nature.com)
- Figure 1: Cell-type diversity in the mouse hypothalamus. (nature.com)
- Swanson, L.W. & Kuypers, H.G. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. (nature.com)
Organs4
- Sometimes cancerous cells 'break off' from a tumor, traveling through the body and multiplying in other organs and tissues. (scienceclarified.com)
- For that reason, many researchers believe stem cells offer promise for creating populations of specialized cells that can be used to rejuvenate organs, such as the pancreas or heart, that are damaged by disease or trauma. (news-medical.net)
- Once the cells start dividing, they clump and regroup, until at some point they start morphing into organs and body parts. (sciencealert.com)
- Cancer cells depart their normal microenvironment from the primary tumor site through complicated and multistep processes disseminate and colonize distant organs [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
Organization5
- DELFI is different in that it finds changes to the organization of DNA in the in cancer versus healthy cells. (cancerquest.org)
- While diffusion appears to play a crucial role in nuclear dynamics and RNA transport, some data argue for a model in which diffusion is controlled, at least in part, by the organization of the nucleus in well-defined compartments. (cnrs.fr)
- Further study of S. occidentalis extracts and vacuolation provide chemical tools that may contribute to the understanding of nuclear envelope organization and human cell biology. (nih.gov)
- In Moscow, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said the material does not include guarantees that it meets the requirements of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. (timesofisrael.com)
- This course introduces molecular, structural and functional organization in both prokaryotic and eucaryotic cells. (laurentian.ca)
Tightly regulated chemical signaling d2
- The protein made from the altered gene is overactive, which alters tightly regulated chemical signaling during development. (medlineplus.gov)
- A loss of this protein's activity disrupts tightly regulated chemical signaling during development. (medlineplus.gov)
Neurons4
- The neurons in the optic nerve respond to electrical stimuli sent by the cells of the retina. (gsu.edu)
- The movie What the Bleep says that 'the brain is made up of tiny brain cells called neurons. (emofree.com)
- I. Demonstration of monoamines in cell bodies of brain stem neurons. (nature.com)
- In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)
Signaling pathway3
- The overactive signaling pathway leads to dysregulated cell proliferation and gene activation, specifically affecting blood vessel, cartilage, and skin development. (medlineplus.gov)
- This chemical signaling pathway, known as the RAS/MAPK pathway, is essential for normal development before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
- The Notch signaling pathway provides important intercellular signaling mechanisms essential for cell fate specification and it regulates differentiation and proliferation of stem or progenitor cells by para-inducing effects 3-4 . (bvsalud.org)
Molecular4
- These chemicals are characterized by their low molecular weight and their ability to inhibit the progress of certain infections. (hindawi.com)
- Death of a cell occurs only when it is attacked, exposed to attack, so that the molecular functions that allowed it to form and retain form are disrupted. (zetatalk.com)
- The evidence dropped to Earth was encased in an asteroid chunk that protected the molecular composition of these cells from the formerly life bearing planets in the Asteroid Belt. (zetatalk.com)
- With 21st-century microscopes, for instance, scientists understand that even the simplest cell is, in effect, a virtual factory containing thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of molecular machinery, far more complicated than the International Space Station, and functionally as complex as a small city at rush hour. (amazingfacts.org)
Radiation4
- The DNA in each of those cells experiences tens of thousands of lesions per day resulting from a variety of chemical, mechanical and radiation sources. (imperial.ac.uk)
- The accumulation of these substances in plants is produced by a mechanism of resistance to parasites and other adverse conditions, like fungal infection, UV radiation, chemical substances and, in general, stressful factors for the plant [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Alpha particle ( ionizing radiation ) - two neutrons and two protons bound as a single particle (a helium nucleus) that is emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes in the process of disintegration. (cdc.gov)
- Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)
Substances8
- A cancer-causing substance can alter the DNA of a cell directly or it can react with other chemicals in the body to form substances that cause gene mutations. (scienceclarified.com)
- Carcinogens include both naturally occurring and artificially produced chemicals, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances such as radon (a radioactive gas that is present in rock). (scienceclarified.com)
- Nitrites-chemicals added to processed meats such as bacon, sausage, and bologna to prevent spoilage-react with substances in the digestive tract to form carcinogenic chemicals called nitrosamines. (scienceclarified.com)
- Even synthetic dyes added to food for coloring are potential mutagens (substances that cause mutations in the genetic material of cells). (scienceclarified.com)
