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HumansPituitary glandHypothalamusHypothalamicReticular formationAnterior pituitaryPosterior pituitaryAutonomicHormonesReceptorsSpinalBrainAxisLimbic systemPortalEndocrine systemFemaleRatsNeuroendocrineOrgansFunctionNervous systemsIntakeActivateExcitabilityExternalClinicalCentral nervouCellsWebsiteComplex
Humans1
  • In humans, the pituitary gland rests upon the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone, in the center of the middle cranial fossa. (wikipedia.org)
Pituitary gland4
  • The pituitary gland plays a central role in regulating various physiological processes of the body through its interplay between the endocrine and nervous systems. (openveterinaryjournal.com)
  • One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. (sciencebeta.com)
  • It links the two by sending and receiving signals from other regions of the nervous system while also controlling the body's "master gland"-the pituitary gland. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The hormonal control center of the body can be found at the base of the brain, in a tiny pea-sized structure, called the pituitary gland, and an overlying region, called the hypothalamus. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Hypothalamus9
  • This travels in the portal system of the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary (the adenohypophysis). (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • But finally afferent fiber from these centers ascend through reticular formation to reach hypothalamus which is considered as headganglion of autonomic nervous system. (kypho.com)
  • It is considered by many neurologists that hypothalamus is the main output path of limbic system. (kypho.com)
  • These hormones released from neurons of hypothalamus are transported though the axoplasm of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). (kypho.com)
  • The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and is part of the limbic system . (sciencebeta.com)
  • The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. (sciencebeta.com)
  • The hypothalamus is highly interconnected with other parts of the central nervous system, in particular the brainstem and its reticular formation. (sciencebeta.com)
  • In the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal axis, releasing hormones, also known as hypophysiotropic or hypothalamic hormones, are released from the median eminence, a prolongation of the hypothalamus, into the hypophyseal portal system, which carries them to the anterior pituitary where they exert their regulatory functions on the secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones. (sciencebeta.com)
  • The hypothalamus is a small, yet vitally important, brain region that integrates the body's two communication systems: the endocrine and nervous systems. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Hypothalamic3
  • All these stressors act on hypothalamic and extra hypothalamic areas inducing specific defensive behavior in the many hypothalamic centers such as those controlling reproduction, body temperature, food intake, sleep regulation [4, 15]. (researchgate.net)
  • The body's primary stress management system is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis represents a self-regulated dynamic feedback neuroendocrine system that is essential for maintaining body homeostasis in response to various stresses. (biomedcentral.com)
Reticular formation1
  • Descending efferent (to autonomic centers of brainstem and spinal cord): These fibers descend via brainstem reticular formation. (kypho.com)
Anterior pituitary3
  • The blood supply originates from the superior hypophysial arteries, and arrives at the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Through hypophyseal portal system capillaries at both ends the hormone releasing factors and hormone release inhibiting factors reach the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) to produce influence on the endocrine cells. (kypho.com)
  • Much smaller parvocellular neurosecretory cells, neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, release corticotropin-releasing hormone and other hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, where these hormones diffuse to the anterior pituitary. (sciencebeta.com)
Posterior pituitary1
  • The posterior pituitary is controlled by the nervous system. (medscape.com)
Autonomic2
  • Meanwhile, the autonomic nervous system stimulates the suprarenal medulla to secrete hormones such as epinephrine into the bloodstream. (medscape.com)
  • General visceral afferent: General sensations from viscera, sense of stretch, compression or distension and pain sensation due to lack of oxygen following ischemia, primarily reach the autonomic center of brain (dorsal nucleus of vagus) and spinal cord (T1 - L2 and S2 - S4 segments). (kypho.com)
Hormones5
  • The endocrine system-the other communication system in the body-is made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones, chemical substances released into the bloodstream to guide processes such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. (medscape.com)
  • The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood stream to reach and act on target cells of specific organs. (medscape.com)
  • Advances in sensitive and specific immunoassays to measure the primary female reproductive hormones or their metabolites in urine have greatly facilitated the capabilities to assess the hypothalamo-hypophysial-ovarian axis as it relates to menstrual cycle function in populations of women who may not be highly motivated. (cdc.gov)
