• Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches. (iiab.me)
  • The contents include the accessory nerve, supraclavicular nerves, and upper brachial plexus. (medscape.com)
  • the large posterior pulmonary plexus, from the lower end of which two nerves emerge on each side. (co.ma)
  • At the oesophageal opening of the diaphragm the two nerves become separated from the plexus, and entering the abdomen-the left nerve in front of the oesophagus, the right nerve behind it-they terminate by supplying the stomach and other abdominal organs. (co.ma)
  • It passes obliquely downwards and medially to the pharynx between the internal and external carotid arteries, and combines with the pharyngeal branches from the glossopharyngeal and superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic to form the pharyngeal plexus. (co.ma)
  • The lingual branch is a small nerve which separates itself from the plexus and joins the hypoglossal nerve in the anterior triangle of the neck. (co.ma)
  • The anterior ramus of the C1 nerve route travels entirely and contributes to the formation of the cervical plexus with other contributions coming from the 2nd to 4th cervical nerves. (eltecle.com)
  • Posterior to the sternocleidomastoid, emerging collectively at a landmark called Erb's Point, are a collection of sensory nerves for the neck that are part of the cervical plexus. (mhmedical.com)
  • Note lesser occipital , great auricular , transverse cervical , and supraclavicular nerves of the cervical plexus emerging posterior to the midpoint of sternocleidomastoid at the location called Erb's Point ( Figure 4.1 ). (mhmedical.com)
  • Located between the anterior and middle scalene muscles, identify a large nerve plexus, the brachial plexus . (mhmedical.com)
  • The second part runs upward through the foramina in the transverse processes of the upper six cervical vertebræ, and is surrounded by branches from the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and by a plexus of veins which unite to form the vertebral vein at the lower part of the neck. (wikidoc.org)
  • The ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop formed by the superior root of the cervical plexus. (proprofs.com)
  • The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. (proprofs.com)
  • Schema of the cervical nerves and brachial plexus. (veteriankey.com)
  • The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve , and innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue , except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve . (iiab.me)
  • It then travels close to the vagus nerve and spinal division of the accessory nerve , [2] spirals downwards behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath . (iiab.me)
  • After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the vagus nerve and then passes behind the deep belly of the digastric muscle . (iiab.me)
  • It contains the carotid arteries and branches, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The communications and branches of the vagus nerve may be described as (i.) ganglionic, (ii. (co.ma)
  • The ansa cervicalis is a loop of cervical motor nerves and you will find this structure embedded within the carotid fascia that covers the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. (mhmedical.com)
  • During the half-spiral course, the hypoglossal nerve was tightly attached to the posterolateral-anterior aspects of the vagus nerve and surrounded by a common nerve sheath. (bvsalud.org)
  • Five nerves have developed from the branchial arch nerves of lower vertebrates:the trigeminal nerve (V), the facialnerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the accessory nerve (XI) . (brainkart.com)
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and the vagus nerve (X) emerge dorsal to the olive. (brainkart.com)
  • Supe-rior ganglion of the vagus nerve ( B15 ). (brainkart.com)
  • they run a short course in the nerve and change over to the vagus nerve as internal branch ( B17 ). (brainkart.com)
  • X Vagus nerve (mixed) contains motor fibers which start from nucleus ambiguus, parasympathetic (preganglionic) fibers form dorsal nucleus and sensory fibers from superior and inferior ganglia in jugular foramen. (medmuv.com)
  • The vagus nerve is composed of both motor and sensory fibers, and has a more extensive course and distribution than any of the other cranial nerves, since it passes through the neck and thorax to the abdomen. (medmuv.com)
  • The VAGUS nerve is the longest and most complex of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that exit from the brain. (thegoodlifelearning.com)
  • The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic. (rahulgladwin.com)
  • The superior cervical sympathetic ganglion occasionally extends above the first cervical nerve root. (bvsalud.org)
  • Behind it are the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra , the sympathetic trunk and its inferior cervical ganglion . (wikidoc.org)
  • Sandwiched between these two vessels and coursing on the external surface of the ICA is the internal carotid nerve consisting of postganglionic sympathetic fibers that originate from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • A sympathetic nerve to the heart that carries impulses that speed the heart rate. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Sympathetic nerves, which cause reflex motions. (spagades.com)
  • The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla as a number of small rootlets, passes through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue. (iiab.me)
