• Unlike the great majority of prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells possess an extended system of intracellular membranes that includes the eponymous eukaryotic organelle, the nucleus, and fully compartmentalizes the intracellular space. (catsboard.com)
  • Effective virus fusion to plasma- and intracellular- membranes, as well as to protein-free liposomes, requires the target membrane to contain anionic lipids such as bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and phosphatidylserine. (nih.gov)
  • As an example, a yeast vacuole is normally acidified by proton transporters on the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • More indirect approaches, like the identification of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) located at the cell membrane, both of neurons and astrocytes, and critical for the removal of glutamate released at the synaptic cleft, also emerged [ 18 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These cells express a FRET-based cAMP sensor Epac2-camps, which reports changes in intracellular cAMP levels after local cell surface stimulation via a scanning ion conductance microscopy nanopipette, with β 1 AR or β 2 AR selective ligands applied either into a T-tubule opening or onto the cell crest. (medscape.com)
  • In eukaryotic cells, proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules are distributed by specific trafficking mechanismsrather than by free diffusion as is largely the case in bacteria and archaea. (catsboard.com)
  • Develop a biological knowledge base common to contemporary biologists, encompassing microscopy, cell structure, cellular membranes, and nucleic acids biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Likewise, intracellular compartmentalization allows specific sites of related eukaryotic cell functions isolated from other processes and therefore efficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • The eukaryotic cell is thought to have arisen when an ancestral archaeal cell internalized an aerobic bacterium (the proto-mitochondrion). (wikipedia.org)
  • proposed that the evolutionary development of the eukaryotic cell nucleus was triggered by this archaeo-bacterial symbiosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nuclear envelope (membrane), a defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell, was suggested to have arisen as an adaptation for segregating the original archaeal host DNA genome away from the proto-mitochondria, the main source of damaging reactive oxygen species. (wikipedia.org)
  • On average, the volume of eukaryotic cells is about 15,000 times larger than that of prokaryotic cells. (catsboard.com)
  • Comparative genomic analysis clearly shows that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) possessed most of the signature complex features of modern eukaryotic cells, in particular the mitochondria, the endomembrane system including the nucleus, an advanced cytoskeleton and the ubiquitin network. (catsboard.com)
  • Taken together, these findings make the symbiogenetic scenario for the origin of eukaryotes considerably more plausible and the origin of the organizational complexity of eukaryotic cells more readily explainable than they appeared until recently. (catsboard.com)
  • Compared to archaea and bacteria (collectively, prokaryotes), eukaryotic cells are three to four orders of magnitude larger in volume and display a qualitatively higher level of complexity of intracellular organization . (catsboard.com)
  • Thus, eukaryotic cells function on different physical principles compared to prokaryotic cells , which is directly due to their (comparatively) enormous size. (catsboard.com)
  • Comparative analysis of eukaryotic cells and genomes confidently maps highly advanced functional systems and macromolecular complexes to the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). (catsboard.com)
  • The actin and tubulin cytoskeletons, the nuclear pore, the spliceosome, the proteasome and the ubiquitin signalling system are only a few of the striking examples of the organizational complexity that seems to be a 'birthright' of eukaryotic cells. (catsboard.com)
  • Define the basis of eukaryotic cell biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Current Opinion in Cell Biology. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 Section on Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America. (nih.gov)
  • In general there are 4 main cellular compartments, they are: The nuclear compartment comprising the nucleus The intercisternal space which comprises the space between the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (which is continuous with the nuclear envelope) Organelles (the mitochondrion in all eukaryotes and the plastid in phototrophic eukaryotes) The cytosol Compartments have three main roles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Often, cellular compartments are defined by membrane enclosure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Use a biological knowledge base common to contemporary biologists in cellular, sub-organismic, organismic, and systems levels of biological organization. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • These compartments are often, but not always, defined as membrane-bound organelles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the membrane-bound compartments, different intracellular pH, different enzyme systems, and other differences are isolated from other organelles and cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
  • For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall. (lookformedical.com)
  • Other compartments such as peroxisomes, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the cell nucleus or the Golgi apparatus are not of endosymbiotic origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The destination of synthesized ribosomes for protein translation is rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER), which is connected to and shares the same membrane with the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endosperm is a triploid tissue in seed resulting from a sperm nucleus fused with the binucleate central cell after double fertilization. (springeropen.com)
  • Endosperm is the tissue that is formed from double fertilization in flowering plant seeds, the process whereby a sperm nucleus fuses with the binucleate central cell. (springeropen.com)
