• The vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, also known as the eighth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VIII, or simply CN VIII, is a cranial nerve that transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cranial nerve 8, the vestibulocochlear nerve, goes to the middle portion of the brainstem called the pons (which then is largely composed of fibers going to the cerebellum). (wikipedia.org)
  • The 8th cranial nerve runs between the base of the pons and medulla oblongata (the lower portion of the brainstem). (wikipedia.org)
  • The facial nerve, or cranial nerve (CN) VII, is the nerve of facial expression. (medscape.com)
  • According to classical anatomical nomen-clature, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, although the first two pairs are not really peripheral nerves. (brainkart.com)
  • Cranial nerves IX and X enter the jugular foramen as a complex with the ascending fibers of cranial nerve XI. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • Okay so this is a tutorial on the cranial nerves. (anatomyzone.com)
  • Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, and you've got 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and they're a part of the peripheral nervous system. (anatomyzone.com)
  • All 12 pairs are a part of the peripheral nervous system, except cranial nerve number 2, which actually emerges from, which is kind of like an extension of the brain, so it's not technically a peripheral nerve. (anatomyzone.com)
  • In this tutorial we're going to go through the 12 cranial nerves, we're going to look at where they originate from in the brain, and we'll talk a little bit about their function. (anatomyzone.com)
  • The cranial nerves have lots of different functions. (anatomyzone.com)
  • You can use your imagination there.There's also a mnemonic for remembering the functions of the cranial nerves. (anatomyzone.com)
  • We'll start with cranial nerve number 1, which is the olfactory nerve , and this nerve is responsible for olfaction , so the sense of smell. (anatomyzone.com)
  • An acoustic neuroma , also called a vestibular schwannoma , is a benign tumor that is located on the eighth cranial nerve. (medifocus.com)
  • The eighth cranial nerve, which traverses from the inner ear to the brain, is also called the auditory nerve or vestibulocochlear nerve . (medifocus.com)
  • The auditory nerve (eighth cranial nerve) is made up of two segments: the vestibular nerve segment and the cochlear nerve segment. (medifocus.com)
  • They also lie next to the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve). (medifocus.com)
  • Retrosigmoid access to the pontocerebellar angle region , showing the relation between the cranial nerves. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The red arrow shows the abducens nerve, the yellow arrow points at the trigeminal nerve, and the blue arrow indicates the lower cranial nerves. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • Multiple channel systems are recommended as they allow monitoring of multiple divisions of the Facial Nerve independently, as well as other cranial motor nerves if needed. (evokedpotential.com)
  • For more complex surgical cases, where auditory brainstem response (ABR) may be monitored as well as multiple cranial motor nerves, a multichannel system with averaging capabilities should be used. (evokedpotential.com)
  • The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) is known for its very long travel from the brainstem to the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle, where it provides an important function by stimulating abduction of the eye [1] [2]. (symptoma.com)
  • Some studies show that the etiology could be related to the presence of a vascular loop in contact with the 8th cranial nerve. (springeropen.com)
  • Three-dimensional (3D) constructive interference in steady state (CISS) is a fully refocused gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence that has high sensitivity in evaluation of the cranial nerves. (springeropen.com)
  • Therefore, presence of vascular loops in contact with the 8th cranial nerve is not certainly considered pathological but possibly to be a normal anatomical coincidental finding. (springeropen.com)
  • It has been proposed that compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve) by a vascular loop of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) could be the causative factor resulting in the otologic symptom. (springeropen.com)
