• Metabolism of the widely used insecticide methyl parathion by isolated hepatocytes and various subcellular fractions was compared to determine the effects of cellular integrity on the metabolic profile observed. (cdc.gov)
  • Protein kinase A type II activation is sufficient to control the cellular localization of the water channel aquaporin-2 in the kidney 72 3.3.1. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Subcellular localization critically influences protein function, and cells control protein localization to regulate biological processes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Protein function is critically determined by subcellular localization, as organelles offer different chemical environments and interaction partners. (elifesciences.org)
  • In order to regulate protein activity, many biological processes involve changes in protein subcellular localization. (elifesciences.org)
  • An N-terminal arginine-rich cluster and a proline-alanine-threonine repeat region determine the cellular localization of the herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP34.5 protein and its ligand, protein phosphatase 1. (omeka.net)
  • Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (wakehealth.edu)
  • The cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system of the mammalian lung is known to be associated with the microsomal subcellular fraction and has been demonstrated in two pulmonary cell types rich in endoplasmic reticulum: Clara cells and type II pneumocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Comparative metabolism of methyl parathion in intact and subcellular fractions of isolated rat hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • It is very convenient to work with subcellular fractions that can be stored indefinitely, but the harsh processing of tissue to generate microsomes, as well as the requirements for exogenous cofactors, may create an altered milieu for metabolism. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The conformation of the active site of the enzyme is a key determinant of binding affinity ( K m ), so we also wanted to investigate metabolism in an intact cellular system in which the enzyme is maintained as close as possible to the environment in situ . (aspetjournals.org)
  • and the unbound fraction of a drug is the portion available for metabolism. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Microsomes are sub-cellular liver fractions containing phase I enzymes and are the most commonly used reagent for determining stability as most drugs undergo CYP-mediated metabolism. (conceptlifesciences.com)
  • Progressive mitochondrial accumulation of incompletely translocated APP caused mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired cellular energy metabolism. (jneurosci.org)
  • These subcellular fractions are helpful to researchers in predicting the hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism of drug compounds to understand their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profile. (kosheeka.com)
  • Out of many subcellular fractions used regularly in a preclinical research setting, microsomes contain a cocktail of most enzymes involved in drug metabolism, including transporter enzymes like cytochrome P450. (kosheeka.com)
  • The subcellular fractions from various strains of rats are recommended for use in drug development and understanding cellular metabolic pathways as predictive test systems to evaluate the route of metabolism of drug components in the liver and in extra-hepatic tissues. (kosheeka.com)
  • Mitochondria are multifaceted organelles with key roles in anabolic and catabolic metabolism, bioenergetics, cellular signalling and nutrient sensing, and programmed cell death processes. (nature.com)
  • The chromatographic method was used to determine metabolic profiles of methyl parathion in isolated rat hepatocytes, sonicated hepatocytes, p postmitochondrial fraction, microsomes, and cytosol. (cdc.gov)
  • Subcellular fractions like S9, cytosol, and microsomes obtained from tissues of different animals of choice can be used as a suitable test system to understand drug development metabolic pathways. (kosheeka.com)
  • We also offer pooled/single donor fractions of S9, microsomes, and cytosols from non-human primates like monkeys, dogs, etc. (kosheeka.com)
  • Immunoblots (Western) of tracheal homogenates yielded no evidence for epitopes other than those in microsomal fractions from whole lung. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In hepatocytes, GLUT‐2 occurred in a low‐density microsomal (LDM) fraction at a significant concentration, and as much as 15% of cellular GLUT‐2 was found intracellularly that cannot be accounted for by plasma membrane contamination. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • At the same time, S9 fractions are a mix of cytosolic and microsomal enzymes, mostly expressing a number of phases I and phase II enzymes. (kosheeka.com)
  • Proteins that are found exclusively or predominantly in a sub-cellular location will be more enriched in a lysate of the sub-cellular fraction compared with whole cell or tissue lysates. (abcam.com)
  • It is a key method for isolating and analyzing the cells, sub-cellular fractions, supra-molecule complexes, and isolated macro-molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. (universe84a.com)
  • Thus, the toxicity of (E)-2,4-diene VPA might be produced via either GST-promoted depletion of cellular GSH, or a direct modification of key proteins, or both. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Loading controls can be general whole cell proteins or specific markers for subcellular fractions (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria, membrane). (novusbio.com)
  • A crucial development in this area is the requirement to isolate subcellular proteins from cultivated cells. (marketdataforecast.com)
  • Membraneless intracellular compartments formed through liquid-liquid phase separation from the surrounding CYTOPLASM or nucleoplasm or by the concentration of proteins and nucleic acids into droplets as they aggregate on static cellular structures such as CELL MEMBRANES. (bvsalud.org)
  • Please consult our separate protocols for sub-cellular fractionation. (abcam.com)
