Cellular pathological improves cardiovascular cardiovascular physiological phenomena. Medical search. Frequent questions

Their concentration increases specifically and differently during various pathological states, including cardiovascular diseases ( table 1 ) [ 8 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Nocturnal hypoxia in OSA is a major pathological factor associated with cardiorespiratory diseases [ 3 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Despite recent findings regarding the functional implications of TRPM4 in cardiac diseases, the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to altered conduction are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
Since this discovery, these vesicles have been identified as playing a role in a huge range of physiological and pathological functions in the human body, including ageing, cancer, infectious diseases and obesity 2 . (lemalab.co)
In an article published last year, scientists from the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases in France 6 reviewed research on the influence of exercise on lipolysis. (lemalab.co)
Cellular immunology, T cell immunity, autoimmune diseases: The immune system plays a fundamental role in the defense against microbial pathogens. (utsa.edu)
Dr. Lee's research is focused mainly on the understanding of the pathological mechanism(s) underlying the selective neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. (utsa.edu)
This theory postulates that aging and its related diseases are the consequence of free-radical induced damage to cellular macromolecules and the inability to counterbalance these changes by endogenous antioxidant defenses [1]. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Due to the increased lifespan in pets, ageing biology and pathobiology are emerging as one of the most compelling areas of biomedical research, looking for the early diagnosis of those diseases associated with age, and/or preventive and therapeutic strategies conducted to improve the quality of life for pets when they reach an advanced age. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
The increased incidences of age-related diseases often results in behavioral changes [6](Table 1), but is not always related to cognition. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
This can increase in the case of processes or diseases that occur with inflammation, regardless of the cause that originates it (rheumatic inflammatory diseases, infections and various chronic diseases). (hematologiaclinica.net)
Statins are strong HMGR inhibitors widely prescribed in therapies against hypercholesterolemia and their benefits in preventing atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases are incontrovertible. (nature.com)
These cellular and molecular aberrations contribute to the functional decline of tissues and organ systems and enhance susceptibility to various chronic diseases. (decodeage.com)
As the human lifespan increases, the incidence of such diseases-including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, cardiovascular conditions, metabolic diseases like diabetes, musculoskeletal conditions like osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, and immune system disorders-also rises. (decodeage.com)
With life expectancy significantly increasing in recent decades, these diseases have become major public health issues. (decodeage.com)
However, recent research has shown an increasing interest in exosomes as a source of biomarkers for age-related neurodegenerative diseases. (decodeage.com)
Diseases wherein PSDDS are promising include asthma, peptic ulcer, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and hypertension. (scialert.net)
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Lancet Commission on Hypertension Group, Resolve to Save Lives (RTSL), and the World Hypertension League (WHL) share a collective goal of expanding the evidence base on hypertension, sodium, and trans fatty acid reduction strategies as a critical pathway to preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases. (cdc.gov)
From a physiological and pathophysiological point of view, the conformational states of the sodium channel during heart function constitute a significant aspect for the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. (bvsalud.org)

Atherosclerosis, one of the most serious cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus, occurs primarily in coronary arteries, lower extremities and extracranial carotid arteries. (springer.com)
It is a significant cause of disease and death and can lead to numerous problems, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, liver dysfunction, and cancer. (fitnessbond.com)

These well-regulated processes to transfer information between cells occur through direct cell-cell contact, various soluble bioactive factors and through cellular microparticles [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Apoptosis occurs in many physiological and pathological processes. (wikipedia.org)
Maintaining an optimal balance of amino acids is vital to maintaining a stable equilibrium of physiological processes. (metabolon.es)
Taken together, the present findings indicate that the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is critically involved in the physiological modulation of both emotional and cognitive processes in rodents. (nature.com)
The isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, also known as the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, is one of the most notorious metabolic processes as it leads to the production of cholesterol and other non-sterol isoprenoids, which are essential in the induction and the maintenance of several cellular processes. (nature.com)
Prenylation, the covalent binding of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) moieties to proteins, is a crucial post-translational modification for the regulation of protein localization on cell membranes and, in turn, for key cellular processes. (nature.com)

Pathological variants in TRPM4 gene have been linked to several cardiac phenotypes such as complete heart block (CHB), ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome (BrS). (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, decreased or increased protein expression of several TRPM4 variants linked to cardiac conduction disorders or ventricular arrhythmias were found to be caused by altered TRPM4 half-life compared to the WT form. (frontiersin.org)
However, the physiological role for this channel in cardiac function remains unclear. (frontiersin.org)
However, pathological conditions can disrupt this intricate mechanosensory system and manifest as potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. (mdpi.com)
The mechanisms of cellular excitability and propagation of electrical signals in the cardiac muscle are very important functionally and pathologically. (bvsalud.org)