  • Initially, the hypothesis of VCS was suggested by McKenzie in 1936 and later, discussed by Jannetta in 1975, to refer to cranial nerve dysfunction [ 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • It was also proposed that the arterial elongation and brain "sag" related to the aging process may result in cranial nerve cross-compression in the CPA [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • An improvement in dysfunctional hyperactivity of the 8th cranial nerve was detected after microvascular decompression, which favored relation to the existence of a vascular loop [ 2 , 9 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Microvascular Decompression (MVD) offers effective, long-term symptom relief for patients with pathologies related to neurovascular conflicts of cranial nerves in the posterior fossa. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • TN is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by episodes of paroxysmal, lancinating pain accompanied by an electric shock sensation that affects one or more distributions of the fifth cranial nerve. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • HFS involves compression at the seventh cranial nerve and is characterized by involuntary, irregular, unilateral twitching of facial muscles [2]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The procedure involves correcting the neurovascular conflict by repositioning the offending vessel and placing spacer material between it and the affected cranial nerve [2]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Hemifacial spasm is a movement disorder of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Hemifacial spasm is characterized by progressive, involuntary, irregular, clonic or tonic movements of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) ( 6 ). (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Neurovascular conflict (NVC), also known as neurovascular compression, occurs when a blood vessel, most commonly an artery, comes into direct contact with or compresses a cranial nerve, typically in the brainstem or cerebellopontine angle. (santripty.com)
  • There are several types of neurovascular conflicts, each involving different cranial nerves. (santripty.com)
  • The primary cause of neurovascular conflict is the physical contact or compression of cranial nerves by adjacent blood vessels. (santripty.com)
  • In conclusion, neurovascular conflict is a condition where blood vessels compress cranial nerves, leading to a range of symptoms. (santripty.com)
  • A vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) is a Schwann cell-derived tumor of the 8th cranial nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vestibular schwannomas almost always arise from the vestibular division of the 8th cranial nerve and account for about 7% of all intracranial tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As the tumor expands, it projects from the internal auditory canal into the cerebellopontine angle, compressing the 7th and 8th cranial nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As the tumor continues to enlarge, the cerebellum, brain stem, and nearby cranial nerves (5th and 9th to 12th) can also become compressed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Moving Beyond the Dura for Assessing Acute and Chronic cranial nerves boundless anatomy and physiology. (spagades.com)
  • Examination of the cranial nerves allows one to "view" the brainstem all the way from its rostral to caudal extent. (spagades.com)
  • In order reach their targets they must ultimately exit/enter the Cranial Nerve: Major Functions: I Olfactory. (spagades.com)
  • It is commonly stated there are 12 to 13 cranial nerve pairs, Name the major brain regions, vesicles, and ventricles, and describe containing both sensory and motor fibers. (spagades.com)
  • Cranial nerves are the 12 nerves of the peripheral nervous system that emerge from the foramina and fissures of the cranium.Their numerical order (1-12) is determined by their skull exit location (rostral to caudal). (spagades.com)
  • The Cranial Nerves Techniques An Introduction To Biodynamic Craniosacral Therapy webinar with Jo Coole recorded on June 17th 2020 Low Back Pain FULL Physical Therapy Evaluation How to Manipulate the Cervical Spine using a HVT / Page 12/46. (spagades.com)
  • View Notes - CRANIAL NERVES from ANAT 215 at Indiana University, Bloomington. (spagades.com)
  • The optic nerve contains only afferent (sensory) fibers, and like all cranial nerves is paired. (spagades.com)
  • They pass through skull foramina, fissures, or canals to exit 5th Cranial nerve. (spagades.com)
  • Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve): Sensory for hearing, motor for balance Vestibular branch (balance): Ask patient to march in place (Mittlemeyer Marching) with eyes closed. (spagades.com)
  • 1. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves, as well as the ganglia. (spagades.com)
  • 1). . Cranial Nerve III Clinically. (spagades.com)
  • Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves combines anatomical knowledge, pathology, clinical examination, and explanation of clinical findings, drawing together material typically scattered throughout anatomical textbooks. (spagades.com)
