• 50% of cases involve the pituitary stalk, often leading to diabetes insipidus. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the basis of these facts, it is understandable that the hypophyseal stalk or posterior pituitary can be a host to all the neoplastic processes that originate from the glial cell series. (ajnr.org)
  • On MR imaging, a posterior pituitary mass, isointense on T1-weighted images (T1WI) and hyperintense on T2-weighted images (T2WI), was identified, without significant involvement of the stalk. (ajnr.org)
  • The imaging study performed before this admission demonstrated a bulky pituitary mass, as well as a bulky stalk with suprasellar extension and attenuated nonhomogenous enhancement. (ajnr.org)
  • They are modified glial cells of empendymal cell lineage located in the neurohypophysis and pituitary stalk. (ajnr.org)
  • The anterior lobe develops Rathke's pouch, and the posterior lobe and pituitary stalk develop from overlaying neural ectoderm. (umich.edu)
  • It is connected through the pituitary stalk with the hypothalamus. (howmed.net)
  • The gland is connected to the hypothalamus in the brain by the pituitary stalk. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Craniopharyngiomas typically grow from the pituitary stalk upward into the third ventricle and cause symptoms similar to pituitary adenomas. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • It is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the Pituitary Stalk. (sabkuchonline.pk)
  • One set sends the hormones they produce down through the pituitary stalk to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland where these hormones are released directly into the bloodstream. (profound-answers.com)
  • The lobes are connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk that contains blood vessels and nerve cell projections (nerve fibers, or axons). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The anterior and posterior lobes constitute 2 distinct parts of the pituitary gland and have distinct embryologic backgrounds. (ajnr.org)
  • The anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary were also highly labeled, as well as the pineal gland. (nih.gov)
  • The pituitary has two lobes, the anterior and the posterior lobe. (tomsk.ru)
  • Each of the two lobes of the pituitary gland contains different types of cells and produces different types of hormones. (tomsk.ru)
  • They are typically produced by tumor cells, but in some cases they may be produced by the body in response to malignancy or to certain benign conditions. (medscape.com)
  • Sometimes, tumor marker values may rise after effective treatment (due to cell lysis), but the increase may not portend treatment failure. (medscape.com)
  • Summary: Astrocytoma, or pituicytoma, of the posterior pituitary is a relatively rare entity consisting of poorly characterized glial tumor cells. (ajnr.org)
  • A review of the literature reveals only a few reports of this tumor, and there has been scanty discussion of the imaging findings of posterior pituitary astrocytomas compared with lesions of the anterior pituitary gland. (ajnr.org)
  • What is a pituitary tumor? (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • A tumor that grows from the pituitary gland is called an adenoma. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • The most common pituitary tumor, a prolactinoma, causes an overproduction of the hormone that helps control sexual function. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Cushing syndrome from excess endogenous cortisol production may also be caused by a benign or malignant adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol or by a benign or malignant non-pituitary corticotropin secreting tumor. (standardofcare.com)
  • Because tumor growth is essentially exponential, with one cell dividing into two, two to four, four to eight, and so on, a tumor cell product such as PSA can reflect such exponential growth-measuring the time it takes for PSA to double (PSA doubling time, or PSADT). (lifeextension.com)
  • A benign tumor on the pituitary gland is one of the causes of this deficiency. (healthcareguys.com)
  • Rates of local tumor control and the incidence of post-treatment pituitary and neurological dysfunction were documented. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although the anterior lobe completely loses its connections with the primitive nasopharynx, the posterior lobe maintains its relationship with the hypothalamus throughout life. (ajnr.org)
  • It has a large anterior lobe (gland cells that produce hormones) and a smaller posterior lobe (nerve cells that release hormones). (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • The pituitary glands are made of the anterior lobe and posterior lobe. (profound-answers.com)
  • The posterior lobe does not produce hormones per se-this is done by nerve cells in the hypothalamus-but it does release them into the circulation. (profound-answers.com)
  • There are various kinds of pituitary tumors: adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, and Rathke's cleft cysts. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Closely related to pituitary adenomas are craniopharyngiomas and Rathke's cleft cysts. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Pituitary and adrenal adenomas that cause endogenous Cushing syndrome affect women approximately 3 to 4 times more commonly than men. (standardofcare.com)
  • Corticotropin secreting corticotroph adenomas account for up to 15% of pituitary tumors with an incidence of 1.6 cases per 1 million persons and are typically small, approximately 6 mm in diameter and are 5 to 10 times as common in women as in men. (standardofcare.com)
  • For example, a prolactinoma grows from prolactin-producing cells. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Prolactin promotes mammary gland development and milk production and influences the secretion of estrogen/progesterone. (sabkuchonline.pk)