OSA is a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias and infarction, and cerebrovascular conditions including stroke [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Many patients on potent agents addressing modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia or diabetes, still suffer from cardiovascular complications, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS). (frontiersin.org)

Endothelial hyperpermeability induced by hyperglycemia is the initial step in the development of atherosclerosis, one of the most serious cardiovascular complications in diabetes. (springer.com)
Inhibition of these latter pathways may be a therapeutic target to prevent the elongation which is associated with increased binding of atherogenic lipids and the disease process of atherosclerosis. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)
The role of adipokines in the development of atherosclerosis (AS) has received increasing attention in recent years. (biomedcentral.com)

We have honed our expertise in applications of metabolomics through more than 10,000 studies, covering a comprehensive range of areas from cell biology discovery research to diabetes , obesity, cardiovascular disease , cancer , neuroscience , plant biology , microbiome , and many more. (metabolon.es)
Besides, obesity in childhood and adolescence can lead to social stigma and isolation, decreased life expectancy, a high frequency of sick leave, disability pension, and increased mortality. (springermedizin.at)
Some studies have shown a close association between obesity and oxidative stress with increased metabolic risk. (fitnessbond.com)
On the contrary, it would seem that the reduction in food intake and body weight affects the decrease in oxidation markers and the improvement of the cardiovascular risk associated with obesity. (fitnessbond.com)

Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the efficiency of physiological function and by the increased susceptibility to disease and death. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)
Older women experience dramatic changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and female reproductive hormones, producing vasomotor symptoms (VMS), sleep problems, cognitive changes, and cardiometabolic risks, which increase susceptibility to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and dementia. (nih.gov)
Aging changes in the musculoskeletal system, such as cell senescence and alterations in the matrix of joint tissues, can increase the susceptibility to OA. (decodeage.com)

Tau is a protein that is important in neuronal function, but can misfold and aggregate into pathological structures that accumulate in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. (utsa.edu)

The IS regulates critical cell functions including molecular-regulated cellular metabolite fluxes, protein and energetic metabolism, cell proliferation and apoptosis with consequent regulation of cell life including endothelial homeostasis and blood coagulation. (biomedcentral.com)
In a similar manner, exercising in the fasted state-or after a high-protein breakfast 8 -has been shown to increase whole-body fat metabolism 9 . (lemalab.co)
Branched chain amino acids play a large role in building muscle tissue and participate in increasing protein synthesis. (metabolon.es)
High levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, were associated with left ventricular dysfunction ( 2 ), higher cardiovascular event rates ( 3 ) and worse clinical prognosis ( 4 ) following an acute myocardial infarction, independent of traditional risk factors. (frontiersin.org)
Ferritin is the cellular protein responsible for the body's storage or deposits of iron. (hematologiaclinica.net)
A variety of the APOE gene, that codes for the protein apolipoprotein E. The E4 variety is found in a quarter of the general population and associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. (sevencountriesstudy.com)
The clinical presentation of Acute Respiratory Distress (ARDS) is marked by disruptions to the alveolar-capillary complex mediated by inflammation, interalveolar edema primarily caused by protein-rich fluids influx, reduced alveolar clearance, and increased pulmonary resistance. (ceufast.com)

1999 ). Report showed that VEGF increased the permeability through caveolae-mediated transcellular pathway in the blood-tumor barrier (Zhao et al. (springer.com)
While this is the first study to map out this direct cellular pathway between weight training and fat metabolism, it adds to a growing body of research on how exercise affects lipolysis and weight loss. (lemalab.co)

Patients with PH exhibited higher circulating levels of microparticles compared to control subjects and in vitro or in vivo generated microparticles can induce endothelial dysfunction, interfere with coagulation pathways or modulate inflammatory phenomenon. (ersjournals.com)
Repetitive apneic episodes disrupt the normal physiologic function and trigger sympathetic activation, vascular endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, increased platelet aggregability, and metabolic dysregulation. (hindawi.com)