  • A sudden, stabbing painassociated with this disease is known as tic douloureux Oct 24, 2015 - Explore Lory W's board "Trigeminal Neuralgia", followed by 212 people on Pinterest trigeminal neuralgia: Definition Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve) that causes episodes of sharp, An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves. (spagades.com)
  • Dr. Kelli Sullivan discusses the basics of the cranial nerves in relation to the lectures for the ANAT 403 course at the University of Michigan. (spagades.com)
  • Some of the cranial nerves are involved in the special senses (such as They're the secret to your success! (spagades.com)
  • Wilhelm His Sr. (18311904) combined, in an unprecedented way, (taste bud afferents of cranial nerves VII, IX, X to the solitary tract) and dorsolateral otic placode-derived afferents provide the sole sensory input to the special somatic column consisting of the vestibular/auditory nuclei. (spagades.com)
  • Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain. (spagades.com)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve is accompanied by the labyrinthine artery, which usually branches off from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery at the cerebellopontine angle, and then goes with the 7th nerve through the internal acoustic meatus to the internal ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • The facial and vestibulocochlear nerves enter the internal acoustic canal with the labyrinthine artery, a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The anterior inferior cerebellar artery arises at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), usually from the lower one third of the basilar artery. (ijorl.com)
  • Borghei-Razavi H, Darvish O, Schick U. Disabling vertigo and tinnitus caused by intrameatal compression of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery on the vestibulocochlear nerve: a case report, surgical considerations, and review of the literature. (ijorl.com)
  • Discharges from the facial motor area are carried through fascicles of the corticobulbar tract to the internal capsule, then through the upper midbrain to the lower brainstem, where they synapse in the pontine facial nerve nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • The first two actually emerge from the telencephalon and diencephalon , but the rest of the nerves, nerves 3 to 12, emerge from the brainstem . (anatomyzone.com)
  • These two nerve components lie next to each other and next to the cochlear nerve as they pass through the internal auditory canal , a small bony canal that leads from the inner ear to the brainstem. (medifocus.com)
  • For example, contralateral hemiparesis , ipsilateral palsy of the facial, but also trigeminal and vestibulocochlear nerves is seen in conditions affecting the brainstem, such as Raymond's syndrome, Millard-Gubler syndrome and Foville's syndrome [1]. (symptoma.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm is usually caused by an artery compressing the facial nerve at the root exit zone of the brainstem. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Tumors first distort the vestibulocochlear nerve from which they develop, and then may eventually press on the facial nerve, which may become stretched as it makes room for the tumor. (medifocus.com)
  • If left untreated, tumors grow to the point of filling the internal auditory canal and then may grow into the cerebellopontine angle and may begin to erode the surrounding bony structure. (medifocus.com)
  • As they grow, tumors take on a pear-like shape and may begin to press on the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for facial sensation. (medifocus.com)
  • Many factors can increase the incidence of iatro genic Facial Nerve injury, including congenital anomalies, revision surgery, tumors, and severe inflammatory processes. (evokedpotential.com)
  • Then, papilledema , visual deficits, and symptoms suggestive of a central nervous system (CNS) infection of any etiology (bacterial, viral, fungal ) may be seen if the nerve is compromised in the subarachnoid space, as various tumors, sarcoidosis , pseudotumor cerebri and meningitis have been described as potential etiologies [1]. (symptoma.com)
  • Brain tumors can displace blood vessels and compress nerves, leading to conflicts. (santripty.com)
  • The vestibular portion of the auditory nerve is the site of origin in up to 95% of the cases of acoustic neuromas. (medifocus.com)
  • In respect to the neurovascular relationship in the internal auditory canal (IAC), the AICA is intimately related with vestibulocochlear and facial nerve. (ijorl.com)
  • The vascular loop or aneurysm of the AICA will compress the vestibulocochlear nerve in the internal auditory canal. (ijorl.com)
  • Groups 1 (16 symptomatic sides), 2 (14 asymptomatic sides), and 3 (16 control sides) were compared with regard to the anatomic relation between the vascular loop and the internal auditory canal and the presence of neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve with/without angulation/indentation. (ajnr.org)
