• Senescent cells are characterized by an upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, which is termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). (nature.com)
  • Senescent cells cause harm through what is known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) , the secretion of signals that spur inflammation, tissue modeling, and alterations in cellular behavior. (fightaging.org)
  • In alcoholic chronic liver disease, there is an increased cortisol secretion rate with impaired cortisol metabolism, instead of impaired cortisol secretion, and that is actually leading to increased cortisol levels. (medscape.com)
  • Omeprazole blocks secretion of acid at the parietal cell membrane by irreversibly binding to the proton pump of the cell. (medi-vet.com)
  • In this study, we performed a serial of studies to investigate how Chl1 affects insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. (lu.se)
  • Silencing of Chl1 in INS-1 cells was done to assess its impact on the insulin secretion, content, cell viability, and apoptosis. (lu.se)
  • Silencing of Chl1 in INS-1 cells markedly reduced insulin content and secretion. (lu.se)
  • Silencing of Chl1 impairs β-cell function by disrupting the activity of key signaling pathways of importance for insulin biosynthesis and secretion. (lu.se)
  • This is accompanied by increased, VAMP3-dependent secretion of MT1-MMP, enhanced degradation of extracellular matrix, and increased cell invasion. (nature.com)
  • We show that loss of WDFY2 leads to enhanced secretion of MT1-MMP and allows cells to actively invade into ECM. (nature.com)
  • We have demonstrated the use of these methods to identify potential new and known targets for engineering improved growth and IgG production, as well as the general observation that CHO cells seem to have less strict transcriptional regulation of protein secretion than healthy mouse cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The RECON of the secretory pathway represents a strong tool for interpretation of data related to protein secretion as illustrated with transcriptomic data of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, the main platform for mammalian protein production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To our knowledge, so far none has built dedicated RECONs of the protein secretion pathway with a focus on the secretory components and regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Different rates of calcium carbonate secretion determine the shape of the shell, while different amounts of pigment result in a pattern unique to each species. (scienceblog.com)
  • For instance, shell ridges result from one cell increasing calcium carbonate secretion while depressing secretion from surrounding cells. (scienceblog.com)
  • With striped shells, a pigment-secreting cell inhibits secretion of pigment by neighboring cells but not itself, so that the same pattern is repeated day after day, yielding a stripe. (scienceblog.com)
  • Traveling wave" patterns of diamonds, zigzags, arrowheads, and other shapes come about when a pigment inhibits future secretion at that site but excites secretion in surrounding cells, so that pigment moves laterally on successive days like a wave. (scienceblog.com)
  • The ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of secretory neuroepithelial cells, is the site of synthesis of aqueous humor (inflow system), and it regulates its secretion by the coordinated action of a complex transport system that involves ion channels and active transporters. (yale.edu)
  • A balance between the rates of secretion and drainage of the aqueous humor determines the level of intraocular pressure. (yale.edu)
  • The most effective way to lower intraocular pressure is by targeting the inflow system with drugs that reduce the rate of secretion of aqueous humor. (yale.edu)
  • The ocular ciliary epithelium as a novel endocrine secretory epithelium: The secretion of aqueous humor and the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are physiologically and pathophysiologically important processes for the integrity and normal function of the mammalian eye. (yale.edu)
  • The ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of secretory neuroepithelial cells, is the site of synthesis of aqueous humor (inflow system), and regulates its secretion by the coordinated action of a complex transport system involving ion channels and active ion secretion, from the stromal to the aqueous-humor surface, followed by osmotic water movement. (yale.edu)
  • A balance between the rates of secretion and drainage of the aqueous humor determines the level of IOP. (yale.edu)
  • Interleukin (IL)-1 impairs insulin secretion and induces β-cell apoptosis. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Mutant V.24.1, a member of the End4 complementation group of temperature-sensitive CHO cells, is defective in secretion at the restrictive temperature (Wang, R.-H., P. A. Colbaugh, C.-Y. Kao, E. A. Rutledge, and R. K. Draper. (rupress.org)
  • First, the block in secretion is not due to aberrant folding or oligomerization of secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum because the hemagglutinin of influenza virus folded and oligomerized at the same rate in mutant and parental cells at the restrictive temperature. (rupress.org)
  • There has been a large amount of work investigating the effect of different secretion signals on the secretory expression levels of recombinant proteins in yeast systems (e.g. see Ghosalkar et al, 2008). (ukri.org)
  • Whilst there has been some work undertaken in this area in mammalian cells, surprisingly little published work is publically available with regard to how much effect the choice of signal pepide has on the level of synthesis and secretion of recombinant biotherapeutic proteins expressed in mammalian cell systems. (ukri.org)
  • Ultimately we will use these results to develop a signal peptide system that can be generically utilised to enhance monoclonal antibody synthesis and secretion in CHO cells in both transient and stable expression systems above the levels that are currently routinely achieved. (ukri.org)