  • The signal (PAF, or other tissue/cell specific factors) comes from the stimulated (by the e.g., hypophyseal hormones, bacteria, external factors, etc.) organs or cells, and activates platelets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After their release into the capillaries of the third ventricle, the hypophysiotropic hormones travel through what is known as the hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation. (sciencebeta.com)
Receptors1
  • Some of the receptors are cation channels, which can directly depolarize the nociceptor upon activation, while other receptors activate second messenger systems to change neuronal excitability by changing expression of, or modifying the function of, other cation channels. (frontiersin.org)
Spinal1
  • Projections to areas of the sympathetic motor system (lateral horn spinal segments T1-L2/L3) are carried by the hypothalamospinal tract and they activate the sympathetic motor pathway. (sciencebeta.com)
Brain2
  • Pain originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) system ascends to the brain via the same tri-neuronal pathways that convey noxious somatic stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
  • Definitive research on HPA axis function in chronic diseases has been hampered by the complexity of the numerous systems affected by the HPA axis, such as the immune and neuroendocrine systems, the lack of known or accessible brain lesions and the correlative nature of much of the existing data. (biomedcentral.com)
Axis1
  • Since the organization of the HPA axis has been characterized to detail the feedback and feed forward signalling that regulates HPA axis function [ 12 ], it is a system that is amenable to modelling. (biomedcentral.com)
Limbic system1
  • As part of the limbic system, it has connections to other limbic structures including the amygdala and septum, and is also connected with areas of the autonomous nervous system. (sciencebeta.com)
Portal2
  • This vascular relationship constitutes the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CRH is released into the closed hypophyseal portal circulation, stimulating the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (biomedcentral.com)
Endocrine system1
  • The concept of endocrine function thus was expanded to paracrine, autocrine, juxtacrine, and intracrine functions, whereas the classic endocrine system included the traditional endocrine axes. (medscape.com)
Female1
  • and evaluating the inaccessible female reproductive system with its complex menstrual cycle. (cdc.gov)
Rats1
  • Newborn male rats, treated with MSG or vehicle (CTR), were submitted to sham operation, bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) or bilateral adrenal enucleation (AE) on day 120 of age. (nel.edu)
Neuroendocrine1
  • A better understanding of the bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems could contribute to new clinical and treatment strategies. (nih.gov)
Organs1
  • Interaction between multiple mechanisms and molecular interactions are important factors in development of IR in various organs and systems. (researchsquare.com)
Function2
  • Based on clinical and experimental evidences we propose that platelets modulate the function of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Virtual care with RAM shows promise in improving outcomes important to patients and to optimal health system function. (bvsalud.org)
Nervous systems1
Intake1
  • The first step in evaluating the potential of the phytoestrogens in soy-based infant foods to affect the reproductive system of infants is to determine the isoflavone intake of infants. (internetpdfarticles.com)
Activate1
  • Stress is the adaptive response of our body through all its homeostatic systems, to external and/or internal stimuli that activate specific and nonspecific physiological pathways. (researchgate.net)
Excitability1
  • This, in turn, affects the excitability of the nervous system. (medscape.com)
External1
  • 5 , 8 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 23 - 25 , 29 Davenport et al published the first review of external ear malformations and suggested the existence of anomalies in every segment of the auditory system. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Clinical1
  • Funded by the NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences through its Clinical and Translational Science Awards Program, grant number UL1TR002541. (harvard.edu)
Central nervou2
  • Hubert von Lushka noted the constellation of cardiac, central nervous system, and genitourinary defects and choanal atresia in an infant who died soon after birth in 1859. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • 2 , 3 In 1981, after reviewing the cases of 21 children, Pagon et al first proposed the diagnostic criteria for CHARGE syndrome to describe the nonrandom association of ocular coloboma (C), congenital heart defects (H), choanal atresia or stenosis (A), central nervous system/developmental anomalies (R), genital hypoplasia (G), and ear anomalies (E). 4 Since then, several cases and updates have been published. (ochsnerjournal.org)
Cells1
  • A sagittal section through the pituitaries revealed a well-developed cone of glandular cells protruding from the pi like a tongue plate towards the hypophyseal cleft in the neighborhood of the pd and behind the pn. (openveterinaryjournal.com)
Website1
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
Complex1
  • Therefore we suggest that platelets are not only a small participant but may be the conductor or active mediator of this complex regulatory system which has several unrevealed mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)