  • The S. cerevisiae Mdm12p was localized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and by subcellular fractionation and immunodetection to the mitochondrial outer membrane and displayed biochemical properties of an integral membrane protein. (rupress.org)
  • Heart sub-cellular fractionation 43 2.3.2. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Cell fractionation is a technique for separating cellular components while maintaining their distinct functions. (marketdataforecast.com)
  • The demand for pure cellular fractions has prompted the development of novel methods, allowing participants in the cell fractionation market to increase their options. (marketdataforecast.com)
  • Additional processes in which mitochondria are involved include heat production, storage of calcium ions, calcium signaling, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cellular proliferation. (justia.com)
  • Purified pea leaf vacuoles contained an average of 20% of the total cellular folate compared with similar to 50 and similar to 10%, respectively, in mitochondria and chloroplasts. (univpm.it)
  • In HepG2 cells which express GLUT‐1 and GLUT‐2, the two isoforms showed distinct subcellular distribution patterns: GLUT‐2 was highly concentrated in LDM while very little GLUT‐1 was found in this fraction, indicating that a large portion of GLUT‐2 occurs in intracellular organelles. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS . (nih.gov)
  • It is a part of a new panel of reagents, which recognizes subcellular organelles or compartments of human cells. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • The intensity of labeling of AER in Clara cells with anti-R and anti-2, but not anti-5, appeared to correlate positively with the cellular content of secretory granules. (aspetjournals.org)
  • abstract = "The subcellular distribution of glucose transporters in rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells was studied in the absence and in the presence of insulin. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Additional studies were conducted to determine the subcellular distribution and the chemical nature of the LTC 4 binding site in V79 cells. (uky.edu)
  • In tests to examine the subcellular location of LTC 4 binding, plasma membrane and nuclear fractions were obtained from V79 cells. (uky.edu)
  • In contrast to Scatchard analyses of LTC 4 binding to intact cells which were curvilinear, Scatchard analyses of nuclear and plasma membrane fractions were linear, indicative of the presence in these cellular substituents of low and high-affinity binding, respectively. (uky.edu)
  • Today, many preclinical research domains depend upon cell-based in vitro assays requiring either primary cells/cell-based models or subcellular fractions isolated from various species to analyze drug metabolic activities. (kosheeka.com)
  • In addition to direct viral sensing, cells have also evolved ways to detect the indirect effects of virus infection, such as nuclear or mitochondrial damage caused by the heavy cellular burden imposed by virus replication. (nature.com)
  • Quantitatively, GSH conjugates formed in the cytosolic fraction were 23-fold that of control. (aspetjournals.org)
  • An additional 1.5-fold enhancement was observed in the cytosolic fraction from PB-treated rats. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Here I pursued my scientific interests in subcellular protein localisation, bioinformatics, and mathematical modelling. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Isolated hepatocytes produced significantly more desmethyl parathion and p-nitrophenyl sulfate than the subcellular preparations, demonstrating that cellular integrity significantly affects the quantitative metabolic profile observed. (cdc.gov)
  • However, analysis of ultracellular fractions, isolated cell preparations, or light microscopic immunohistochemical studies of tissue sections has permitted only limited resolution of the distribution of this enzyme system within the 40 or more cell types of the lung. (aspetjournals.org)
  • It can be used to stain the nuclei in cell or tissue preparations and can be used as a nuclear marker in subcellular fractions. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • The molecular mechanisms and cellular components that mediate this mitochondrial inheritance are beginning to be elucidated through the analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants exhibiting specific defects in mitochondrial distribution. (rupress.org)
  • Characterization of some of the mdm mutants has indicated that mitochondrial inheritance is a specific, active process that depends on a number of novel cellular components ( Yaffe, 1996 ). (rupress.org)
  • Therefore, we have used the greater resolving power of transmission electron microscopy and immunogold labeling to characterize the cellular and subcellular distribution of the cytochrome P-450 system in the lung. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Based on this work I won a fellowship from the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies to investigate the subcellular localisation of maize auxin biosynthesis at Dankook University in Seoul which lead to a publication that showed for the first time that both steps of the TAA/YUC pathway of auxin biosynthesis can be ER-localised. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Subcellular Fractions" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
  • Rejuvenation therapies aim to reverse or repair age-related cellular changes such as molecular waste, calcification , tissue stiffening , loss of stem cell function , genetic alterations, and impaired energy production . (fightaging.org)
  • From day one you'll be building your own knowledge and skills to develop a firm foundation in the molecular and cellular aspects of biology and the principles of drug action. (hud.ac.uk)
  • Using the circadian model organism Neurospora crassa , we show that molecular timekeeping is robust even under severe limitation of carbon sources, however, stoichiometry, phosphorylation and subcellular distribution of the key clock components display drastic alterations. (datadryad.org)
