• Prior to the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine to ensure their proper disjunction at anaphase I. Additionally, telomeres tethered at the nuclear envelope cluster in the bouquet configuration where they are subjected to dramatic pulling forces acting from outside of the nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
  • A . Schematic of the bouquet configuration of chromosomes during meiotic prophase I. The spatial arrangement of chromosomes with telomeres clustered and attached at the inner nuclear membrane is shown. (biorxiv.org)
  • Medical researchers have stopped a form of blood cancer in its tracks in mice by engineering and inactivating an enzyme, telomerase, thereby shortening the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Telomerase helps maintain the caps or ends of chromosomes called telomeres, which shrink each time a cell divides and eventually - when the chromosomes get too short - force the cell to essentially commit suicide. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Feb. 5, 2020 To gain an infinite lifespan, cancer cells need to maintain the ends of their chromosomes, known as telomeres. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Nov. 13, 2019 Loops at the ends of telomeres play a vital protective role preventing damage to chromosomes, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Feb. 27, 2019 The tips of our chromosomes have structures called telomeres that prevent our genetic material from unfolding. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Telomeres are the protective caps of our chromosomes and play a central role in the ageing process. (mpg.de)
  • Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that become shorter with each cell division. (mpg.de)
  • One surprising finding is that chronic stress accelerates aging at the cellular level - in the body's telomeres. (psychcentral.com)
  • Telomeres protect chromosome ends from being recognized as DNA damage and chromosomal rearrangements. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • all genes associated with this syndrome (ie, DKC1 , TERT, TERC, NOP10 ) encode proteins in the telomerase complex responsible for maintaining telomeres at the ends of chromosomes regarding shortening length, protection, and replication. (medscape.com)
  • Because telomeres function to maintain chromosomal stability, telomerase has a critical role in preventing cellular senescence and cancer progression. (medscape.com)
  • The telomeres are the DNA-protein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, which serve to protect and stabilize the genome. (lu.se)
  • Normal cellular ageing involves the shortening of telomeres in each cell division. (lu.se)
  • Remarkably, despite the high turnover of microtubules throughout mitosis 2 , the spindle maintains its bipolar structure with the chromosomes at its center and two poles that are separated by the plane of cell division. (nature.com)
  • She's seated primly next to a diagram of chromosome migration during cell division, or mitosis. (harvard.edu)
  • The procedure involved replacing the genes in the original chromosome with synthetic versions and the finished synthesized chromosome was then integrated into a yeast cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. (news-medical.net)
  • Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (news-medical.net)
  • Chromosome 9 likely contains between 800 and 1,300 genes. (news-medical.net)
  • Genes on chromosome 9 are among the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome. (news-medical.net)
  • This study demonstrates that mammalian condensin II functions to organize long-range chromosome contacts and regulate transcription at specific genes. (bepress.com)
  • An Rb-condensin II complex mediates long-range chromosome interactions and influences expression at divergently paired genes" Molecular and Cellular Biology Vol. 40 Iss. (bepress.com)
  • Chromosome 1 likely contains 2,000 to 2,100 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers have identified several possible tumor suppressor genes in the deleted region of chromosome 1, and more research is needed to understand what role these genes play in neuroblastoma development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Genes Chromosomes Cancer. (umassmed.edu)
  • 94: 690-694, 1997), that cellular anti-death genes can alter the pathogenesis of virus infections (Nature Med. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exploring this challenging yet fascinating area of study, Molecular and Cellular Biophysics covers both molecular and cellular structures as well as the biophysical processes that occur in these structures. (routledge.com)
  • After looking at these smaller systems, the author probes the larger cellular structures. (routledge.com)
  • This is the process that was initially used for the Human Genome Project, however due to stability issues, YACs were abandoned for the use of Bacterial artificial chromosome [2] The bakers' yeast S. cerevisiae is one of the most important experimental organisms for studying eukaryotic molecular genetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Yeast expression vectors, such as YACs, YIps (yeast integrating plasmids), and YEps (yeast episomal plasmids), have an advantage over bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) in that they can be used to express eukaryotic proteins that require posttranslational modification. (wikipedia.org)
  • This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
  • DNA topology is dependent on axis proteins during eukaryotic cellular processes. (bham.ac.uk)
  • Analysis of the first TOPII mutants described in plants also revealed a link with HR. Chromosome replication, condensation and segregation phenotypes were consistent with previous studies of TOPII in other organisms. (bham.ac.uk)
  • In the case of chromosomal origin, microtubules instead nucleate around chromosomes and only later attach to kinetochores, as observed in Xenopus cell-free extracts 13 . (nature.com)