  • The terminal ganglia that receive input from cranial nerves are found in the head and neck, as well as the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities, whereas the terminal ganglia that receive sacral input are in the lower abdominal and pelvic cavities. (lumenlearning.com)
  • The Latin-derived term cervical means "of the neck. (medscape.com)
  • Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cranio- means skull, and cervical means neck. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. (wikidoc.org)
  • The superior root of the ansa cervicalis (containing C1 nerve fibers) leaves the epineurial sheath of the hypoglossal and descends in the neck where it unites with the inferior root to supply motor innervation to most of the infrahyoid muscles. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The cranial nerve innervation of some ventral neck muscles and the trapezius muscle to the scapula can be understood only in the context of their phylogenetic history beginning as the gill arch levator muscles of fish ( Romer & Parsons, 1986 ). (veteriankey.com)
  • Most patients had undergone primary RT using a two-dimensional technique with two lateral opposing faciocervical fields in the first treatment phase, followed by two lateral opposing fields in the second phase to cover the nasopharynx, matched with a single anterior cervical field to cover the neck. (hindawi.com)
  • Another type of sensory ganglion is a cranial nerve ganglion . (lumenlearning.com)
  • This is analogous to the dorsal root ganglion, except that it is associated with a cranial nerve instead of a spinal nerve . (lumenlearning.com)
  • The neurons of cranial nerve ganglia are also unipolar in shape with associated satellite cells. (lumenlearning.com)
  • Cranial Nerve XII, the Hypoglossal Nerve, directly innervates the muscles of the tongue. (thegoodlifelearning.com)
  • It is directly innervated by Cranial Nerve IX, the Glossopharyngeal Nerve. (thegoodlifelearning.com)
  • Long after the present numbering scheme was adopted, an additional, accessory olfactory nerve, the nervus terminalis, was recognized as a vomeronasal component of the olfactory system and was sometimes given the numeral designation of cranial nerve "0. (veteriankey.com)
  • It is considered here as a part of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve. (veteriankey.com)
  • Symptoms of nerve injury include paresthesias, loss of sensation and position sense, impaired motor function, cranial nerve malfunction, changes in reflexes, and impairments in glandular secretion. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • cranial nerve for illus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve). (spagades.com)
  • Learn Cranial Nerve Mnemonic 02 Nursing Mnemonic (Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH! (spagades.com)
  • Cranial Nerve 1 - Olfactory Smell test is done if Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. (spagades.com)
  • Alveolar branches of superior maxillary nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like the jugular ganglion, it supplies two branches-the pharyngeal and superior laryngeal nerves. (co.ma)
  • It supplies the mucous membrane of the larynx, reaching upwards to the epiglottis and base of the tongue, and forms communications beneath the lamina of the thyreoid cartilage with the branches of the inferior laryngeal nerve (ramus anastomoticus cum nervo laryngeo inferiore). (co.ma)
  • The anterior ramus of C1 also has communicating branches was the hypoglossal nerve. (eltecle.com)
  • It also gives communicating branches to the posterior ramus of C2 the greater and lesser occipital nerves and the accessory nerve. (eltecle.com)
  • Identify the dorsal scapular nerve , which arises from C5 ventral ramus, and suprascapular nerve , which branches from the superior trunk. (mhmedical.com)
  • Here you will identify the jugular veins, carotid artery, and branches of the cervical nerves that innervate the infrahyoid, or "strap," muscles. (mhmedical.com)
  • Be careful to identify this nerve and its branches before opening the carotid sheath. (mhmedical.com)
  • At each cervical level, the vertebral artery sends branches to the surrounding musculature via anterior spinal arteries . (wikidoc.org)
  • The buccal and auriculotemporal branches of the mandibular nerve are in view. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Each spinal nerve consists of four segments from proximal to distal: (1) roots, (2) main trunk, (3) four primary branches, and (4) numerous peripheral branches ( Fig. 17-3 A ). The roots lie within the vertebral canal and consist of a dorsal root ( radix dorsalis ) with a spinal ganglion ( ganglion spinale ), and a ventral root ( radix ventralis ). (veteriankey.com)
  • At the spinal ganglion, the meninges continue on the main trunk of the spinal nerve and its branches as the epineurium. (veteriankey.com)
  • The glossopharyngeal ganglia sometimes extended inferiorly to the level of the hypoglossal nerve canal but were absent along the inferior course. (bvsalud.org)
  • The wide-necked saccular/fusiform aneurysm arose from the lateral aspect of the right V 4 segment just proximal to the PICA origin, anterior to the jugular tubercle at the level of the hypoglossal canal. (thejns.org)