- The cell membrane is semi-permeable, meaning that it allows certain substances to move into the cell while it keeps certain other substances out of the cell. (databasefootball.com)
- As previously mentioned, the cell membrane serves as a barrier that can open to allow certain needed substances into the cell while keeping other substances outside of the cell. (databasefootball.com)
- The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others. (enchantedlearning.com)
- It repre- hazardous chemical substances, dilute solutions and mixtures. (cdc.gov)
Humans2
- About 23 chemicals have been identified as carcinogens in humans, with many more shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. (scienceclarified.com)
- SWR1 complex (ySWR1 in yeast, and hSRCAP in humans) is a 1.1 MDa multi-subunit complex that utilizes ATP to replace canonical H2A histones with the Htz1 variant (H2A.Z in mammalian cells). (imperial.ac.uk)
Environmental chemicals2
- All the information obtained is thus used to enhance existing or developing methods to assess the joint toxic action of environmental chemicals. (cdc.gov)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous environmental chemicals that suppress the immune system at multiple levels, including at the level of B cell development in the bone marrow microenvironment. (aspetjournals.org)
Somatic cells6
- Researchers have developed a new technique for creating human embryonic stem cells by fusing adult somatic cells with embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
- SCNT involves transferring the nuclei of adult cells, called somatic cells, into oocytes in which scientists have removed the nuclei. (news-medical.net)
- It is more likely that the new technique will see immediate use in helping to accelerate understanding of how embryonic cells "reprogram" somatic cells to an embryonic state. (news-medical.net)
- Eggan, Melton and their colleagues decided to pursue their alternative route after other researchers had shown that genetic reprogramming can occur when mouse somatic cells are fused to mouse embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
- The researchers also performed fusion experiments using pelvic bone cells as the somatic cells and a different human embryonic cell line, to demonstrate that their technique was not restricted to one adult cell type or embryonic cell line. (news-medical.net)
- It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
Olfactory receptor1
- The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
Fundamental1
- He hoped to find out which chemical processes were fundamental to life, and chose to study the nucleus, which is common to both animal and plant cells. (animalresearch.info)
Nuclear7
- This approach could become an alternative to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a method that is currently used to produce human stem cells. (news-medical.net)
- The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. (enchantedlearning.com)
- Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
- if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
- Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
- 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
- Mollaret described cells with able test that provides supportive evi- enlarged nuclei and cerebreform dence of viral encephalitis in the nuclear contours in CSF of patients appropriate clinical setting, until more with recurrent, aseptic meningitis (1). (cdc.gov)
Functional2
- The cell body contains the necessary structures for keeping the neuron functional. (gsu.edu)
- The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
Induce2
- Here we report that the flavoring chemicals induce transcriptomic changes and perturb cilia function in the airway epithelium. (nature.com)
- In theory, researchers can induce embryonic stem cells to mature into a variety of specialized cells. (news-medical.net)
Adult somatic1
- The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
Genome4
- Except for mature red blood cells, all human cells contain a complete genome. (jainworld.com)
- The Hi-C analysis shows, which parts of the genome come close to each other in the cell nucleus. (mpg.de)
- It is important to not only see where the breaks in the genome are, but also which parts of the DNA molecule are in close contact with one another in the cell nucleus, the scientist explains. (mpg.de)
- The total genetic complement of a cell or organism is called a genome. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
Sunlight2
- Sunlight is a well-known carcinogen that can cause changes in skin cells that may lead to skin cancer. (scienceclarified.com)
- Chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color, enables them to use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and carbohydrates, chemicals the cell uses for fuel. (gate2biotech.com)
Human19
- it is also not known whether the flavoring chemicals similarly damage human airway epithelium. (nature.com)
- In this study, we utilized primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells that are cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) to mimic the in vivo airway characteristics 30 . (nature.com)
- The ____ of each human cell contains 23 chromosome pairs. (quizhub.com)
- In addition, various chemicals used in industrial processes, such as vinyl chloride and certain dyes, are known human carcinogens. (scienceclarified.com)
- We provide the first report of the effects of extracts prepared from the shrub Symphoricarpos occidentalis in several human cell lines. (nih.gov)