  • The changes in C-peptide with teplizumab treatment were associated with increases in partially exhausted memory KLRG1 + TIGIT + CD8 + T cells (r = 0.44, P = 0.014) that showed reduced secretion of IFN and TNF. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Finally, TCF7L2 polymorphisms have been associated with impaired insulin secretion, glucose production, and glucose tolerance via direct effects on pancreatic islet beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • According to recent data, Ras-transformed cells require autophagy to survive and maintain malignant phenotype [ 5 - 10 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • We also demonstrated that in an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome, which exhibit dry mouth symptoms, that hDPSCs-EVs could inhibit the acquisition of the senescent phenotype in salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) and alleviate the loss of glandular function. (lu.se)
  • In this Commentary, I review evidence in favor of the idea that partitioning of TMDs into bilayer domains that are endowed with distinct physico-chemical properties plays a pivotal role in the transport of membrane proteins within the early secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
  • Recent studies demonstrated that an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) produced by activated T cells after exposure to antigens of M . tuberculosis , early secretory antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6), and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) is a specific method for identifying M . tuberculosis infection ( 7 - 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Their functions are diverse, including protection of the mucosa, thickening of the mucus, and increasing epithelial healing rates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evidence has been presented that TFF3 isolated from milk strongly correlates with downregulation of IL-6 and IL-8 in human intestinal epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the other hand, TFF3 activated the epithelial cells in culture to produce beta defensins 2 (hBD2) and beta defensins 4 (hBD4). (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings suggest that TFF can activate intestinal epithelial cells and could actively participate in the immune system of breastfed babies by inducing the production of peptides related to innate defence, such as defensins. (wikipedia.org)
  • During lactation, TFF3 secreted in human milk may activate intestinal epithelial cells through PAR-2 receptors, which in turn induces hBD2 and hBD4 expression and cytokine regulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • These effects were partially mediated through enhanced TGF-β signaling, which contributes to tissue fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. (jci.org)
  • In some epithelial cells, which morphologically and functionally polarize in relation to different behaviours in ion transport [ 9 ], it is likely that a functional specialization of the glycoconjugates is observed on the basolateral surface. (hindawi.com)
  • We show here that, like SRC-2, SRC-3 is expressed in the epithelial and stromal cellular compartments of the human endometrium during the proliferative and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle as well as in cultured HESCs. (frontiersin.org)
  • A ) Probiotic bacteria can hinder the adsorption process via directly binding to the virus and inhibiting entry into epithelial cells. (news-medical.net)
  • B ) Binding of probiotic bacteria to the epithelial surface can cause steric hindrance and block the virus's attachment to the host cell receptor. (news-medical.net)
  • E ) Upon virus attack in epithelial cells, probiotics mediate their antiviral effects by eliciting immune responses by activating macrophages and dendritic cells. (news-medical.net)
  • The stomach and intestine are unique among endodermal organs in that they harbor large numbers of adult stem/progenitor cells that constantly produce epithelial cells, including hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells (Barker et al. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • irregular epithelial cell extrusion was also observed, assisting our in vitro results. (mindunwindart.com)
  • We hypothesize that, in Sec10-KD cells, the disrupted exocyst activity results in increased apoptotic level of sensitivity through defective main cilia signaling and that, in combination with an increased basal cell extrusion rate, it impacts epithelial hurdle homeostasis and integrity. (mindunwindart.com)
  • To gauge the spindle perspectives, in kidney epithelia was attained by mating Sec10FL mice with Ksp1.3-Cre mice (9), which expresses SecinH3 Cre recombinase in epithelial cells produced from the ureteric bud. (mindunwindart.com)
  • Phenotypic salivary gland cell epithelial markers (e.g. (lu.se)
  • In conclusion, hDPSCs-EVs reduced senescence of salivary gland epithelial cells in both murine irradiation and Sjögren's syndrome models and may become a promising future for xerostomia patients. (lu.se)
  • In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
  • We further detected the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in Mφ and genes related to cell differentiation in MSC during the challenge of cPE.Our results demonstrated that the oxidative phosphorylation of Mφ exposed to cPE was significantly decreased when compared with the control group. (stanford.edu)
  • The glycoconjugates, which are essential components of the glycocalyx of many cell types, take part in many functions, including osmoregulation, cell to cell recognition, binding of hormones, protection of cells from phagocytosis and dehydration, differentiation, defense, and ion transport [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This lesson is part of the anatomy and physiology of the lactating breast series and aims to understand the physiological breast changes from neonate to the end of pregnancy, focusing on breast growth during pregnancy known as secretory differentiation. (medela.ch)
  • These regenerative technologies include directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells and direct conversion from non-β cells such as liver cells, acinar cells, and others (Hebrok, 2012, Johannesson et al. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • We further detected the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in Mφ and genes related to cell differentiation in MSC during the challenge of cPE. (bvsalud.org)
  • Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
  • In this study, highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted, classified in relation to normal B-cell differentiation [1]. (lu.se)