  • The topographical relationships among the lower cranial nerves, internal carotid artery (ICA), and internal jugular vein (IJV) in the upper parapharyngeal neurovascular bundle remain obscure. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2 In the case of PICA aneurysms deemed appropriate for surgical intervention and located at the skull base, the anatomy of the jugular tubercle, hypoglossal canal, and all of the lower cranial nerves must be considered. (thejns.org)
  • The sensory fibers arise from the cells of the jugular ganglion and ganglion nodosum of the nerve, and, when traced into the medulla oblongata mostly end by arborizing around the cells of the inferior part of a nucleus which lies beneath the ala cinerea in the lower part of the rhomboid fossa. (medmuv.com)
  • The filaments of the nerve unite, and form a flat cord, which passes beneath the flocculus to the jugular foramen, through which it leaves the cranium. (medmuv.com)
  • Cranial nerves (CN) IX through XI all leave the skull together through the jugular foramen. (spagades.com)
  • 3 Surgical treatment of VA-PICA aneurysms can be difficult given the location of these aneurysms to the brainstem and lower cranial nerves. (thejns.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve arises as a number of small rootlets from the front of the medulla , the bottom part of the brainstem , [1] [2] in the anterolateral sulcus which separates the olive and the pyramid . (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve emerges as several rootlets (labelled here as number 12) from the olives of the medulla (labelled 13), part of the brainstem . (iiab.me)
  • The muscular tissues of the hyoid bone and the tongue are for probably the most part equipped with innervating nerves from the hypoglossal and the ansa cervicals (a loop which takes within the first, second and third cervical nerves) hair loss 9gag [url=http://www.tlumacz-przysiegly.edu.pl/buy-online/Finpecia/]buy 1 mg finpecia with mastercard[/url]. (ehd.org)
  • Descending down over carotid sheath, forms the ansa cervicalis with a branch from C2 + 3 (inferior root of ansa or descending cervical nerve). (rahulgladwin.com)
  • Part of the cervical spinal nerves that form the ansa cervicalis briefly join hypoglossal nerve before branching to form the superior root of the ansa cervicalis. (mhmedical.com)
  • [3] The nerve passes through the subarachnoid space and pierces the dura mater near the hypoglossal canal , an opening in the occipital bone of the skull. (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal , which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the foramen magnum . (iiab.me)
  • The roots of cranial nerves are within the cranium, whereas the ganglia are outside the skull. (lumenlearning.com)
  • This nerve exits the brain and exits from a small hole in the skull called the Hypoglossal Canal, which is located between the Upper cervical spine (the C1 vertebra) and Occiput. (thegoodlifelearning.com)
  • In fish and amphibians there are only 10 pairs of cranial nerves, because the succeeding nerves are not enclosed by the skull and hence are considered as spinal nerves. (veteriankey.com)
  • The first spinal nerve of fish is large and serves gill and opercular structures that are destined to be incorporated into the skull. (veteriankey.com)
  • The 12 cranial nerves of the dog emerge from or enter the brain through foramina of the skull to innervate structures of the head and body. (veteriankey.com)
  • The olfactory nerve (I) consists of the olfactory fibers, the bundledprocesses of sensory cells in the olfactory epithelium which enter the olfactory bulb( B8 ). (brainkart.com)
  • Olfactory nerve - CN I. Sensory cranial nerves help a person see, smell, and hear. (spagades.com)
  • The 12 cranial nerves are: I Olfactory Nerve. (spagades.com)
  • It then proceeds superiorly, under the transverse process of each cervical vertebra until C1. (wikidoc.org)
  • It is situated in front of the trunks of the cervical nerves, and pursues an almost vertical course as far as the transverse process of the atlas , above which it runs upward and lateralward to the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas. (wikidoc.org)
  • After emerging from the hypoglossal canal, the hypoglossal nerve gives off a meningeal branch and picks up a branch from the anterior ramus of C1 . (iiab.me)
  • By two bundles from the groove between the olive and pyramid (10 - 15 rootlets), pass through the hypoglossal canal. (rahulgladwin.com)
  • The inferior alveolar and lingual nerves descend on the surface of the medial pterygoid muscle to the mandibular canal and floor of the mouth, respectively. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The cervical segment of the ICA continues as the petrous segment once it enters the carotid canal. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • thus the last several lumbar, the sacral, and the caudal nerves have to run increasingly longer distances before they reach the corresponding intervertebral foramina to exit from the vertebral canal. (veteriankey.com)
  • At a point at the level of the angle of the mandible , the hypoglossal nerve emerges from behind the posterior belly of the digastric muscle . (iiab.me)
  • Also, the fibrous region is composed of the axons of these neurons that are passing through the ganglion to be part of the dorsal nerve root (tissue source: canine). (lumenlearning.com)
  • The ganglion is an enlargement of the nerve root. (lumenlearning.com)