- The fusion causes the adult cells to undergo genetic reprogramming, which results in cells that have the developmental characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
- The scientists knew that if their studies were successful, it would provide the research community with a new option for producing reprogrammed cells using embryonic stem cells, which are more plentiful and easier to obtain than unfertilized human eggs. (news-medical.net)
- In the studies published in Science, the researchers combined human fibroblast cells with human embryonic stem cells in the presence of a detergent-like substance that caused the two cell types to fuse. (news-medical.net)
- One of the key findings from the study was that the fusion cells have the characteristics of human embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
- With the exception of a few genes one way or the other -- which is perhaps because these cells are now tetraploid -- the hybrid cells are indistinguishable from human embryonic stem cells," he said. (news-medical.net)
- So, while this does not obviate the need for human oocytes, it demonstrates that this general approach of cell fusion is an interesting one that should be further explored. (news-medical.net)
- Each human cell contains the equivalent of two meters of DNA packed in a small, micrometre-sized nucleus in the form of chromatin. (imperial.ac.uk)
- The cell body does not dissipate without DNA, as human scientists know. (zetatalk.com)
- Notch-1, Jagged-1, Jagged-2, and stem cell marker Nanog are expressed in SHED cultured in KGM which may be involved in the differentiation into epithelial-like cells in human dental pulp tissues. (bvsalud.org)
- Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are multipotent stem cells derived from the pulp tissues of extracted deciduous teeth 1 . (bvsalud.org)
- Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) (ALLCells, Alameda, CA, USA) were employed in the current study. (bvsalud.org)
- Furthermore, monophosphate release, cell viability and transfection efficiency were evaluated on a human alveolar epithelial (A549) cell line. (bvsalud.org)
- The GHS is a Communicating the hazards of dangerous chemicals to workers consistent and coherent approach to identifying the hazards of and the public is a key foundation for protecting human health and chemicals, and providing information on these hazards and associ- the environment. (cdc.gov)
- 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
Chloroplasts1
- Part of the chloroplasts in plant cells, located within the inner membrane of chloroplasts, between the grana. (enchantedlearning.com)
Molecule2
- In collaboration with Prof. Luis Aragon ( Cell Cycle Group, MRC-LMS ), we are developing single-molecule approaches to investigate these mechanisms. (imperial.ac.uk)
- Chemical tests indicated they also lacked DNA, the gene-carrying molecule that most types of cells contain. (zetatalk.com)
Tissue6
- Cancer cells can multiply unchecked, forming a mass of tissue called a tumor. (scienceclarified.com)
- A mass of tissue formed by abnormal cell growth. (scienceclarified.com)
- If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
- These create a 'diffuse gradient landscape' where the concentration levels of a chemical in the tissue signal to the cells where they are located in relation to others. (sciencealert.com)
- Hormones that are water soluble act on the cell membrane while hormones that are fat soluble act within the cell of the target tissue. (nfpt.com)
- Hormones that messenger to the cells of the target tissue will activate adenyl cyclase. (nfpt.com)
Mixtures1
- Over a number of years, ATSDR scientists in collaboration with mixtures risk assessors and laboratory scientists have developed approaches for the assessment of the joint toxic action of chemical mixtures. (cdc.gov)
Organism2
- A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. (wikipedia.org)
- There are certain differences between the cells of different living beings as well as the cells in the different part of the living organism. (jainworld.com)
Body6
- Extending from the opposite side of the cell body is the long tubular extension called the axon. (gsu.edu)
- The OPCW is the autonomous body for implementing the international Chemical Weapons Convention that went into effect in 1997. (timesofisrael.com)
- However, if we think back to what actually happened to the animal - it died, even if from the cold, the cells in the body would have taken some time to freeze. (wikiquote.org)
- Basically, a cell needs instructions which will determine its fate - namely, which structure in the body the cell becomes involved in. (sciencealert.com)
- When it comes to forming specific patterns to develop into certain parts of the body, the chemical signalling becomes even more complex. (sciencealert.com)
- This enables the cell to differentiate the other cells of the body from foreign compounds or invading cells. (databasefootball.com)
Differentiate2
- Once that is determined, the cells go on to differentiate into nerve cells, skin cells, and so on. (sciencealert.com)
- SHED was able to differentiate into epithelial like cells when cultured in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) 2 . (bvsalud.org)
Membranes1
- These membranes help protect the organelle from the other chemical functions going on in the cell, separating their components from the rest of the cell. (databasefootball.com)
Genetic8
