Cells paramecium. Medical search. Frequent questions

As ciliates, paramecia are covered with numerous, short hairlike projections called cilia. (fsu.edu)
For this purpose, based on the coupling of sensing and motile functions of its cilia, Paramecium and other ciliates are able to respond to chemical, mechanical, thermal, or gravitational stimuli by adapting the frequency, coordination, and direction of the ciliary beating (6, 7). (erasingdavid.com)
Paramecium uses cilia in the oral groove to bring food into the mouth pore which goes to the gullet. (erasingdavid.com)
a tiny living thing found in water that is a single cell shaped like a slipper and moves by means of cilia. (erasingdavid.com)
The paramecium uses its cilia to sweep the food along with some water into the cell mouth after it falls into the oral groove. (erasingdavid.com)
The endogenous protein kinases of isolated Paramecium tetraurelia cilia phosphorylated approximately 30 ciliary polypeptides in vitro. (rupress.org)
those purple spikes coming of the purple edge could be cilia, which are little hair-like appendages the paramecium uses as paddles to move around. (blogspot.com)
Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell. (cytochemistry.net)
The primary purpose of cilia in mammalian cells is to move fluid, mucous, or cells over their surface. (cytochemistry.net)
Below is another micrograph of the cell surface showing a number of cilia. (cytochemistry.net)
Cilia and flagella are organized from centrioles that move to the cell periphery. (cytochemistry.net)
Note the numerous cilia projecting from the cell membrane (cm). (cytochemistry.net)
Paramecium have parallel rows of cilia all aligned so that they will beat in the same direction. (cytochemistry.net)
However, in the 1960's rows of cilia/basal bodies were grafted into Paramecium and they were able to show a change in direction of the beat. (cytochemistry.net)
Pellicle - a membrane covering that protects the paramecium like skin Cilia - hair like appendages that help the paramecium move food into the oral groove THE MECHANISM OF THE NEPHRIDIAL APPARATUS OF PARAMECIUM MUL TIMICRONUCLEATUM : I. Trichonympha 4. (santechnik78.ru)
In order to gather its food the paramecium uses its cilia to sweep the The rear opening is called the anal pore. (santechnik78.ru)
Paramecium uses its cilia to collect food along with water into its mouth. (santechnik78.ru)
The ciliates are undoubtedly one of the easiest groups of protists for the nonspecialist to identify since their typical feature is the presence of files or rows of cilia, known as kineties, on the cell surface. (idsemergencymanagement.com)
Most also have a cytostome or "cell mouth" around which oral cilia are arranged. (idsemergencymanagement.com)
Ciliates are the most complex of cells, having an elaborate cytoskeleton, cilia and two different kinds of nuclei. (idsemergencymanagement.com)
The paramecium has an external oral groove lined with cilia and leading to a mouth pore and gullet. (idsemergencymanagement.com)
This photograph shows the large macronucleus and the thin cell membrane covered with cilia (X820). (medscape.com)

Paramecium sonneborni is a species of unicellular organisms belonging to the genus Paramecium of the phylum Ciliophora. (wikipedia.org)
Few organisms rank lower in life than the gelatinous, pond-dwelling paramecium. (discovermagazine.com)
A HELPING HAND Some paramecia develop mutually beneficial relationships with other organisms. (discovermagazine.com)
Most organisms that use intracellular digestion belong to Kingdom Protista, such as amoeba and paramecium. (erasingdavid.com)
Pseudomonas putida is considered one of the more sensitive species for microbial toxicity testing (UBA 1993), and ECHA Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Chapter R.7B state that cell multiplication inhibition tests with P. putida may be used for the calculation of PNECmicro-organisms in cases where no other are available. (europa.eu)
Welcome to this expert article that aims to explore the fascinating world of Paramecium, a group of single-celled organisms found in freshwater environments. (philosophynews.com)
The Paramecium macronucleus plays a critical role in asexual reproduction, which is the predominant mode of reproduction in these organisms. (philosophynews.com)
Understanding the role of the macronucleus provides valuable insights into the biology and physiology of Paramecium and sheds light on the remarkable capabilities of these single-celled organisms. (philosophynews.com)
According to scientists, the world is split into two kinds of organisms - prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - which have two different types of cells . (yahoo.com)
Some organisms consist of only one measly cell, but even so, that cell will either be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. (yahoo.com)
Many eukaryotic organisms are made up of multiple cell types, each containing the same set of DNA blueprints, but which perform different functions,' says Shanle. (yahoo.com)
In nature, the bacteria containing R bodies are shed by a "killer strain" of single-celled organisms called paramecia. (harvard.edu)
Mitosis commonly occurs in somatic cells of multicellular organisms. (differencebetween.net)
Best Answer: Paramecium feed on micro-organisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. (santechnik78.ru)
In other protozoa, and in cells from multicellular organisms, phagocytosis takes place at any point on the cell or feeding takes place by absorption. (idsemergencymanagement.com)
Other living organisms like plants and fungi also consist of cells, but there is one important difference between these cells and those of animals: the cell wall! (outlifeexpert.com)
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells that are part of larger multicellular organisms like humans and animals. (outlifeexpert.com)
In most cases, multicellular organisms are composed of many different cell types that work cooperatively. (outlifeexpert.com)
But whereas plants, animals and fungi are all multicellular organisms, their grouping is defined by their cellular structure, which is partly defined by the presence of a cell wall! (outlifeexpert.com)
Animals are multicellular organisms, and this lifestyle does require a certain "flexibility" of the involved cells. (outlifeexpert.com)
Compared to other living organisms, animals have a high degree of cell differentiation that results in thousands of different cell types. (outlifeexpert.com)