  • For example, the trigeminal ganglion is superficial to the temporal bone whereas its associated nerve is attached to the mid-pons region of the brain stem. (lumenlearning.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve is shown emerging from the pons and its ganglion, resting on the trigeminal impression of the petrous apex. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • Another group of autonomic ganglia are the terminal ganglia that receive input from cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves and are responsible for regulating the parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms. (lumenlearning.com)
  • Soooo… Let's address this dreaded diagnosis from the Cranial/Sacral standpoint knowing what we know about Cranial Nerves and the anatomy surrounding them. (thegoodlifelearning.com)
  • CSlide: W.H. Gaskell, 'On the Structure, Distribution and Function of the Nerves which innervate the Visceral and Vascular Systems', Journal of Physiology 7 (1) (1886), pp. 1-80. (ox.ac.uk)
  • the inferior alveolar nerves innervate the lower teeth and gingivae. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also from CN V2) innervate the rest of the upper molars. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In describing the anatomy of the PNS, it is necessary to describe the common structures, the nerves and the ganglia, as they are found in various parts of the body. (lumenlearning.com)
  • These ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery, such as in the skin, and that extend into the CNS through the dorsal nerve root. (lumenlearning.com)
  • Superior to the chain ganglia are three paravertebral ganglia in the cervical region. (lumenlearning.com)
  • The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The spinal ganglia ( ganglia spinalia ), formerly referred to as dorsal root ganglia, are aggregations of pseudounipolar nerve cell bodies that are located in the dorsal root within (rarely external to) the corresponding intervertebral foramen. (veteriankey.com)
  • Traversing the lateral wall of this sinus are the oculomotor, trochlear, and ophthalmic nerves enroute to the orbit. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • This quadrangular area is subdivided by an obliquely prominent sternocleidomastoid muscle into an anterior cervical triangle and a posterior cervical triangle. (medscape.com)
  • The anterior cervical triangle is bounded by the midline anteriorly, mandible superiorly, and sternocleidomastoid muscle inferolaterally. (medscape.com)
  • [7] The musculature it supplies develop as the hypoglossal cord from the myotomes of the first four pairs of occipital somites. (iiab.me)
  • According to classical anatomical nomen-clature, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, although the first two pairs are not really peripheral nerves. (brainkart.com)
  • Reptiles, birds, and mammals all have 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which by convention are numbered with Roman numerals I to XII. (veteriankey.com)
  • The spinal nerves ( nervi spinales ) (Figs. 17-1 and 17-2 ) usually number 36 pairs in the dog. (veteriankey.com)
  • The inferior alveolar nerve gives rise to the mylohyoid nerve, motor to the mylohyoid and anterior digastric muscles. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The eye-muscle nerves are somato-motor nerves. (brainkart.com)
  • I., Fig. 2, or the anterior root of the 1st or other cervical nerve, shows how striking is the difference in size between even the largest fibres of the hypoglossal and those of its neighbouring motor nerves. (ox.ac.uk)
  • [8] [9] The nerve is first visible as a series of roots in the fourth week of development, which have formed a single nerve and link to the tongue by the fifth week. (iiab.me)
  • The C1 nerve route is formed by the union of the interior and posterior roots emerging at the first spinal cord segment. (eltecle.com)
  • in ontogenetic terms, it represents the remnants of several cervi-cal nerves that have become included in the brain region secondarily and now have only rudimentary sensory roots. (brainkart.com)
  • In Pl. I., Fig. 4, I give a section of one of the roots of the hypoglossal nerve. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the anterior roots of the cervical nerves we find upon section of osmic preparations nerve fibres of varying sizes, see Pl. I. Fig. 3, most of which are of large calibre, varying from 14.4 µ to 19 µ , or larger. (ox.ac.uk)
  • neither in the size nor arrangement of its largest nerve fibres but in the one fact that it contains something new, something which is wanting in the anterior roots of the preceding nerves, viz. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Union of the dorsal and ventral roots forms the main trunk of the spinal nerve, which is located largely within the intervertebral foramen. (veteriankey.com)
  • Because the caudal part of the spinal cord (S-1 caudally) and the nerves that leave it resemble a horse's tail, this part of the spinal cord (the conus medullaris), with the spinal roots coming from it, is called the cauda equina (see Chapter 16 ). (veteriankey.com)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) with its vestibular part represents a phylo-genetically old connection to the organ ofbalance already present in lower vertebrates. (brainkart.com)
  • The facialnerve (VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) leave the medulla oblongata at the cerebellopontine angle. (brainkart.com)