  • Prolactin (PRL) granules can be isolated from the anterior pituitary gland of adult cows in nearly 50% yield by use of a procedure previously developed for the fractionation of the rat pituitary. (rupress.org)
  • Faculty in our genetics and cell biology group investigate the genetic basis for animal growth, disease resistance, and nutrient efficiency, and the mechanisms underlying nutrient uptake, cellular differentiation, and lipid secretion. (umd.edu)
  • ACTH) is a 39 amino acid peptide hormone produced by cells of the anterior pituitary gland and carried by the peripheral circulation to its effector organ, the adrenal cortex, where it stimulates the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids and, to a more modest extent. (kembrel.com)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) controls the rate of secretion of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine by the thyroid gland- regulates most intracellular chemical reactions in the body. (sabkuchonline.pk)
  • GnRH is made in the hypothalamus and travels to the pituitary where it stimulates FSH and LH secretion. (libretexts.org)
  • LH binds to Leydig cells to stimulate testosterone secretion and androgen production. (libretexts.org)
  • Luteinizing hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and in males causes the synthesis and secretion of testosterone and androgen. (libretexts.org)
  • 2. Hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that stimulate hormone secretion by the posterior pituitary. (profound-answers.com)
  • Almost all secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by neurohumoral signals from the hypothalamus. (profound-answers.com)
  • How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of growth hormone GH from the anterior pituitary? (profound-answers.com)
  • The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes that produce sperm (or spermatozoa ), ducts that transport the sperm to the penis and glands that add secretions to the sperm to make semen (see diagram 13.2). (wikibooks.org)
  • This is the reason why the testes are located in a bag of skin called the scrotal sacs (or scrotum ) that hangs below the body and where the evaporation of secretions from special glands can further reduce the temperature. (wikibooks.org)
  • Anterior pituitary secretions are regulated by the hormones from hypothalamus , acting through the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system. (howmed.net)
  • Pituitary Gland: An endocrine gland, about the size of a pea, that sits in a small, bony cavity at the base of the brain whose secretions control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation. (sabkuchonline.pk)
  • Adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary (develops from Rathke's pouch) b. (howmed.net)
  • Embryonic precursors of Rathke's pouch, the primordium of the anterior pituitary, give rise to all of the hormone-producing cell types in this tissue. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • While they were studying the effects historical developments in our knowledge of "pancreatic juices" on the duodenal mu- of anatomy and physiology of the thyroid cosa, they isolated a substance, giving it gland. (who.int)
  • We report two cases of posterior pituitary astrocytomas in middle-aged women presenting as focal lesions of the neurohypophysis. (ajnr.org)
  • The neurohypophysis, or posterior pituitary, is an inferior extension of the hypothalamus, which descends to lie in close proximity to the anterior pituitary. (ajnr.org)
  • The cellular composition of the neurohypophysis is that of specialized glial cells (pituicytes) together with their axons. (ajnr.org)
  • The posterior pituitary, being part of the neurohypophysis, harbors specialized glial cells named "pituicytes. (ajnr.org)
  • Neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary (neural tissue outgrowth from hypothalamus) c. (howmed.net)
  • Because the endocrine glands secrete hormones, and the hormones are messengers for actions within the body, if the gland is not functioning properly, hormonal imbalance occurs and the ability to reproduce may be impaired. (nairaland.com)
  • During adulthood, there is a requirement to replenish hormone-producing cells and to expand the populations depending on hormonal demand e.g. during pregnancy. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The reproductive organs of mammals produce the gametes (sperm and egg cells), help them fertilize and then support the developing embryo. (wikibooks.org)
  • Functioning pituitary tumors secrete high levels of hormones and interfere with other body organs. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • The real problem here is that as the Pituitary tells the organs what to do, the organs tell the pituitary when they have had enough . (thebridgeclinic.com)
  • Parenchymal cells in some other organs also contained immunoreactive IFN-alpha. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues from these organs did show immunoreactive IFN-alpha in cells using the immunocytochemical techniques. (gla.ac.uk)
  • This helps to maintain homeostasis and prevent overstimulation of the target cells. (proprofs.com)
  • The function of stem cells in the anterior pituitary gland, their role in homeostasis during life and possible involvement in pituitary tumours remain largely unknown. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • In brief, frozen sections of profiled tumors were examined by hematoxylin-and-eosin, and areas rich in neoplastic cells were cut from the frozen blocks. (nature.com)