  • Adipocyte-derived factors involved in tumor progression include proteins such as adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, and ECM components that control tumor cell behavior within the tumor microenvironment. (jci.org)
  • In vitro incubated rat islet B cells differ in their individual rates of protein synthesis. (jci.org)
  • The functional significance of this metabolic heterogeneity was assessed by comparing protein synthesis in metabolically responsive and unresponsive subpopulations, shortly after their separation by autofluorescence-activated cell sorting. (jci.org)
  • To define the localization of WDFY2 in the endocytic pathway, we transiently transfected hTERT-RPE1 cells with green flourescent protein (GFP)-WDFY2 and performed structured illumination microscopy (SIM) together with APPL1 and EEA1 visualized with antibodies (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • The elucidation of the cell biology of the secretory machinery is of great importance, as it drives protein expression for biopharmaceutical industry, a 140 billion USD global market. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By employing our mouse RECON to the CHO-K1 genome in a comparative genomic approach, we could reconstruct the protein secretory pathway of CHO cells counting 764 CHO components. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In humans, malfunctions in secretory components can result in Huntington's, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease, and protein specific misfolding can lead to cystic fibrosis and antitrypsin deficiency [ 42 , 48 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On days 0, 7, 14 and 28 following surgery, the changes in the post-limb mechanical claw threshold, the phospholipase A2 (PLA2), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA expression levels, the secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) expression, the IL-6 and TNF-α content, the nuclear factor (NF)-κBp65 protein expression level in the nucleus pulposus, and the apoptotic rate of the nucleus pulposus cells were detected. (iasp-pain.org)
  • In the exercise intervention group, the hind paw withdrawal threshold increased and the TNF-α and IL-6 content, sPLA2 expression and PLA2, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA and NF-κBp65 protein expression levels were decreased from day 14 following surgery, and the apoptotic nucleus pulposus cells were decreased from day 7 following surgery, as compared with the model group. (iasp-pain.org)
  • There are also several platforms based on plants and plant cells, but these have not been included in the latest market studies, indicating they have not yet commanded a significant share of commercial protein production capacity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Yeasts are widely used cell factories for commercial heterologous protein production, however, specific productivities are usually tightly coupled to biomass formation. (boku.ac.at)
  • These showed a clear downregulation of genes related to protein translation with decreasing growth rates, thus revealing the yeast translation machinery as cellular engineering target. (boku.ac.at)
  • Furthermore, translation activity, correlating to the obtained secreted recombinant protein yields, selected transcript levels and total protein content were higher in the engineered cells. (boku.ac.at)
  • In the SMC the secretory protein forms a smaller part of the total protein synthesized than in other secretory cells studied. (rupress.org)
  • Secretory proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles and then progress through the Golgi complex before delivery to their final destination. (biologists.com)
  • Further, the coding regions for signal peptides at the mRNA level are known to affect mRNA stability (Knappskog et al, 2007), and protein folding as the presence of non-optimal codons in this region can slow the rate of translation across N-terminal signal sequences to aid correct folding of the secreted protein (Zalucki and Jennings, 2007). (ukri.org)
  • Recent studies have demonstrated that serum levels Inhibin-B, a Sertoli cell secretory protein, are suppressed in the presence of testicular injury. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 17 , 18 ] TCF7L2 protein is increased during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in primary adipocyte stem cells. (medscape.com)
  • This protein is essential for the production and normal function of certain immune cells called regulatory T cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Here, we show that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme of the NAD + salvage pathway, governs the proinflammatory SASP independent of senescence-associated growth arrest. (nature.com)
  • GSEA showed that the insulin-signaling pathway was influenced in Chl1 -silenced cells. (lu.se)
  • On the basis of manual curation of the literature on the yeast, human, and mouse secretory pathway, we have compiled a comprehensive catalogue of characterized proteins with functional annotation and their interconnectivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The secretory pathway has two main functions: 1) performing proper folding and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins e.g. glycosylation and sulfation, and 2) sorting proteins to their final cellular or extracellular destination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The combination of such self-organizational phenomena with canonical intermolecular interactions is most likely to control the release of membrane proteins from the ER into the secretory pathway. (biologists.com)
  • set the stage for the still ongoing debate on the role of bulk flow versus receptor-mediated transport of cargo molecules through the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells. (biologists.com)
  • Currently a small number of classical signal sequences are utilised that originate from secretory proteins, it being accepted that these are likely to be sufficient to target polypeptides to the ER and secretory pathway. (ukri.org)
  • The successful strategy based on the activation of cell death in Ras-expressing cells is associated with the suppression of kinases involved in Ras pathway. (aging-us.com)
  • Senescent ERas cells do not develop cytoprotective autophagy upon inhibition of MEK/ERK pathway due to spatial dissociation of lysosomes and autophagosomes in the senescent cells. (aging-us.com)