By studying cellular structures and mechanisms, researchers gain insights into how different systems operate at a microscopic level. (filosofia-internet.net)
The mechanisms under-lying oxygen sensing in animals have been previously marked by two Nobel Prizes from more than 75 years ago: to Otto Warburg in 1931 for his discoveries concerning the enzymatic basis for cellular respiration, and to Corneille Heymans in 1938 for his findings on the role of the nervous system in the respiratory response to oxygen. (nobelprize.org)
It indicates that other pathological mechanisms responsible for this residual risk are not yet targeted by current medical regimens. (frontiersin.org)
In a non-physiological condition, the storage of therapeutic platelets has also shown to be associated with the unwilling activation of platelets which triggers receptors down-regulation via aforementioned different mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, the precise pathophysiological characteristics underlying the association of different cardiovascular risk factors in MetS remain elusive [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
pH Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems (PSDDS) are gaining importance as these systems deliver the drug at specific time as per the pathophysiological need of the disease, resulting in improved patient therapeutic efficacy and compliance. (scialert.net)

Rejuvenation therapies aim to reverse or repair age-related cellular changes such as molecular waste, calcification , tissue stiffening , loss of stem cell function , genetic alterations, and impaired energy production . (fightaging.org)
Under the combined action of various cellular and molecular events, the evolution of AS is a continuous process in which early fatty lesions are converted to highly vulnerable fragile plaques [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Department of Environmental Health. (bvsalud.org)

The normal physiologic interactions are disrupted by OSA, and the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems are therefore impacted [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

decrease inflammation, reduces stress (48) and improves deep sleep functions as demonstrated in previous published studies ( 47) to prevent and possibly reverse the symptoms of Dementia and Alzheimer's. (thebiomatshop.com)

Indeed, IS is a very complex phenomenon which is influenced not only by the cellular metabolic status but also interacts with circulating molecules such as hormones (including insulin), nutrients and inflammatory molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Following an acute coronary syndrome, patients display an elevated inflammatory profile, promoted in part by cellular senescence. (frontiersin.org)
These observations opened the door to testing anti-inflammatory agents as a new therapeutic adjunct in the management of cardiovascular disease ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
It is not possible to reduce it only to alterations in nutrition and lifestyle as it seems to be also involved with, in addition to genetic factors, inflammatory, infectious, toxic, and psychiatric phenomena. (fitnessbond.com)
Therefore, the first diagnostic approach to an analysis that shows a significant increase in ferritin is to interpret whether it is an increase secondary to an inflammatory process, or if, on the contrary, it is an increase caused by a mutation or mutations of a gene called HFE. (hematologiaclinica.net)

Lipid accumulation in the liver and kidney and inflammation in the hepatic portal area were enhanced by treatment with chemerin, and the size of adipocytes also increased after chemerin treatment. (biomedcentral.com)

Particular reference will be made to new work exploring the of association of CWP with cardiovascular disease. (upf.edu)
Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Academic research is vital to gaining new insights and advancing our understanding of biological systems to improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease. (metabolon.es)
On the other hand, when there is apparently no secondary cause, a persistent or progressive increase in the number of leukocytes can lead us to suspect the existence of a leukemic-type blood disease, such as chronic lymphatic leukemia , in the event that the increase observed in the absolute number of lymphocytes. (hematologiaclinica.net)
Dr Bruestle is currently investigating the interaction of Th17 cells and neutrophils and the direct pathological effects of NETs on neurons and the kind of damage seen in MS. She uses genetic- and inhibitor-mediated manipulation of Th17 cell and/or neutrophil function to explore potential drug targets for MS and to identify molecules involved in this process as biomarkers for disease progression and treatment efficacy. (aips.net.au)
The first study to relate diet with cardiovascular disease. (sevencountriesstudy.com)
In addition, establishing a deep neurologic reserve capacity, including increasing cognitive stimulation, maintaining vascular flow, and addressing the endocrine aging process, all have the potential to delay clinical presentation and slow progression of the disease. (howwechangedourminds.com)
Specific factors relating to cardiovascular disease are listed below. (medscape.com)

In this study, the authors showed that leptin increases serine-138 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates-1 (IRS-1). (biomedcentral.com)
The findings that Ab42 reduces IGF 1 expression within the brain and leptin increases the basal ranges of this neu rotrophic component and reverses the Ab induced decrease in IGF 1 might be of relevance to AD as IGF one exhibits neu rotrophic, neuromodulatory, neuroendocrine, and meta bolic actions while in the brain. (thrombin-inhibitor.com)

In fact, it would be most desirable if the drugs could be administered in a manner that pre- cisely matches physiological needs at proper times (temporal modulation) and/or at the proper site (site-specific targeting). (scialert.net)

Modern lifestyles and trends that promote overconsumption and unhealthy practices have contributed to an increase in the annual incidence of diabetic AS worldwide, which has created a heavy burden on society. (wjgnet.com)

Under normal conditions, the production of free radicals, which occurs in the mitochondria, is physiological essential. (fitnessbond.com)