  • In this study, GST activities were detected in the hepatic cytosolic and sonic-disrupted mitoplast fractions isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats by using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The three main pathways used to generate energy in eukaryotic organisms are glycolysis and the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, both components of cellular respiration, and beta-oxidation. (justia.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Plus-strand RNA viruses have evolved numerous ways to limit or block these cellular immune pathways. (nature.com)
  • ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes. (justia.com)
  • Most common loading control targets are highly expressed constitutive genes required for basic cellular processes and cellular vitality (housekeeping genes). (novusbio.com)
  • The TSPO was first identified as a peripheral tissue diazepam binding site [known as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR)] and since then it has been implicated in many cellular processes. (aopwiki.org)
  • We conclude that simple surrogates of dose can cause processes are expected to significantly affect the cellular dose. (cdc.gov)
  • We demand to characterize the hazard potential of the considerable develop these ideas by introducing the concept of cellular dose number of nanomaterials that have been or will be produced is in vitro as an important dose metric and by integrating aspects of material science, solution physics, and kinetics to present the 1 factors and processes affecting the cellular dose for particles. (cdc.gov)
  • Ceramides (N-acylsphingosine) are one of the hydrolysis byproducts of sphingomyelin by the enzyme sphingomyelinase (sphingomyelin phosphorylcholine phosphohydrolase E.C.3.1.4.12) which has been identified in the subcellular fractions of human epidermis (PMID 25935) and many other tissues. (foodb.ca)
  • Influence of membrane lipid composition on cellular process i.e. (edu.au)
  • Due to its unique composition, S9 subcellular fractions are highly used in many drugs metabolic studies and pharmacokinetic studies. (kosheeka.com)
  • These organisms are able to use light energy to drive the oxidation of water, and a fraction of the electrons produced by this reaction are transferred to the extracellular environment, where they can be used to reduce an anode. (wikipedia.org)
  • The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide is known as cellular respiration and can produce about 30 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose. (justia.com)
  • Biological photovoltaics, also called biophotovoltaics or BPV, is an energy-generating technology which uses oxygenic photoautotrophic organisms, or fractions thereof, to harvest light energy and produce electrical power. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because other cellular components required for repair are absent, biological photovoltaic systems based on isolated photosystems have relatively short lifetimes (a few hours) and often require low temperatures to improve stability. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sub-cellular fractions of photosynthetic organisms, such as purified thylakoid membranes, can also be used in biological photovoltaic systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • We illustrate where such mechanisms of pattern formation arise in biological systems from cellular to tissue scales, with an emphasis on morphogenesis. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • Insulin treatment did not change the subcellular distribution patterns of glucose transporters in both cell types. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • They can also be synthesized from serine and palmitate in a de novo pathway and are regarded as important cellular signals for inducing apoptosis (PMID 14998372). (foodb.ca)
  • Substrate specific trypsin activity and western blotting from both sub-cellular fractions over the time course of pancreatitis and multiple fractions prepared from 1 h caerulein induced pancreatic tissue revealed that trypsin activity observed at 1 h occured in a zymogen enriched fraction. (uni-greifswald.de)
  • Plasma membrane contamination into subcellular fractions was assessed by measuring distribution of 5′‐nucleotidase and cell surface carbohydrate label. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • The circadian clock governs rhythmic cellular functions by driving expression of a substantial fraction of the genome and thereby significantly contributes to the adaptation to changing environmental conditions. (datadryad.org)
  • 2005), delivery are accounted for, trends and magnitude of the cellular dose little attention has been devoted to a critical examination of their as a function of particle size and density differ significantly from those implied by ``concentration'' doses. (cdc.gov)
  • As a group, cytoplasmic chemoreceptors are reported to mediate tactic responses to diverse conditions, including to increased cellular energy stores (2, 3), redox conditions (4, 5), and metabolites (6), although significant gaps remain in our understanding of what they sense and how they function (1). (azadright.com)
  • The mechanisms of cellular excitability and propagation of electrical signals in the cardiac muscle are very important functionally and pathologically. (bvsalud.org)
  • Compartmentalization of cellular signaling in cardiac myocytes 15 1.6.1. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Analysis of subcellular fractions of pea leaves and red beet roots established that GGH activity is confined to the vacuole and that this activity, if not so sequestered, would deglutamylate all cellular folylpolyglutamates within minutes. (univpm.it)
  • These samples would be pooled and processed by using available technology to isolate virus particles en masse, recover viral nucleic acids, produce amplified shotgun libraries, carry out shotgun sequencing of the mixture of viral genomes, and reconstruct these genomes in silico with the techniques originally developed to sequence the entire human genome from random fragments. (cdc.gov)
  • He localized the biologic activity to a fraction of lipid soluble acids that he termed "prostaglandin," hypothesizing that these substances originate in the prostate gland. (medscape.com)
  • Cellular dose then is also a function of these nanomaterials that have been proposed (Holsapple et al. (cdc.gov)