  • Beta-hCG and alpha-fetoprotein have proved to be useful markers for ovarian germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Tumors that grow from the pituitary gland can affect the whole body by interfering with normal hormone levels. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • When pituitary tumors grow they can compress the above-mentioned structures and cause symptoms. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • These tumors behave according to their cell of origin and are named for the specific hormone they produce. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors do not secrete hormones. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • These tumors may compress the normal pituitary gland decrease hormone production (hypopituitarism). (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Based on size, pituitary tumors may be classified as microadenomas (less than 10mm) or macroadenomas (larger than 10mm). (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is conflicting evidence on the significance of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) staining in the prognosis of nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NFpitNETs). (bvsalud.org)
  • Measurements of DHEAS provides information about the adrenal gland function and can help with the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression, see therapeutic gene modulation.Regulation of gene expression includes the processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, fertility, growth, and the stress response. (umich.edu)
  • How are anterior & posterior pituitary regulate the functioning of body? (profound-answers.com)
  • Physiologically, iodine is an essential element, required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones - triiodotyronine and thyroxine - which regulate growth, development and cell metabolism. (scienceinschool.org)
  • The mechanisms that regulate the size of the stem cell pool and instruct proliferation and commitment are poorly understood. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Stem cells in both tissues are marked by SOX2 immunostaining (green). (umich.edu)
  • To address if these cells act as stem cells in vivo, we generated an inducible Sox2-C. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Pre-GEPCOT cells could not form neurospheres but expressed the stem cell markers Slc1a3-CreER T , GFAP-CreER T2 , Sox2 CreERT2 , and Gli1 CreERT2 and were long-lived in vivo. (elifesciences.org)
  • We have shown that pituitary stem cells, expressing the transcription factor SOX2, are capable of generating new cells throughout life. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • There are two sets of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that produce hormones. (profound-answers.com)
  • These hormones are released when the hypothalamus sends messages to the pituitary gland through nerve cells. (tomsk.ru)
  • un- provisionally categorized the adrenal gland as nerve tissue like classical BSE, atypical BSE has been detected mainly because of the presence of chromaffi n cells in the medulla in aged cattle and suggested as a possible sporadic form of of the gland. (cdc.gov)
  • These cells in combination with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and normal histiocytes form typical LCH lesions that can be found in almost any organ. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unifocal LCH, also called eosinophilic granuloma (an older term which is now known to be a misnomer), is a disease characterized by an expanding proliferation of Langerhans cells in one organ, where they cause damage called lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is hypothesized that bronchiolar destruction in PLCH is first attributed to the special state of Langerhans cells that induce cytotoxic T-cell responses, and this is further supported by research that has shown an abundance of T-cells in early PLCH lesions that are CD4+ and present early activation markers. (wikipedia.org)
  • 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the adrenal glands, as well as in ovaries, testes, and placenta. (cdc.gov)
  • Now, the problem with the anterior pituitary gland is that it doesn't send signals only to the ovaries. (thebridgeclinic.com)
  • 1 Since very little PSA escapes into the bloodstream from a healthy prostate, an elevated PSA level in the blood indicates an abnormal condition of the prostate gland-which can be either benign or malignant. (lifeextension.com)
  • Neurosphere formation is commonly used as a surrogate for neural stem cell (NSC) function but the relationship between neurosphere-initiating cells (NICs) and NSCs remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
  • Neurons that arise in the adult nervous system originate from neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Neural stem cells have long lives, much of which they spend in a quiescent state. (elifesciences.org)
  • Neural stem cells can also give rise to neural progenitor cells, which proliferate rapidly during their short lives and then 'differentiate' into neurons or glia. (elifesciences.org)
  • Unlike some other tissues, it has not been possible to identify or purify neural stem cells directly from the tissue. (elifesciences.org)
  • Consequently, neural stem and progenitor cells have usually been studied retrospectively, based on their ability to form colonies in laboratory cell cultures. (elifesciences.org)
  • A region of the brain called the subventricular zone contains both neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and is one of only two regions of the brain where neural stem cells are found in adult mammals. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, the exact relationship between neural stem cells and neurosphere-forming cells has been uncertain. (elifesciences.org)
  • have used a technique called flow cytometry to identify and isolate neural stem cells and neurosphere-forming cells directly from the subventricular zone. (elifesciences.org)
  • The neural stem cells, which Mich, Signer et al. (elifesciences.org)
  • The neural elements of the clock are confined to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus, which offers an anatomically-discrete model for studying integrative processes regulating specific aspects of circadian rhythms. (kent.edu)