The alarming degree to which OSA is clinically diagnosed in middle-aged men and women makes it a significant public health problem, and increasing evidence indicates that untreated OSA can lead to several comorbid disorders. (hindawi.com)

In normal physiologic sleep, distinct sleep stage-related changes occur in cardiovascular regulation. (hindawi.com)
Luckily for us, researchers are starting to untangle the mysteries of the cellular-level changes that occur when we exercise, which has some striking answers for why and how exercising affects our bodies. (lemalab.co)
Through the combined work of these three laureates it was thus demonstrated that the response by gene expression to changes in oxygen is directly coupled to oxygen levels in the animal cell, allowing immediate cellular responses to occur to oxygenation through the action of the HIF transcription factor. (nobelprize.org)

it projects to most key brain regions and modulates numerous physiological functions. (hindawi.com)
Endothelium forms the inner cellular lining of blood vessels and plays an important role in many physiological functions including the control of vasomotor tone. (hindawi.com)
Endothelial cells are highly metabolically active and play an important role in many physiological functions, including the control of vasomotor tone, blood cell trafficking, haemostatic balance, permeability, proliferation, and immunity. (hindawi.com)
She will then study how neurons grow, form connections and consequently re-attain their physiological circuit functions. (aips.net.au)
As the aging process, a complex biological phenomenon witnessed across unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms leads to a functional decline induced by the progressive dysregulation of cellular and organismal functions. (decodeage.com)
A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. (lookformedical.com)

Core proteins determine the cellular location and serve as scaffolds for the GAG chains and the highly ionic chains determine physical properties of tissues and bind factors including growth factors and apolipoproteins. (openbiochemistryjournal.com)
These scaffolds will finally aid in designing implants for engineering the formation of neural circuits and hence provide a physiological way to guide the neurons to form the appropriate circuit connections after an injury or damage. (aips.net.au)

Although the exact role of cellular microparticles remains partially understood, there is increasing evidence to suggest an active role for microparticles in PH pathophysiology. (ersjournals.com)
In particular, it plays a vital role in the physiological and pathological activities of the three important cells, Endothelial cells, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. (wjgnet.com)
Betaherpesvirus summary While cellular Cdks dont appear to perform a role while in the phosphorylation of Rb during HCMV infection, their action is required for efficient viral replication as evi denced by reduced viral yields inside the presence of a Cdk inhibitor for instance roscovitine or perhaps a dominant damaging Cdk2. (thrombin-inhibitor.com)

In animals, chemerin can increase lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques and exacerbate plaques instability. (biomedcentral.com)
This process is essential for the formation of a primary hemostatic plug (white thrombus) and also for the development of pathological thrombi at site of atherosclerotic plaque rupture [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Exosomes are found in various body fluids and can reflect pathological changes in cells in inaccessible sites such as the brain. (decodeage.com)

For instance, cellular senescence can lead to the development of the senescent secretory phenotype, which contributes to the progression of OA. (decodeage.com)

abnormal cellular crosstalk can lead to the development of cancer and PH [ 4 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
One of the most interesting phenomena that has emerged over the last decade is 'cellular crosstalk', a process by which our cells and organs communicate. (lemalab.co)

However, very little data are available on IS of circulating cells of MetS patients although clinical data show that inhibited mTOR, with specific inhibitors such as Serolimus or Everolimus after kidney transplantation, significantly increase the presence of de novo thrombotic micro-angiopathy with artery lesion characterized by intimal cell proliferation, necrosis and narrowed lumen. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular models serve as invaluable tools for testing new drugs before they undergo clinical trials. (filosofia-internet.net)
The results of this trial should provide valuable information regarding a novel approach to improve biological, and potentially clinical, outcomes post CABG. (frontiersin.org)

These changes in gene expression alter cell metabolism, tissue re-modeling, and even organismal responses such as increases in heart rate and ventilation. (nobelprize.org)
it also allowed the development of complex physiological responses. (nobelprize.org)

The decline in functional capacity is a heterogeneous phenomenon in the elderly. (mdpi.com)

The ultrastructural appearance of necrosis is quite different, the main features being mitochondrial swelling, plasma membrane breakdown and cellular disintegration. (wikipedia.org)

With this experiment, he had shown, in 1930, that insulin increases the permeability of the cell membrane. (iptq.com)

On the other hand, the number of circulating hEPC is increased in hypoxia or acute myocardial infarction (AMI). (intechopen.com)