  • If you already know about chromosomal evolution or do not care, jump directly to information on Drosera chromosome numbers. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 1. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1q21.1 microdeletion is a chromosomal change in which a small piece of the long (q) arm of chromosome 1 is deleted in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Patients display an increased cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR), a defective V(D)J recombination and an impaired DNA-end ligation process. (lu.se)
  • Meiosis is a specialized cellular program required to create haploid gametes from diploid parent cells. (biorxiv.org)
  • Chromosome segregation errors during meiosis are the leading cause of birth defects and developmental delays in humans ( H assold and H unt 2001 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • Chromosome axis organization is complex during meiosis, when DNA repair needs to be coordinated with homology searching and synapsis. (bham.ac.uk)
  • For the first time, we report that TOPII and chromosome movement collaborate in interlock resolution during meiosis, confirming predictions from decades ago. (bham.ac.uk)
  • The mitotic spindle ensures the faithful segregation of chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • In toto , our results show that the connection between centrosomes and chromosomes is mediated by an anchoring into the entire spindle network and that any direct connections through KMTs are few and likely very transient. (nature.com)
  • The mitotic spindle is a dynamic microtubule-based apparatus that ensures the segregation of chromosomes during cell division. (nature.com)
  • If the role of KMTs is to mediate forces between chromosomes and spindle poles, they need to somehow connect to the centrosomes. (nature.com)
  • As part of his research, Murray studies a singular element of this cellular magic, the spindle checkpoint. (harvard.edu)
  • A spindle "knows" it has found a chromosome when it connects with the chromosome's hubcap-shaped midsection, known as the centromere. (harvard.edu)
  • With the insertion of a YAC into yeast cells, they can be propagated as linear artificial chromosomes, cloning the inserted regions of DNA in the process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosome 9 is made up of about 140 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (news-medical.net)
  • [5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
  • Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomes got their name by early cell biologists when they observed certain dark-staining objects in dividing cells. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • In human dividing cells 46 chromosomes can be observed. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome, spanning about 249 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and representing approximately 8 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The professor of molecular and cellular biology is giving a talk in the Science Center about cells and their chromosomes. (harvard.edu)
  • Instead of the requisite 46 chromosomes per normal cell, cancer cells may have as many as 80. (harvard.edu)
  • Normally, dividing cells form a single metaphase plate of paired chromosomes which are pulled apart by opposing microtubule spindles. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • We have reported that many insults can trigger cells to activate a cellular death pathway (Nature, 361:739-742, 1993), that several viruses encode proteins to block attempted cell suicide (Proc. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • We have now demonstrated fragmented centrosomes, disrupted mitotic spindles and aneuploid chromosome number at those doses. (cdc.gov)
  • With this completed, two processes can be used to obtain a sequenced genome, or region of interest: Physical Mapping [6] Chromosome Walking This is significant in that it allows for the detailed mapping of specific regions of the genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The more similar the chromosomes (the genome and epigenome as well as chromosome number) the more likely hybrids will form and reproduce but also the more likely the net result will only be the introgression of genetic material from one species to the other. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • and protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region. (nih.gov)
  • This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)
  • It functions as a negative regulator of CELL PROLIFERATION and NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION and is commonly fused with cellular abl protein to form BCR-ABL FUSION PROTEINS in PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME positive LEUKEMIA patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Y chromosome-linked variation affects locomotor activity in male Drosophila melanogaster and is robust to differences in thermal environment. (harvard.edu)
  • In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
  • It was not until the early 20 th century that it was demonstrated that chromosomes contain the material of hereditary and it took until the middle 20 th century to determine that DNA in chromosomes was the principle coding molecule of heredity. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Because of their surface charge, asbestos fibers can adsorb to cellular macromolecules (proteins, DNA, RNA) and cell surface proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • Each chromosome consists of one very long molecule of DNA twisted around proteins. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Inner nuclear membrane proteins interact with chromosomes in the nucleus and are important for chromosome activity. (nih.gov)
  • Mutations of LEM-domain proteins are associated with laminopathy, but their cellular functions remain unclear. (nih.gov)