  • Our data show that suppression of MEK/ERK pathway in senescent cells provides a new strategy for elimination of Ras-expressing cells. (aging-us.com)
  • Despite a large number of promising inhibitors for Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, recent works show that cancer cells often develop an autophagy-dependent resistance to inhibitors of Ras pathway [ 16 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • But why do the units associated with air as the pathway represent an external concentration, and then those associated with soil and surface water as the pathways represent an internal, mass-based, dose rate? (cdc.gov)
  • C ) Probiotic bacteria releases antimicrobial substances (such as bacteriocins, biosurfactants, lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, organic acids) and intestinal mucins from mucosal cells, which can effectively inhibit virus proliferation. (news-medical.net)
  • 2002). Recent studies showed that intestinal cells could be converted into insulin+ cells with either endocrine-specific deletion of FoxO1 or ubiquitous expression of NPM reprogramming factors (Ngn3, Pdx1, and Mafa) (Bouchi et al. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • Glucose tolerance, C-peptide area under the curve (AUC), and insulin secretory rates were calculated, and relationships to T cell subsets and function were analyzed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Changes in CD8 + T cell subsets indicated that partially exhausted effector cells were associated with clinical response. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The histological hallmarks of chronic inflammation include activated macrophages, fibroblasts, T cell subsets, and other cells of the innate immune system. (bvsalud.org)
  • Comparing HESC controls with HESCs deficient in SRC-3, gene enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed gene set revealed an overrepresentation of genes involved in chromatin remodeling, cell proliferation/motility, and programmed cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, although NPM factors induce insulin+ cells in the intestine, the induced cells appear to lack certain important β cell genes such as Nkx6.1 and exhibit reduced glucose responsiveness compared with pancreatic β cells (Chen et al. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • Following irradiation, SFR decreased while senescence-associated β-galactosidase-positive cells (via immunofluorescences) and senescence-related genes and secretory-phenotypes (e.g., p21 and MMP3 in qRT-PCR) increased. (lu.se)
  • SFR was unchanged following EVs treatment, but senescence-associated genes and secretory-phenotypes decreased. (lu.se)
  • Flow cytometric monitoring of the cellular redox states indicated that islet B cells differ in their individual metabolic responsiveness to glucose. (jci.org)
  • No significant effects on islet cell survival or total islet insulin content were identified. (biorxiv.org)
  • Since adolescents with diabetes that underwent gastric bypass surgery could achieve and maintain better glycemic control without medications, they may have a greater opportunity to recovery islet cell secretory capacity compared to adults. (childrenscolorado.org)
  • [ 16 ] Potential mechanisms through which TCF7L2 variants influence T2DM include its role in adipogenesis, myogenesis, and pancreatic islet development, as well as in beta-cell survival and insulin secretory granule function. (medscape.com)
  • They originate from arachnoid cap cells, which are cells within the thin, spider web-like membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord. (aans.org)
  • Dentin -forming cells, odontoblasts, which originate from the ectomesenchyme, form a single layer of cells between the dentin and pulp. (intelligentdental.com)
  • All tissues originate from stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Similarly, Seahorse XF Glycolytic Rate Assay Kit was used to detect the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and Seahorse XF Real-Time ATP Rate Assay kit was used to detect the real-time ATP production rates from OXPHOS and glycolysis. (stanford.edu)
  • Cancer cells secrete matrix metalloproteinases to remodel the extracellular matrix, which enables them to overcome tissue barriers and form metastases. (nature.com)
  • One of the most life-threatening aspects of cancer is the ability of transformed cells to invade into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring tissue to form metastases 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) plays an important role in cancer cells survival upon various conditions of intra- and extracellular stress. (aging-us.com)
  • During this PhD thesis, we aimed to evaluate whether cell-derived strategies (e.g., extracellular vesicles, EVs) could be a potential new therapy to ameliorate salivary gland injury and restore function after radiotherapy or in autoimmune diseases. (lu.se)
  • The key elements of tissue engineering are stem cells, morphogen, and a scaffold of extracellular matrix. (bvsalud.org)
  • The presence of mononuclear cell aggregates around the ducts and acini of salivary glands results in functional and structural alterations at the level of these glands and impairs their secretory function. (intechopen.com)
  • Native antral endocrine cells share a surprising degree of transcriptional similarity with pancreatic β cells, and expression of β cell reprogramming factors in vivo converts antral cells efficiently into insulin+ cells with close molecular and functional similarity to β cells. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • 1996). Development of gut enteroendocrine and pancreatic endocrine cells also depends on common critical factors, such as Ngn3 (also known as Neurog3) (Gu et al. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • Other systems are used in commercial processes but are less common, including insect cells, yeast, algae, and cell-free expression platforms ( Markets and Markets, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Deletion of the GYP1 gene or overexpression of Gyp1p did not alter the growth rate of yeast. (embl.de)
  • Of the four isoenzymes, beta tryptase is the predominant form stored in the mast cell granule where it is complexed as a tetramer stabilized by proteoglycans namely heparin. (medscape.com)