Consequently, the reports of toxicologic and pharmacologic effects of crude extracts or synthetic derivatives of cannabis published before 1968 lack precision and uniformity and preclude any quantitative correlation between physiological effects and chemical composition. (unodc.org)

exhibiting runners to investigate the inmunosuppressant-related book delphi developers guide to opengl 1999 instrument situation: the presenting Cardiovascular Outcomes in Nova Scotia( ICONS) heart. (augenta.net)
anastomosing Cardiovascular Outcomes in Nova Scotia articles. (augenta.net)

A hormetic response to a stress not only maintains a functional internal environment but also improves it. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

Increased permeability and caveolin-1 (cav-1) expression were observed in monolayer ECs exposed to high glucose. (springer.com)

The life expectancy of our pets has increased significantly in recent years, thanks to progress in veterinary medicine, improvement in general hygiene and better nutrition. (symbiosisonlinepublishing.com)

While these vesicles were once thought to just remove waste from our cells, it was recently discovered that they actually contain a 'cargo' of genetic material that is capable of regulating the cellular pathways of target cells 1 . (lemalab.co)
In an exploratory way, quercetin supplementation could also improve endothelial function by eliminating senescent vascular endothelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
As a result, analogous for the alphaherpesvi ruses, Cdks perform a significant function in viral replication regardless of their inability to phosphorylate Rb, along with the rele vant cellular and viral targets with the Cdks in HCMV infected cells have yet for being recognized. (thrombin-inhibitor.com)

The vertical axis represents relative risk, level of probable pathological organism response where normal level is 1. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
A reduced expression of mTOR may reflect an increased risk of vascular thrombosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolon will help you design a study that answers your specific research questions to improve confidence, reduce the risk of failure, and make more informed decisions, to ultimately save you time. (metabolon.es)
This hypothesis posits that foods associated with an increased urinary acid excretion are deleterious for the skeleton, leading to osteoporosis and enhanced fragility fracture risk. (cambridge.org)
These mutations produce an increase in the intestinal absorption of iron, with the consequent risk of producing an overload in the organism. (hematologiaclinica.net)

The phenomenon of spontaneous regression of the malign tissues has been observed by many investigators. (iptq.com)

Such a system would require coupling of the drug delivery rate with the physiological need by means of some feedback mechanism. (scialert.net)

in fact, the simple accumulation of adipose tissue increases some activities that lead to an increase in ROS production . (fitnessbond.com)
Study shows that Aging is a process marked by the steady accumulation of cellular and tissue damage due to various endogenous and exogenous stressors. (decodeage.com)
In conclusion, this study showed that chemerin enhances the adhesion and migration abilities of EPCs and increases the instability of plaques and abnormal lipid accumulation in ApoE−/− mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Nonetheless, physiological thrombus formation (mural thrombi) is tightly regulated to avoid excessive platelet accumulation at the injury site and vascular obstruction, the principal pathological process causing heart attacks and ischaemic stroke [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In humans, açai supplementation indicated positive results in increasing exhaustion time to 90% of VO and increasing intensity at the anaerobic threshold. (bvsalud.org)

So far CVR-L-Arg has been used to study cerebral endothelial function in many pathological conditions such as stroke, migraine, etc. (hindawi.com)
In conclusion CVR-L-Arg is a promising noninvasive research method that could provide means for evaluation of cerebral endothelial function in physiological and pathological conditions. (hindawi.com)

Resveratrol also down-regulated the increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR, or VEGF receptor-2) induced by high glucose. (springer.com)

That is, it is to keep conditions wihthin a normal functioning range and also improve that functioning. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Indeed, calibrating cellular conditions to the amount of available oxygen is a critical aspect of controlling meta-bolism. (nobelprize.org)

Diseases1

Phenomena and Processes29

Diseases19

Diabetes mellitus2

Processes6

Cardiac5

Hypertension2

Atherosclerosis3

Obesity4

Susceptibility3

Neurodegenerative disorders1

Protein7

Pathway2

Dysfunction2

Mechanisms4

Pathophysiological2

Molecular3

Cerebrovascular1

Alzheimer's1

Inflammatory5

Inflammation1

Disease8

Leptin increases2

Modulation1

Incidence1

Occurs1

Disorders1

Occur3

Functions6

Scaffolds2

Role3

Atherosclerotic2

Body fluids1

Senescence1

Crosstalk2

Clinical3

Responses2

Heterogeneous1

Plasma membrane1

Insulin1

Acute1

Quantitative1

Outcomes2

Functional1

Permeability1

Life expectancy1

Cells3

Risk5

Tissues1

Mechanism1

Accumulation4

Exhaustion1

Function2

Vascular endothelial1

Conditions2