  • 6 ⇓ - 8 Typewriter tinnitus is considered the result of dysmyelination and demyelination of the contact point between the arterial loop and the cochlear nerve that transmits an abnormal signal to the auditory cortex. (ajnr.org)
  • We aimed to evaluate the association of audio-vestibular symptoms with the presence of vascular loops and vascular contact in cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and the internal auditory canal (IAC) using 3Tesla MRI. (springeropen.com)
  • Five nerves have developed from the branchial arch nerves of lower vertebrates:the trigeminal nerve (V), the facialnerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the accessory nerve (XI) . (brainkart.com)
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and the vagus nerve (X) emerge dorsal to the olive. (brainkart.com)
  • GPN manifests as sharp, stabbing pulses of pain in the auricular and pharyngeal regions caused by neurovascular compression at the root exit zone of the glossopharyngeal nerve [1]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • GPN involves the glossopharyngeal nerve and leads to sharp, intense pain in the throat, tonsils, and ear. (santripty.com)
  • the abducens nerve (VI) emerges from the lower border of the pons. (brainkart.com)
  • Abducens nerve palsy may occur due to a myriad of infectious, inflammatory, genetic, or malignant diseases. (symptoma.com)
  • In fact, abducens nerve palsy is one of the most frequent nerve palsies encountered in clinical practice, with an established incidence rate of 11.3 per 100 000 individuals [3]. (symptoma.com)
  • Certain authors have divided the pathologies that cause abducens nerve palsy according to their anatomical sites (the brain stem, subarachnoid space, the petroclival region, the cavernous sinus , and the orbit), and numerous conditions, both localized and systemic, may cause this condition [1] [2]. (symptoma.com)
  • The principal symptom of abducens nerve palsy is the presence of binocular horizontal diplopia , as the eye is not able to perform abduction, resulting in lateral displacement [4] [5]. (symptoma.com)
  • On the other hand, epistaxis , rhinorrhea , and serous otitis media , typically encountered in nasopharyngeal carcinoma , can also be seen together in abducens nerve palsy [1]. (symptoma.com)
  • Abducens nerve palsies, or sixth nerve palsies, results in weakness of the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle. (symptoma.com)
  • A 53-year-old male patient with diabetes presented 6 weeks after lumbar disc surgery with persistent headache, a fluctuant swelling at the operated site, and diplopia secondary to left abducens nerve palsy. (symptoma.com)
  • Supe-rior ganglion of the vagus nerve ( B15 ). (brainkart.com)
  • they run a short course in the nerve and change over to the vagus nerve as internal branch ( B17 ). (brainkart.com)
  • Neurotologic complications are thought to be secondary to: stretching of CN VII and VIII during cerebellar retraction, direct trauma to CN VII or VIII, excessive manipulation of vasculature (especially the labyrinthine artery and anteroinferior cerebellar artery) or neocompression of nerves with the spacer placement [14,15]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Three thousand of the nerve fibers are somatosensory and secretomotor and make up the nervus intermedius. (medscape.com)
  • The geniculate ganglion, nervus intermedius, and greater petrosal nerve are visible by the fifth week. (medscape.com)
  • These factors may distort normal anatomical relations, or cause the Facial Nerve to be thinned and attenuated thus making dissection around the nerve a more difficult task ( May et al. (evokedpotential.com)
  • The exact cause of this compression is not always clear but may be related to anatomical variations, such as looped arteries or elongated nerves. (santripty.com)
  • The olfactory nerve (I) consists of the olfactory fibers, the bundledprocesses of sensory cells in the olfactory epithelium which enter the olfactory bulb( B8 ). (brainkart.com)
  • The taste fibers of the facial nerve emerge as an independent nerve, the intermediate nerve ( B14 ). (brainkart.com)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve consists mostly of bipolar neurons and splits into two large divisions: the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cochlear nerve travels away from the cochlea of the inner ear where it starts as the spiral ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
  • It consists of the cochlear nerve, carrying details about hearing, and the vestibular nerve, carrying information about balance. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cochlear nerve transmits information about sound. (medifocus.com)