  • We found reduced basal, maximal and ATP-production coupled respiration rates, and decreased proton leak in Mφ during challenge with cPE. (stanford.edu)
  • Meanwhile, Mφ showed increased basal glycolysis and proton efflux rates (PER) when exposed to cPE. (stanford.edu)
  • A shift from basal to increased NAD(P)H fluorescence occurred for 18% of the cells at 1 mM glucose, for 43% at 5 mM, and for 70% at 20 mM. (jci.org)
  • One of the mechanisms of high basal autophagy activity in cancer Ras-expressing cells might be associated with high PP2A phosphatase activity targeting directly ULK1-Ser757 that could explain apparent contradiction: maintenance of high mTORC1 functions and high autophagic activity simultaneously [ 22 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • Apico-basal polarity appeared normal in Sec10-KD cysts, whereas mitotic spindle perspectives differed significantly from settings, suggesting a planar cell polarity defect. (mindunwindart.com)
  • [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
  • Cells from the glucose-sensitive subpopulation were larger, and presented a threefold higher density of a pale secretory vesicle subtype, which is thought to contain unprocessed proinsulin. (jci.org)
  • They are stable secretory proteins expressed in gastrointestinal mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vitro, long-term exposure to high glucose and the peptide hormone leptin secreted by adipose tissue induce β-cell apoptosis and production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 in β-cells and pancreatic islets, respectively ( 7 , 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • This study showed increased secretory IgA production, and lower proinflammatory cytokine production following infection. (news-medical.net)
  • Over the last three decades, the expression of recombinant proteins in plants and plant cells has been promoted as an alternative cost-effective production platform. (frontiersin.org)
  • Most recombinant proteins are currently produced in prokaryotic cells (mainly the bacterium Escherichia coli ) and a small number of well-characterized mammalian cell lines, such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cell viability, apoptosis, and proliferation rate were not affected. (lu.se)
  • Objective Whilst calcineurin plays important roles in pancreatic β-cell survival, proliferation, and function, the effects of calcineurin inhibitors on human β-cells remain understudied. (biorxiv.org)
  • H ) CD4 + cells differentiate into Th2 cells, which induce B-cells' proliferation that produces antibodies like IgA, IgG, and IgM. (news-medical.net)
  • Our results highlight the crucial role of ETP as an obesity-associated factor that promotes tumor growth in the context of adipocyte interactions with tumor and stromal cells. (jci.org)
  • We hypothesized that impaired immunoregulation and bone regeneration from inflammatory states are associated with glycolytic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages (Mφ) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs).We used the Seahorse XF96 analyzer and real-time qPCR to study the bioenergetics of Mφ and MSCs exposed to cPE. (stanford.edu)
  • We hypothesized that impaired immunoregulation and bone regeneration from inflammatory states are associated with glycolytic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages (Mφ) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). (bvsalud.org)
  • Some researchers are more interested in altering SASP , however, trying to minimize or block the damaging factors while leaving senescent cells present. (fightaging.org)
  • Further, a SASP suppression therapy is something that would have to be taken as medicine on a continuing basis, whereas destruction of senescent cells can happen as a single treatment as needed, say once every few years. (fightaging.org)
  • This gene is a marker of columnar epithelium and is expressed in a variety of tissues including goblet cells of the intestines and colon. (wikipedia.org)
  • The epidermis of the annelids consists of a monolayered epithelium, which contains glandular, supporting, ciliated, and sensory cells. (hindawi.com)
  • The gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium is a highly regenerative tissue with the potential to provide a renewable source of insulin+ cells after undergoing cellular reprogramming. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • Dynamic caspase-3-positive cells which were beyond the spherical monolayer from the cyst epithelium had been regarded basally extruded. (mindunwindart.com)
  • This series aims to develop an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the lactating breast to drive timely and effective secretory activation to establish a copious milk supply through lactation best practices. (medela.ch)
  • Changes in hormone metabolism mediated by exogenous interferences may interfere with the prostatic physiology resulting in changes in the secretory activity of the gland and in the regulation of hormonal receptors. (unesp.br)
  • Not only did these interventions enhance the health of the animals, but lowered the viral load in their lungs and boosted survival rates. (news-medical.net)
  • Info: The drug is a prodrug and is activated in the acidic environment of the secretory tubules in the parietal cells. (mol.go.th)
  • Keratin 5 and Aquaporin 5) increased over time in PCSS (by qRT-PCR), indicating the retention of cells that are necessary for salivary glands' function. (lu.se)
  • There is a high rate of success in retention of teeth by endodontic therapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this context, the different staining patterns observed in epidermal mucous cells hinted at their functional roles with respect to production of mucus with different physical properties. (hindawi.com)
  • The glandular cells in the surface epithelia secrete mucus that is rich in glycans, glycoproteins, and sialic acid residues [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The mucociliary clearance apparatus, an important defense mechanism for clearing the lung of bacteria and foreign particulate matter, is a well-coordinated system consisting of airway secretory cells that produce a sol and gel (or mucus) fluid layer on the airway surface and ciliated cells that propel the mucus out of the lung towards the mouth. (nih.gov)