  • However, several plant families, such as Oenograceae, Cabombaceae, and Illiciaceae, form diploid endosperm originating from a central cell with only one polar nucleus (Williams and Friedman 2002 ). (springeropen.com)
  • It was thought that compartmentalization is not found in prokaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • but the discovery of carboxysomes and many other metabolosomes revealed that prokaryotic cells are capable of making compartmentalized structures, albeit these are in most cases not surrounded by a lipid bilayer, but of pure proteinaceous built. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, since glutamate is a major participant in cell metabolism, even for the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA [ 7 , 20 ], and not always the visualization of associated molecules guarantees the glutamatergic nature of neurons, an ideal marker was still sought. (hindawi.com)
  • cAMP and cGMP are important secondary messengers involved in cell regulation and metabolism driven by the G protein‑coupled receptor. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here, we describe a novel pathway downstream of mitochondrial glutamine metabolism that confers stem cell heterogeneity and establishes differentiation competence by countering post-mitotic self-renewal machinery. (biomed.news)
  • We discovered that mitochondrial glutamine metabolism induces CBP/EP300-dependent acetylation of stem cell-specific kinase, PASK, resulting in its release from cytoplasmic granules and subsequent nuclear migration. (biomed.news)
  • In concordance with these findings, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PASK or glutamine metabolism upregulated Pax7 expression, reduced stem cell heterogeneity, and blocked myogenesis in vitro and muscle regeneration in mice. (biomed.news)
  • These results explain a mechanism whereby stem cells co-opt the proliferative functions of glutamine metabolism to generate transcriptional heterogeneity and establish differentiation competence by countering the mitotic self-renewal network via nuclear PASK. (biomed.news)
  • Using this SICM-FRET technique, it was possible to functionally localize the cAMP signaling of β 1 and β 2 ARs to the surface structures of adult ventricular cardiomyocytes and observe abnormal cAMP compartmentation in diseased heart cells. (medscape.com)
  • As the multiple mitochondrial functions are mutually interconnected, changes in protein composition by mutations or in supercomplex assembly and/or in membrane structures often generate a dysfunctional cascade and lead to life-incompatible diseases or severe syndromes. (researchgate.net)
  • Soybean endosperm is a membrane-like, semi-transparent, and fully active tissue located between the seed coat and cotyledon. (springeropen.com)
  • Thus, PDE11A expression and structural characteristics vary by tissue location. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Quiescent stem cells are activated in response to a mechanical or chemical injury to their tissue niche. (biomed.news)
  • Furthermore, dye-transfer measurements were performed to investigate functional cell coupling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • (B) 10 × 10 µm scans of the normal and failing cardiomyocytes surface showing characteristic structural features (cell crests, Z-lines and T-tubule openings). (medscape.com)
  • Since junctional proteins within the seminiferous epithelium are involved in cell organization, differentiation and proliferation, they represent interesting candidates for investigations on intercellular adhesion and communication in context with neoplastic progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Histologically, the pattern is intense vascularization and dilated sinusoidal with balloon-oval cells by the presence of foci of cartilaginous differentiation. (jortho.org)
  • In healthy cells the β 1 AR is distributed throughout various membrane regions and induces propagating cAMP signals, whereas β 2 AR signaling is locally confined via receptor localization in the T-tubules, cAMP interaction with PKAII molecules and local PDE4 activation. (medscape.com)
  • The major theme will be devoted to describe and analyze the molecules of life, light microscopy, fine cell structure and function, cell membranes structure and function, cell division and staining procedures. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Upon selective local stimulation of β 1 and β 2 ARs, cAMP synthesis occurred and its accumulation was measured in the cell cytosol by FRET microscopy. (medscape.com)
  • In heart failure β 2 AR redistribution from the T-tubules to the cell crest and loss of PKAII localization leads to cAMP propagation throughout the entire cytosol, similar to the behavior of the β 1 AR. (medscape.com)
  • Many enveloped viruses invade cells via endocytosis and use different environmental factors as triggers for virus-endosome fusion that delivers viral genome into cytosol. (nih.gov)
  • Another is to generate a specific micro-environment to spatially or temporally regulate a biological process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activated cells rapidly generate a heterogeneous progenitor population that regenerates the damaged tissues. (biomed.news)
  • Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. (inchem.org)
  • One is to establish physical boundaries for biological processes that enables the cell to carry out different metabolic activities at the same time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Soybean endosperm cells allowed fusion proteins (42 kDa) to move from bombarded cells to adjacent unbombarded-cells. (springeropen.com)
  • Such movement is not simple diffusion because the fusion proteins failed to move into dead cells. (springeropen.com)
  • The junctional proteins Cx43, Cx45 and N-cadherin are expressed in FS1 and TCam-2 cells at mRNA and/or protein level in different amounts and localizations, and cells of both lines are functionally coupled among each other. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Concerning the expression of these junctional proteins, FS1 and TCam-2 cells are largely representative for Sertoli and seminoma cells, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The discovery of this 'dispersed eukaryome' implies that the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes was a complex cell that might have been capable of a primitive form of phagocytosis and thus conducive to endosymbiont capture. (catsboard.com)