  • Typewriter tinnitus, a symptom characterized by paroxysmal attacks of staccato sounds, has been thought to be caused by neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve, but the correlation between radiologic evidence of neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve and symptom presentation has not been thoroughly investigated. (ajnr.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to examine whether radiologic evidence of neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve is pathognomonic in typewriter tinnitus. (ajnr.org)
  • 05). Meanwhile, neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve on MR imaging was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 3 ( P = .032). (ajnr.org)
  • However, considerable false-positive (no symptoms with neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve on MR imaging) and false-negative (typewriter tinnitus without demonstrable neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve) findings were also observed. (ajnr.org)
  • Neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve was more frequently detected on the symptomatic side of patients with typewriter tinnitus compared with the asymptomatic side of these patients or on both sides of control subjects on MR imaging. (ajnr.org)
  • However, considering false-positive and false-negative findings, meticulous history-taking and the response to the initial carbamazepine trial should be regarded as more reliable diagnostic clues than radiologic evidence of neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve. (ajnr.org)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) with its vestibular part represents a phylo-genetically old connection to the organ ofbalance already present in lower vertebrates. (brainkart.com)
  • Microvascular compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve by AICA is an important etiology for tinnitus, hearing loss and vertigo. (ijorl.com)
  • Markowski J, Gierek T, Kluczewska E, Witkowska M. Assessment of vestibulocochlear organ function in patients meeting radiologic criteria of vascular compression syndrome of vestibulocochlear nerve-diagnosis of disabling positional vertigo. (ijorl.com)
  • Arterial compression of the cochleovestibular nerve complex has been suggested as a potential cause of hearing deficit, typewriter tinnitus, and equilibrium disturbance or vertigo. (ajnr.org)
  • The pulsatile vascular compression may result in nerve demyelination and/or fixation of the artery to the nerve by arachnoid adhesions [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Vascular compression of the nerve root exit zone (Figure 1) is characteristic of Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN), Hemifacial Spasm (HFS) and Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia (GPN) [1,2]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • HFS occurs when the facial nerve experiences compression, causing involuntary muscle contractions in one side of the face. (santripty.com)
  • MVD is a surgical procedure in which a neurosurgeon places a cushion between the blood vessel and the affected nerve to relieve compression. (santripty.com)
  • The AICA loop should be separated from the vestibulocochlear nerve. (ijorl.com)
  • The intrameatal AICA and vestibulocochlear nerve conflict produce specific pathological features and their surgical treatment is also invariably challenging. (ijorl.com)
  • assumed that the proximity between the AICA and the nerves within the narrowed space of the IAC possibly produce nerve conduction disturbance due to the applied mechanical pressure via atheromatous, tortuous, or pulsating vessels [ 5 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Before cross-sectional imaging, the AICA (along with venous displacement) was used to identify posterior fossa intra- or extra-axial masses, especially at the CP angle . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The facial motor nerves are represented on the homunculus diagram below with the forehead uppermost and the eyelids, midface, nose, and lips sequentially located more inferiorly. (medscape.com)
  • The eye-muscle nerves are somato-motor nerves. (brainkart.com)
  • This method offers high resolution and contrast and can be extremely useful in showing small structures surrounded by fluid, including detailed delineation of the seventh-eighth nerve complex in the temporal bone as well as the membranous labyrinth. (medscape.com)
  • To innervate these muscles, the facial nerve courses across the region that eventually becomes the middle ear. (medscape.com)
  • The muscles supplied by these nerves are derived from the branchial arch muscles of the foregut. (brainkart.com)
  • The facial nerve activates the muscles that control facial movement. (medifocus.com)
  • A mild transient injury may result from interruption of the myelin sheath covering the nerve leading to delayed latency of the recorded compound muscle action potential (CMAP) recorded from the facial muscles. (evokedpotential.com)