  • The intracellular transport of glycoproteins pulse-labeled in vitro with tritiated leucine and galactose in the surface mucous lining cells (SMC) of the fundus of the rat stomach was studied by electron microscope autoradiography. (rupress.org)
  • The recruitment of specific cytosolic proteins to intracellular membranes through binding phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) controls such processes as endocytosis, regulated exocytosis, cytoskeletal organization, and cell signaling. (embl.de)
  • It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Renal hemodynamics and the secretory function of the proximal tubule are affected by OTA after prolonged but not by acute exposure. (karger.com)
  • Glycolytic reprogramming, the shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis causes inappropriate cell activation and function, resulting in dysfunctional cellular metabolism. (stanford.edu)
  • The expression of key molecules of β-cell function including Insulin, Pdx1, Gck, Glut2, and Insrβ was down-regulated in Chl1 -silenced cells at transcriptional and translational levels. (lu.se)
  • Accordingly, pregnancy success rates currently achieved by natural or assisted conception for women at high-risk for EPL or RPL can only be increased by an improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control endometrial function during the periimplantation period. (frontiersin.org)
  • Evidence based care, established from an understanding of the basic principles of lactation and mammary gland function is imperative to improve breastfeeding rates and subsequently the health and wellbeing of breastfeeding women, infants', and their families. (medela.ch)
  • Treatment with recombinant IL-1Ra improves glycemia and β-cell function and reduces inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Primary outcome was change in β-cell function after anakinra withdrawal. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • During the course of the disease, β-cell function progressively declines irrespective of treatment with glucose-lowering drugs ( 2 , - 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • IL-1 inhibits the function and induces apoptosis of β-cells ( 9 ) and has been implicated as a mediator of the β-cell destruction leading to type 1 diabetes ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Design Here, we compared the effects of TAC and VCS on the dynamics of insulin secretory function, the programmed cell death rate, and the transcriptomic profile of human islets. (biorxiv.org)
  • We analyzed the effects of a single 14-day course of teplizumab treatment on metabolic function and immune cells among participants in a previously reported randomized controlled trial of nondiabetic relatives at high risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). (elsevierpure.com)
  • A single course of teplizumab had lasting effects on delay of T1D diagnosis and improved beta cell function in high-risk individuals. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group 2021, ' Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals ', Science translational medicine , vol. 13, no. 583, eabc8980. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Salivary gland function was evaluated 18 days after irradiation using salivary gland flow rate (SFR), gene expression (by qRT-PCR) and histopathology. (lu.se)
  • Mutations in the FOXP3 gene impair the normal function of regulatory T cells, making it difficult for the body to turn off immune responses when they are not needed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As such there is the potential to enhance synthesis and secretory levels of biotherapeutic proteins produced from in vitro cultured mammalian cells by a systematic investigation and manipulation of the signal peptides utilised. (ukri.org)
  • Reprogramming of antral stomach cells assembled into bioengineered mini-organs in vitro yielded transplantable units that also suppressed hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, highlighting the potential for development of engineered stomach tissues as a renewable source of functional β cells for glycemic control. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • ETP augmented fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation through recruitment of macrophages and endothelial cells. (jci.org)
  • G ) CD4 + T lymphocytes cells differentiate into Th1, which activates phagocytosis through NK cells and macrophages, promoting pathogen killing. (news-medical.net)
  • This project sets out to test the hypothesis that the synthesis and secretory levels of recombinant biopharmaceuticals, specifically monoclonal antibodies, can be enhanced by manipulation of the N-terminal signal peptide. (ukri.org)
  • Based on their origin, there are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and postnatal or adult stem cells (AS cells). (bvsalud.org)
  • Embryonic stem cells are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of an early, preimplantation stage embryo known as a blastocyst. (bvsalud.org)
  • The underlying mechanism is most probably a blockade of anion conductance in the plasma membrane at nanomolar concentrations of OTA with subsequent disturbance of cellular acid-base homeostasis as shown in cultured kidney cells. (karger.com)
  • Disturbance of cellular pH homeostasis is probably also involved in OTA-induced transformation of cultured kidney cells. (karger.com)
  • We previously demonstrated the critical involvement of SRC-2 in murine embryo implantation as well as in human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) decidualization, a cellular transformation process required for trophoblast invasion and ultimately placentation. (frontiersin.org)
  • These molecular findings are supported at the cellular level by the inability of HESCs to morphologically transform from a stromal fibroblastoid cell to an epithelioid decidual cell when endogenous SRC-3 levels are markedly reduced. (frontiersin.org)
  • The understanding that senescent cells existed and were important in human health and aging started sometime around the discovery and subsequent exploration of the Hayflick limit to cellular replication, in the 1960s. (fightaging.org)
  • By the time that the SENS rejuvenation research proposals were first formalized, more than three decades later, a little after the turn of the century, the research community had a much better understanding of cellular senescence as a phenomenon, as well as a good deal of indirect evidence to show that (a) senescent cells accumulated with age, and (b) their presence contributed to age-related disease and dysfunction. (fightaging.org)