  • Some nerves that we usually think of as purely afferent or sensory, such as the optic nerve for vision, and the vestibulocochlear nerve, for hearing and balance, also have a small component of efferent motor neurons that can modify the function of the end organ by altering transmission at the receptor site. (veteriankey.com)
  • It is crossed superficially by the ventral ramus of the C2 spinal nerve. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • It is probable that most of the cranial nerves were once associated with a pattern of head segmentation, not unlike dorsal and ventral segmental spinal nerves. (veteriankey.com)
  • After emerging from the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve gives off a dorsal branch ( ramus dorsalis ), then a communicating branch ( ramus communicans ), and continues as a larger ventral branch ( ramus ventralis ). (veteriankey.com)
  • The number of dorsal root filaments agrees closely with the number of ventral root filaments for each spinal nerve. (veteriankey.com)
  • The number of dorsal and ventral root filaments averages six each for the first five cervical nerves. (veteriankey.com)
  • They increase in size and in number to an average of seven dorsal and seven ventral filaments from the fifth cervical segment as far caudad as the second thoracic segment. (veteriankey.com)
  • From the second thoracic segment through the thirteenth thoracic segment there are two dorsal and two ventral filaments that form each thoracic nerve root. (veteriankey.com)
  • The posterior ramus is known as the suboccipital nerve it passes posteriorly superior to the posterior arch of the atlas and in the suboccipital region and innervates the muscles of that area (rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior). (eltecle.com)
  • The first cervical or suboccipital nerve lies between the artery and the posterior arch of the atlas. (wikidoc.org)
  • The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the CERVICAL ATLAS above. (lookformedical.com)
  • Posterior primary divisions of the upper three cervical nerves. (wikidoc.org)
  • The nervous system has two distinct parts: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves are called neurologic disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body ( peripheral nerves). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Every body movement, from raising a hand to smiling, involves a complex interaction between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), nerves, and muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Much like the insulation around an electrical wire, the myelin sheath enables nerve signals (electrical impulses) to be conducted along the nerve fiber with speed and accuracy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerves do not conduct electrical impulses normally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • PBP is a progressive degenerative disorder of the motor nuclei in the medulla (specifically involving the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves) that produces atrophy and fasciculations of the lingual muscles, dysarthria, and dysphagia. (medscape.com)
  • [6] Signals from muscle spindles on the tongue travel through the hypoglossal nerve, moving onto the lingual nerve which synapses on the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus . (iiab.me)
  • bundles of finest medullated nerve fibres [note: 'Reissner (Op. cit. (ox.ac.uk)
  • More distally, a nerve root enters a meningeal tube formed by the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater (Fig. 16-4). (veteriankey.com)
  • The muscles supplied by these nerves are derived from the branchial arch muscles of the foregut. (brainkart.com)
  • Some of the cranial nerves are involved in the special senses (such as seeing, hearing, and taste), and others control muscles in the face or regulate glands. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Under microscopic inspection, it can be seen to include the cell bodies of the neurons, as well as bundles of fibers that are the posterior nerve root (Figure 1). (lumenlearning.com)
  • The taste fibers of the facial nerve emerge as an independent nerve, the intermediate nerve ( B14 ). (brainkart.com)
  • Most nerve fibers inside and outside the brain are wrapped with many layers of tissue composed of a fat (lipoprotein) called myelin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sometimes the nerve fibers are also damaged. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The cervical portion of the spine has a gentle forward curve called the cervical lordosis. (medscape.com)
  • the anterior root of the 10th nerve (2nd thoracic) is however markedly different. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Section of the white ramus communicans (A) of the 11th spinal (3rd thoracic) nerve. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The posterior cervical triangle is bounded by the clavicle inferiorly, sternocleidomastoid muscle anterosuperiorly, and trapezius muscle posteriorly. (medscape.com)
  • Within the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve gives off a small and variable meningeal branch ( ramus meningeus ). (veteriankey.com)
  • The superior laryngeal artery, a branch of the superior thyroid, courses with the internal laryngeal nerve toward and through the thyrohyoid membrane to supply part of the interior of the larynx. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • Sometimes there is a middle superior alveolar nerve that innervates the premolars and first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)