  • Even in cases where only the Facial Nerve is at risk, the extra channels can be hooked to the contralateral facial muscles to provide a valuable control for nonspecific increases in EMG activity due to light anesthesia or other nonsurgical factors. (evokedpotential.com)
  • Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular movement disorder characterized by brief or persistent involuntary contractions of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Acoustic neuromas typically remain encapsulated and, as they grow, they slowly displace surrounding tissue and nerves. (medifocus.com)
  • Optic nerve swelling or jumpy eye movements (nystagmus) may occur at any age and warrants immediate work-up for a central nervous system tumor. (symptoma.com)
  • This is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the hair cells) of the inner ear transmit information to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • in ontogenetic terms, it represents the remnants of several cervi-cal nerves that have become included in the brain region secondarily and now have only rudimentary sensory roots. (brainkart.com)
  • You've got somatic and visceral components, they've got motor components and there's some nerves which have special sensory components, so components to do with the special senses, like smell, vision, hearing, balance and taste. (anatomyzone.com)
  • MøllerMB, Møller AR, Jannetta PJ, Jho HD, Sekhar LN. Microvascular decompression of the eighth nerve in patients with disabling positional vertigo: selection criteria and operative results in 207 patients. (ijorl.com)
  • The facial nerve is composed of approximately 10,000 neurons, 7,000 of which are myelinated and innervate the nerves of facial expression. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment options for neurovascular conflict vary depending on the specific nerve involved and the severity of the condition. (santripty.com)
  • Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve may cause the following symptoms: hearing loss vertigo false sense of motion loss of equilibrium (in dark places) nystagmus motion sickness gaze-evoked tinnitus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This decompresses the nerve root exit zone and has been shown to ameliorate symptoms. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • This physical contact or pressure can disrupt the normal functioning of the affected nerve, leading to various neurological symptoms. (santripty.com)
  • This type of NVC affects the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing symptoms like hearing loss, dizziness, and imbalance. (santripty.com)
  • Other early symptoms include unilateral tinnitus, dizziness and dysequilibrium, headache, a sensation of pressure or fullness in the ear, otalgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and numbness or weakness in the face due to involvement of the facial nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If I just rotate the model of the brain around, you can see, so we're looking at the base of the brain, and you can see all these nerves emerging from the brain. (anatomyzone.com)
  • You can see this projection along the base of the brain, so this is called the olfactory bulb, and the olfactory nerves, synapse on to this olfactory bulb. (anatomyzone.com)
  • Thecervical roots of the accessory nerve (XI) unite to form the spinal root ( B16 ). (brainkart.com)
  • The former courses ventrally into the first branchial arch and terminates near a branch of the trigeminal nerve that eventually becomes the lingual nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The Soleus muscle is innervated by the Tibial nerve, which is the terminal branch of the Sciatic nerve. (shiken.ai)
  • I've just switched over to this model, and you can see these little nerves, coming up to synapse on to the olfactory bulb. (anatomyzone.com)
  • The pathways of the facial nerve are variable, and knowledge of the key intratemporal and extratemporal landmarks is essential for accurate physical diagnosis and safe and effective surgical intervention in the head and neck. (medscape.com)
  • The course of the facial nerve and its central connections can be roughly divided into the segments listed in Table 1, below. (medscape.com)
  • 2000 ). The lack of an epineural covering in the intracranial segment of the nerve is an additional factor that makes it more vulnerable to injury where even mild stretching may produce significant damage to the nerve. (evokedpotential.com)
  • The presence of an intracranial aneurysm can lead to vessel-nerve conflicts. (santripty.com)
  • In 1987, Jenny and Saper performed an extensive study of the proximal facial nerve organizations in a primate model and found evidence that in monkeys, upper facial movement is relatively preserved in upper motor neuron injury, because these motor neurons receive relatively little direct cortical input. (medscape.com)