  • Malignant meningiomas (WHO grade III) show increased cellular abnormalities and grow at a faster rate than benign and atypical meningiomas. (aans.org)
  • We studied whether cellular senescence induced by HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate in E1a+cHa-Ras -transformed rat embryo fibroblasts (ERas) and A549 human Ki-Ras mutated lung adenocarcinoma cells would enhance the tumor suppressor effect of MEK/ERK inhibition. (aging-us.com)
  • Treatment of control ERas cells with PD0325901 for 24 h results in mitochondria damage and apoptotic death of a part of cellular population. (aging-us.com)
  • FoxO1 plays a critical role in protecting β cells from cellular stress (Kitamura et al. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • The cell body is located on the pulpal wall of dentin and the cellular process extends into the dentinal tubule within the mineralized dentin. (intelligentdental.com)
  • Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a critical role in progression of cancer by degrading and remodeling ECM, enabling cells to overcome tissue barriers, travel within the circulatory system before extravasating to produce a secondary tumor 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • Even a small number of senescent cells, say 1% of the cells in an organ, can alter tissue structure and the behavior of normal cells to a great enough degree to produce disease symptoms. (fightaging.org)
  • In this and similar ways all of the fundamental forms of cell and tissue damage that cause aging are linked together, feeding from one another, making up a web of interacting forms of damage and consequences. (fightaging.org)
  • Atypical meningiomas (WHO grade II, which account for 18% of meningioma cases) exhibit increased tissue and cell abnormalities. (aans.org)
  • However, most GEP studies have typically been performed on whole tissue samples, containing varying degrees of tumor cell content, which results in uncertainties in data analysis. (lu.se)
  • Postnatal stem cells have been sourced from umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord, bone marrow, peripheral blood, body fat, and almost all body tissues, including the pulp tissue of teeth 8 . (bvsalud.org)
  • These dental stem cells are considered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and possess different levels of capacities to become specific tissue forming cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The researchers traced the trail of brain activity that begins with a mollusk's tongue-like organ called a mantle and leads to the cells that produce the shell and pigmentation. (scienceblog.com)
  • To construct their model, the team studied electron microscope images of mollusk mantles to understand the neurons connecting the sensing cells in the mantle with the secretory cells that produce calcium carbonate and pigmented proteins. (scienceblog.com)
  • This enabled identification of TFs that can be uniquely associated to the tumor cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). (lu.se)
  • Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that modulate cell metabolism and orchestrate the inflammatory responses that involve both resident and recruited cells. (stanford.edu)
  • It is concluded that intercellular differences in metabolic responsiveness result in functional heterogeneity of the pancreatic B cell population. (jci.org)
  • β-Cell mass is reduced through apoptosis ( 5 ) and type 2 diabetes is associated with a low-grade systemic inflammation ( 6 ), but the mechanisms underlying β-cell failure and destruction in type 2 diabetes remain elusive. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The glucose-sensitive subpopulation exhibited four- to fivefold higher rates of insulin synthesis during 60-min incubations at 2.5-10 mM glucose. (jci.org)
  • Its higher biosynthetic activity was mainly caused by recruitment of cells into active synthesis and, to a lesser extent, by higher biosynthetic activity per recruited cell. (jci.org)
  • Firstly, we constructed an in vivo murine model of 25 Gy irradiation-induced salivary gland damage to evaluate the potential of human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSCs)-derived EVs. (lu.se)
  • Regenerative endodontic procedures can be defined as biologically based procedures designed to replace damaged structures, including dentin and root structures, as well as cells of the pulp-dentin complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are limited numbers of publications about ES cells in pulp regeneration, due to the restricted policies regarding ES cell research over the past few years. (bvsalud.org)
  • To date, four types of human dental stem cells have been isolated and characterized: (i) dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) 12 (ii) stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) 21 (iii) stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) 31 (iv) periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) 28 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, Mφ and MSCs exposed to cPE showed upregulated gene expression levels of glycolytic regulators and Mφ exposed to cPE expressed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.This study demonstrated the dysfunctional bioenergetic activity of bone marrow-derived Mφ and MSCs exposed to cPE, which could impair the immunoregulatory properties of cells in the bone niche. (stanford.edu)
  • In recent years, more direct evidence has been established, demonstrations of extended life and improved health in mice resulting from the targeted destruction of senescent cells. (fightaging.org)
  • Since there are so few senescent cells, however, their destruction is a feasible project: if removal can be accomplished in a selective manner, it will not greatly harm an organ. (fightaging.org)
  • Setting aside debates over methodologies and treatments, it is certainly the case that initial results from clearance of senescent cells have invigorated the field, pulling in greater funding and effort. (fightaging.org)
  • Now, however, we're going to be seeing a whole lot more work in the years ahead on the characterization of senescent cells, improved methods of detection and targeting, and better understanding how and where these unwanted cells are contributing to specific age-related conditions. (fightaging.org)