  • The pituitary gland is a central regulator of critical physiological processes such as metabolism, reproduction, growth and the stress response. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • By targeting your anterior pituitary gland, it can also boost your sexual health, body metabolism, and energy levels. (kidneyurology.org)
  • GH is needed for growth and has important effects on protein, lipids, and carbohydrate metabolism, which are accomplished directly as a result of GH binding to its receptor on target cells or indirectly primarily through insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a hormone secreted from the liver and other tissues in response to GH. (medscape.com)
  • Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in pulsatile manner, and it has important roles in cell growth and metabolism throughout the body. (medscape.com)
  • 0.05) expressed in the cerebellar cortex, piriform lobe, medulla, and corpus callosum of the adult yak while in the young yak brain tissues, the protein expressions were significantly found in the white matter of the cerebellum, pineal gland, corpus callosum, and cerebellar cortex. (scielo.br)
  • The hypothalamic and hypophyseal distribution of the receptor suggests an involvement of apelin in the control of neuro- and adenohypophyseal hormone release, whereas its presence in the pineal gland and in discrete higher brain structures points out to possible roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms and of water and food intake behavior. (nih.gov)
  • citation needed] Multifocal multisystem LCH, also called Letterer-Siwe disease, is an often rapidly progressing disease in which Langerhans Cell cells proliferate in many tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using tissue microarrays and full tissue sections of normal and 448 neoplastic tissues, HE4 immunoreactivity was found in normal glandular epithelium of the female genital tract and breast, the epididymis and vas deferens, respiratory epithelium, distal renal tubules, colonic mucosa, and salivary glands, consistent with HE4 gene expression. (nature.com)
  • Immunoreactive IFN-alpha was also demonstrated in parenchymal cells of thyroid gland, choroid plexus in brain, anterior pituitary gland and adrenal gland in the fetal and infant tissues. (gla.ac.uk)
  • By detecting the levels of hormones produced by glands under the pituitary's control (target glands), the hypothalamus or the pituitary can determine how much stimulation the target glands need. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Conversely, an over-proliferation of cells in the pituitary gland leads to tumours, which in turn can damage healthy pituitary tissue. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • When they are born they are fed on milk excreted from the mammary glands and protected by their parents until they become independent. (wikibooks.org)
  • Each alveoli is lined with a single layer of lactocytes (milk producing cells) that are surrounded by myoepithelial cells. (glowm.com)
  • Milk is secreted into the lumen of the alveoli by lactocytes and this is ejected into the milk ducts when the myoepithelial cells contract in response to the action of the hormone oxytocin. (glowm.com)
  • The anterior pituitary, as well as the pars intermedia and pars tuberalis, originates from the primitive stomodeum, which ascends cranially to the sell turcica. (ajnr.org)
  • So, while central signaling of Avp via the Avpr1b is often considered distinct from its pituitary action, it is important to consider how they may interact. (frontiersin.org)
  • Differences in growth properties of endometrial cancer in three dimensional (3D) culture and 2D cell monolayer. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Thus growth hormone is a diabetogenic hormone producing pituitary diabetes (due to overproduction of glucose and decreased utilization). (howmed.net)
  • Cushing disease can also occur with diffuse growth of the pituitary gland, also called pituitary hyperplasia. (kembrel.com)
  • Growth hormone promotes growth of the entire body by protein formation, cell multiplication, and cell differentiation. (sabkuchonline.pk)
  • this leads to excessive growth of the thyroid gland. (scienceinschool.org)
  • SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that, in comparison with other fractions isolated from the bovine pituitary, the membraneless granules have a simpler polypeptide composition including PRL (approximately 85%), growth hormone (approximately 8%), as well as approximately 13 minor bands with apparent mol wt ranging from 80,000 go 45,000. (rupress.org)
  • growth hormone is released in episodic pulses by cells of the anterior pituitary gland and is an. (cleancoatspaintingllc.com)
  • However, as we age or grow older, our pituitary gland is not producing as much growth hormones as they used to. (healthcareguys.com)
  • GH excess that's present before closure of the epiphyseal growth plates of the long bones causes pituitary gigantism. (medicscientist.com)
  • This speculation, however does not preclude other possible roles for IFN-alpha, such as modulation of cell growth, major histocompitability antigen expression etc. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The majority of the growth-promoting effects of GH are through IGF-1 acting on its target cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 14 ] In addition to its direct effect on the oocytes and/or cumulus cells, GH may also influence oocyte quality indirectly, through activation of insulin-like growth factor-I synthesis or promotion of follicle-stimulating hormone-induced ovarian steroidogenesis (reviewed in [ 15 ] ). (medscape.com)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is a trophic peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. (libretexts.org)