  • It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy. (doctorinternet.com)
  • AJs serve mechanical adhesion by connecting the membranes of two neighboring cells and establishing an association to the cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study of membranes was in its early stages. (researchgate.net)
  • Results were compared to human testicular biopsies at different stages of seminoma development via immunohistochemistry to confirm the cell lines' representativeness. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently mitochondria emerged not only as cell powerhouses, but also as signaling hubs by way of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. (researchgate.net)
  • Moreover, the morphology of mitochondria rules cell fate and the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the mtIM, which, most likely with the F1FO-ATP synthase contribution, permeabilizes mitochondria and leads to cell death. (researchgate.net)
  • Numerous and varied biological functions are performed by poly P, depending on the need and its location-species, cell, or subcellular compartment. (nih.gov)
  • Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed a mainly membrane-associated expression of N-cadherin in both cell lines, but gene expression values were higher in FS1 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Accordingly, a high gene expression value of Cx43 was measured for FS1 and a low value for TCam-2 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cx45 was primary located in the cytoplasm of FS1 and TCam-2 cells and revealed similar low to medium gene expression values in both cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, iron supplementation to the culture medium restores histone demethylation and alters gene expression to accelerate cell death upon asparagine depletion. (biomed.news)
  • The whole biochemical machinery is hosted by the inner mitochondrial membrane (mtIM) where the protonmotive force built by respiratory complexes, dynamically assembled as super-complexes, allows the F1FO-ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP + Pi. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition to the staining and appearance of the granular accumulations observed by light and electron microscopy, nu- clear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis has been used to identify poly P in intact cells. (nih.gov)
  • For example, the β 1 and β 2 adrenergic receptors (βARs) are heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors found on the surface of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes), which mediate the heart's response to catecholamine hormones through the production of the common second messenger cAMP. (medscape.com)
  • In conclusion, NPRC deletion reduced the size and instability of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice via attenuating inflammation and endothelial cell apoptosis and increasing eNOS expression by modulating cAMP/PKA-AKT1 and NF-κB pathways. (bvsalud.org)
  • The level of cAMP is increased in association with cancer cell formation through activation of AC‑stimulatory G protein by mutation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • [ 42 ] In these experiments, the nanopipette was positioned either in the T-tubule or on the cell crest and receptor ligands applied in a highly localized fashion. (medscape.com)
  • However, when ROS removal systems and/or OXPHOS constituents are defective, the physiological ROS generation can cause ROS imbalance and oxidative stress, which in turn damages cell components. (researchgate.net)
  • Plants : Phytochemical and Biological Study of Trophic Interaction between Pseudosphinx Tetrio L. Larvae and Allamanda Cathartica L. (calibrationmodel.com)
  • Experiments in vitro showed that NPRC knockdown in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) inhibited ROS production, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and endothelial cell apoptosis, and increased eNOS expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • To reach anionic lipid-enriched late endosomes, DEN travels through acidified early endosomes, but we found that low pH-dependent loss of fusogenic properties of DEN is relatively slow in the presence of anionic lipid-free target membranes. (nih.gov)
  • Nerve membrane ion channels as the target site of environmental toxicants. (nih.gov)
  • Science 146, 347-353] illuminates a rational approach to scientific inquiry that integrates seamlessly with current investigations on the operation of complex biological systems. (nih.gov)
  • Intriguingly, dengue virus (DEN), the most prevalent mosquito-borne virus that infects up to 100 million people each year, fuses only in late endosomes, while activation of DEN protein fusogen glycoprotein E is triggered already at pH characteristic for early endosomes. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, endothelial cell-specific NPRC knockout attenuated atherosclerotic lesions in mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, both Benson and Green were experts in highly specific and sophisticated membranes. (researchgate.net)
  • Nerve excitation takes place as a result of opening and closing of ion channels of the membrane. (nih.gov)
  • Cx43 expression was also membrane-associated in FS1 cells but barely detectable in TCam-2 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Certain voltage- and time-dependencies of ICa,L were recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp method in the presence and absence of different concentrations of bupivacaine. (nih.gov)
  • A recently developed cell culture model consisting of human FS1 Sertoli cells and human TCam-2 seminoma-like cells offers new opportunities for research on seminoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, endothelial cell overexpression of NPRC aggravated the size and instability of atherosclerotic aortic lesions in mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cytobiological observation showed that soybean endosperm cells were alive with zigzag-shape cell wall. (springeropen.com)