  • Senescent cells are unable to form the autophagolysosomes and to remove the damaged mitochondria resulting in apoptotic death. (aging-us.com)
  • The following instrument will test your knowledge of basic cell biology which began with the discovery of the cell by Robert Hooke in 1665. (proprofs.com)
  • Virchow's observation was a significant contribution to our understanding of cell biology and has been supported by numerous experiments and observations since then. (proprofs.com)
  • However, the complexity of secretory process is difficult to describe using a simple reductionist approach, and therefore a promising avenue is to employ the tools of systems biology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A particularly useful tool is a network reconstruction - a compilation of a list of the known components in a specific area of cell biology and the interaction of said components. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our real contribution was not reproducing the patterns, but showing that the nervous system can do it with one equation," said Oster, a professor of environmental science, policy and management, and molecular and cell biology. (scienceblog.com)
  • The aim of this study was to characterize the nature and regional distribution of the glycoconjugates secreted by epidermal mucous cells in Eisenia foetida (Annelida). (hindawi.com)
  • Histochemical staining properties of glycoconjugates in epidermal mucous cells were determined regionally. (hindawi.com)
  • Most of mucous cells in epidermis of the first region contained both PAS (+) and AB (+) mucosubstances. (hindawi.com)
  • Glycoprotein transport in the surface mucous cells of the rat stomach. (rupress.org)
  • In vivo mucociliary clearance rates can be measured by following the rate of egress of deposited, radiolabeled markers by gamma camera. (nih.gov)
  • Short-acting beta-adrenergic agonists have been shown to enhance mucociliary clearance rates to varying degrees in patients with various lung diseases (eg, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis), although the enhancement is generally less than that seen in the normal lung. (nih.gov)
  • The factors governing the dosimetry of particles can be broadly grouped into two categories, one dealing with the physicochemical properties of the particles and the other with species-specifi c factors such as airway structure, ventilatory level, and mucociliary clearance and alveolar rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Naloxone potentiated the cholecystokinin- induced firing rate response on day 21 of pregnancy but not in 16 d pregnant or virgin rats. (jneurosci.org)
  • We conclude that in late pregnancy, after day 16, endogenous opioids inhibit oxytocin neurons either directly, on their cell bodies, or presynaptically on inputs. (jneurosci.org)
  • show that the antral stomach region of the gastrointestinal tract is particularly amenable to being reprogrammed to a β cell fate because of transcriptional similarity and that bioengineered stomach mini-organs containing reprogrammed cells can rescue hyperglycemia when transplanted into diabetic mice. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • This greatly impacts production processes, which are commonly not run at the maximum growth rate, thereby resulting in suboptimal productivities. (boku.ac.at)
  • Original article published in Cell Stem Cell on February 18, 2016. (diabetesresearchconnection.org)
  • Literature review: This review summarizes current knowledge, barriers, and challenges in the clinical use of adult stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors for the development and evaluation of regenerative endodontic therapies. (bvsalud.org)
  • The major areas of research that might have application in the development of regenerative endodontic techniques are (a) postnatal stem cells, (b) scaffold materials, (c) morphogen/growth factors, (d) implantation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most valuable cells for regenerative endodontics are postnatal or adult stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • A stem cell is commonly defined as a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and produce progeny cells that differentiate (develop) into various other types of cells or tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • This explains why researchers are now focusing attention on developing stem cell therapies using postnatal stem cells donated by the patients themselves or their close relatives. (bvsalud.org)
  • F ) Activation of immune response leads to differentiating CD8 + T lymphocytes into CTLs, capable of destroying virus-infected cells. (news-medical.net)
  • Clinical and cell-based studies as well as investigations on mice have demonstrated pivotal roles for each SRC in numerous physiological and pathophysiological contexts, underscoring their functional pleiotropy. (frontiersin.org)
  • 8] As such, tryptase is specific to mast cell granules and can provide information about mast cell number, distribution, and activation depending on the clinical context. (medscape.com)
  • We also found that SRC-3 depletion in cultured HESCs results in a significant attenuation in the induction of a wide-range of established biomarkers of decidualization, despite exposure of these cells to a deciduogenic stimulus and normal progesterone receptor expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • There was an indication that this may also be related to the rates exposure a cumulative effect or a cumulative effect. (cdc.gov)
  • Then, Fig. 17 is interpreted to indicate that, even thought dose rates for internal absorption in 6-year olds could have been higher than MRL between 1953 and 1973, still no adverse health effects due to soil and water contamination occurred in the past because the exposure levels were always less than the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). (cdc.gov)
  • Second, secretory proteins accumulated in a compartment intermediate between the ER and the Golgi. (rupress.org)
  • Third, at the resolution of fluorescence microscopy, the Golgi complex in the mutant cells vanished at the restrictive temperature. (rupress.org)
  • Furthermore, OTA has a mitogenic potential on rat proximal tubular cells in primary culture if applied in nanomolar concentrations but inhibits cell growth at micromolar concentrations. (karger.com)