  • DAPI ready made solution For Nuclear counterstain in immunoflourecence microscopy, High Content Screening (HCS), Chromosome staining and flow cytometry (FACS). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. (mcw.edu)
  • [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
  • Interphase chromosomes are organized into topologically associated domains in order to establish and maintain integrity of transcriptional programs that remain poorly understood. (bepress.com)
  • In addition, RB dependence of condensin II suggests that widespread misregulation of chromosome contacts and transcriptional alterations are a consequence of RB mutation. (bepress.com)
  • Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae[1], which is then ligated into a bacterial plasmid. (wikipedia.org)
  • A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • That genetic material bore the signature of the Y chromosome. (timescolonist.com)
  • The thing is, X-chromosome material from daughters or other women is much harder than Y-chromosome material to pick out from genetic material that is normally found - and expected to be found - in both women and men. (timescolonist.com)
  • In spite of our lack of attention to chromosomes and chromosome numbers in formally defining species, it is the chromosomes and the genetic material they contain that define true species and control the evolution of new species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • 1p36 deletion syndrome is caused by a deletion of genetic material from a specific region in the short (p) arm of chromosome 1. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A 1q21.1 microduplication is a copied (duplicated) segment of genetic material at position q21.1 on one of the two copies of chromosome 1 in each cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Interestingly, cell death regulators also regulate many other cellular processes prior to a death stimulus, including neuronal activity, mitochondrial dynamics and energetics. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
  • During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several studies have shown IDPs involved by suspicious cellular proliferations seen on CNB are more commonly associated with cancer upon excision than IDPs without atypia diagnosed on CNB (see Prognosis and Predictive Factors ). (medscape.com)
  • X chromosome associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and related phenotypes: an X chromosome-wide association study. (harvard.edu)
  • We feature research from the structure and function of chromatin to the dynamics of chromosome movement during cell division. (mcb-seattle.edu)
  • The scope of the systems covered ranges from cellular to tissue, organ, systems studies, and up to populational dynamics. (nih.gov)
  • Whole human chromosomes have been examined, such as the X chromosome, generating the location of genetic markers for numerous genetic disorders and traits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Orthologous to human SMC5 (structural maintenance of chromosomes 5). (nih.gov)
  • This course element will cover the medically and clinically related fundamental principles of cellular and molecular physiology that form the basis for the understanding of pharmacology (use of drugs to treat human disease). (le.ac.uk)
  • The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species. (harvard.edu)
  • Somatic XIST activation and features of X chromosome inactivation in male human cancers. (harvard.edu)
  • It is also reported that human PITX2 insufficiency results in cellular and molecular changes leading to atrial electrical and structural remodeling linked to arrhythmogenesis 6 . (nature.com)
  • If this seed of a human being gets an extra copy of Chromosome 21, the baby will have Down syndrome. (harvard.edu)
  • Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification. (umassmed.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17" by people in this website by year, and whether "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
  • Single-cell sequencing of primate preimplantation embryos reveals chromosome elimination via cellular fragmentation and blastomere exclusion. (ohsu.edu)
  • They also provide a listing of suggested courses for those interested in Gene Expression, Cell Cycle & Chromosome Biology. (mcb-seattle.edu)
  • Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members mediate Ca 2+ influx from cellular stores in plants (Charpentier et al. (elifesciences.org)
  • Two copies of chromosome 9, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (news-medical.net)
  • [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
  • A gene deriving from the ancestral sex chromosomes was lost from the X and retained on the Y chromosome in eutherian mammals. (harvard.edu)
  • The bottom line: Healthy habits may slow aging at the cellular level. (webmd.com)
  • Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cohesin controls X chromosome structure remodeling and X-reactivation during mouse iPSC-reprogramming. (harvard.edu)
  • The 82nd Cold Spring Harbor Symposium focused on Chromosome Segregation & Structure and addressed the enormous progress in our understanding of the nature and behavior of chromosomes during the life cycle of the cell. (cshlpress.com)
  • If an embryo receives an extra copy of any of its 46 chromosomes, other than Chromosome 21, or if a chromosome goes missing, that embryo will either miscarry or die shortly after birth. (harvard.edu)
  • Furthermore, the clonal architecture, meaning the presence and numbers of different cellular populations within the tumor, remained similar over time. (jax.org)
  • If altered, cellular proliferation may be up-regulated because of a poorly functioning or absent tumor suppressor. (medscape.com)
  • The MCB Program has a strong focus on understanding various aspects of chromosome biology. (mcb-seattle.edu)
  • In other cases, individuals have a shorter or longer duplicated segment within the q21.1 region of chromosome 1. (medlineplus.gov)