- Genes are now known to be implemented as sequences of genetic code that direct specific cells to produce a particular protein at a particular time. (jainworld.com)
- Carcinogens cause cancer by producing changes (or mutations) in the genetic material, or DNA, of a cell. (scienceclarified.com)
- The genetic material in the nucleus of cells that contains information for an organism's development. (scienceclarified.com)
- A change in the genetic material of a cell. (scienceclarified.com)
- Stem cells also provide a model system in which researchers can study the causes of genetic disease and the basis of embryonic development. (news-medical.net)
- The researchers demonstrated that they had achieved fusion of the two cell types by searching the fused cells for two distinctive genetic markers present in the somatic fibroblast and stem cells. (news-medical.net)
- Furthermore, Eggan noted that genetic analyses of the fused cells revealed that the somatic cell genes characteristic of adult cells had all been switched off, while those characteristic of embryonic cells had been switched on. (news-medical.net)
- EMT is an embryologically conserved genetic program by which epithelial cells down regulate intercellular tight junctions, loose polarity, express mesenchymal markers, and manifest a migratory phenotype [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
Plant9
- Plant cell walls surround cells and provide both an external protection and a mean for cell-to-cell communication. (mdpi.com)
- We are investigating plant species from the Canadian prairie ecological zone by phenotypic cell assays to discover toxins of biological interest. (nih.gov)
- Cholesterol isn't a part of the cell membrane in plant cells , only animal cells. (databasefootball.com)
- The particles seem to lack a nucleus, the core DNA-containing compartment that animal and plant cells have, the researchers wrote. (zetatalk.com)
- Plant cells (unlike animal cells) are surrounded by a thick, rigid cell wall. (enchantedlearning.com)
- An organelle in some plant cells that stores starch. (enchantedlearning.com)
- A thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. (enchantedlearning.com)
- The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant. (enchantedlearning.com)
- Unlike the centrosomes in animal cells, plant cell centrosomes do not have centrioles. (enchantedlearning.com)
Viral2
- 5, 6] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
- In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
Embryonic3
- Our assays showed that the hybrid cells, unlike adult cells, showed the development potential of embryonic stem cells," said Eggan. (news-medical.net)
- The long term goal for this experiment was to do cell fusion in a way that would allow the elimination of the embryonic stem cell nucleus to create an embryonic stem cell from the somatic cell," said Melton. (news-medical.net)
- However, most of the time, cells in the minuscule embryonic proto-being actually determine each other's fate through something called inductive signalling . (sciencealert.com)
Plasma membrane1
- The trauma/injury to the muscle fibers activates satellite cells, which are exterior to the muscle fibers between the basement membrane (basal lamina) and the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) of muscles fibers. (nfpt.com)
Involves1
- B cells One of the body's lines of defense ( immune system) involves white blood cells (leukocytes) that travel through the bloodstream and into tissues, searching for and attacking microorganisms and. (msdmanuals.com)
Adenosine triphosphate1
- The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. (enchantedlearning.com)
Organelle2
- A ____ organelle converts solar energy into chemical energy. (quizhub.com)
- An organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. (enchantedlearning.com)
Nerve cells3
- In the body's nervous system are many nerve cells are of the basic type illustrated above. (gsu.edu)
- Tuzynski and Dixon offer some quantification of the sizes involved in these nerve cells. (gsu.edu)
- We found they could be induced to mature into nerve cells, hair follicles, muscle cells and gut endoderm cells. (news-medical.net)
Chemistry3
- I want to get the latest chemistry news from C&EN in my inbox every week. (acs.org)
- The Division of Surface Chemistry of the Swedish Chemical Society. (lu.se)
- A most significant event for the Division of Physical Chemistry 1 during the last year was that we, together with groups at the Divisions of Theoretical Chemistry and Biophysical Chemistry of the Chemical Center, were awarded a Linné grant. (lu.se)
Epithelium1
- Our study indicates that the two widely used e-cig flavoring chemicals impair the cilia function in airway epithelium and likely contribute to the adverse effects of e-cig in the lung. (nature.com)
Subunit2
- An ____ is any subunit within a cell that has a specific function. (quizhub.com)
- These complex multi-subunit machines carry out multiple tasks on nucleosomes including chemical modifications, histone exchange and sliding them on DNA in what appears to be a highly coordinated process. (imperial.ac.uk)
Thylakoid2
- (W) The endothecium cells in (U) showing oval-shaped chloroplastids with distinct thylakoid structure. (biomedcentral.com)
- (Z) The endothecium cells in (X) showing fusiform-shaped chloroplastids with linear thylakoid structure. (biomedcentral.com)
Sugars1
- Glycolipids are found on the surface of the cell membrane, and they have carbohydrate sugars attached to them. (databasefootball.com)