Paramecium bursaria appears green under a microscope because each cell hosts hundreds of chlorella algae that supply the paramecium with sugar and oxygen in exchange for nitrogen and phosphorus. (discovermagazine.com)
Paramecium feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. (erasingdavid.com)
Paramecium can help control algae, bacteria, and other protists that can be found in water. (erasingdavid.com)
Paramecia feed primarily on bacteria, but are known to eat yeast, unicellular algae and even some non-living substances such as milk powder, starch and powdered charcoal, according to "Biology of Paramecium. (erasingdavid.com)
teardrop shapes of black nudge indigo forms resembling paramecium, single-cells, or algae blooms. (icaphila.org)
DeLong and colleagues study chloroviruses, which infect the symbiotic algae found within the cells of microbes such as paramecia. (nationalgeographic.co.uk)
in other groups, such as brown algae and most land plants, cells are interconnected and immobile. (outlifeexpert.com)

Delimiting species boundaries within a PARAPHYLETIC SPECIES Complex: Insights from MORPHOLOGICAL, genetic, and molecular data on PARAMECIUM SONNEBORNI (Paramecium Aurelia species complex, Ciliophora, Protozoa). (wikipedia.org)
Paramecium is a genus of well-known protozoa whose members typically exhibit slipper-like shapes. (fsu.edu)
The number of protozoa is determined by means of a cell counter. (europa.eu)
In a study on the effects of allylamine on cell multiplication in the ciliated protozoa U. parduczi, the 20 h NOEC was determined to be 3,140 mg/L. (europa.eu)
Generally, cells are uninucleate but bi-nucleate condition is seen in certain protozoa like Paramecium. (preservearticles.com)

It initially was named under the genus Paramoecium . (medscape.com)

All other macro- and micronuclei then dissipate, leaving a single nucleus in both cells. (fsu.edu)
Most have different tissues made up of complex cells containing a nucleus and other organelles. (giantmicrobes.com)
The macronucleus is a prominent feature of Paramecium, serving as the primary nucleus responsible for controlling gene expression and cellular functions. (philosophynews.com)
Prokaryotic cells are simpler and lack the eukaryote's membrane-bound organelles and nucleus, which encapsulate the cell's DNA. (yahoo.com)
By separating the large DNA blueprints in the nucleus, certain parts of the blueprint can be utilized to create different cell types from the same set of instructions. (yahoo.com)
Well, according to endosymbiotic theory, it all started about 2 billion years ago, when some large prokaryote managed to create a nucleus by folding its cell membrane in on itself. (yahoo.com)
There are two types of cells: the eukaryote cells that contain a nucleus and prokaryote cells that don't have a nucleus. (differencebetween.net)
Robert Brown (1831) discovered nucleus in cells of an orchid. (preservearticles.com)
The membrane-bound nucleus is the most prominent feature of the eucaryotic cells. (preservearticles.com)
Some cells like sieve tubes of vascular plants and RBC of mammals possess nucleus when they are young, but it degenerates when cells mature. (preservearticles.com)
The nucleus is generally spherical but in plant cells due to pressure of a central vacuole the nu-cleus may be pushed against the cell wall and becomes lens shaped. (preservearticles.com)
The interphase nucleus shows an in-tact nuclear membrane which disin-tegrates during cell division and re-appears after the nuclear division is complete. (preservearticles.com)
The cytostome is a plasma membrane invagination coupled to a few special microtubules that penetrate the cell almost to the nucleus. (idsemergencymanagement.com)

The contractile vacuole of the freshwater protozoan Paramecium multimicronucleatum is a membrane-bound exocytotic vesicle that expels excess cytosolic water. (biologists.com)

Lysosomes can vary in size and shape, and function to break down food particles, destroy bacteria and viruses that enter the cell, and to recycle cellular components as organelles age. (cellimagelibrary.org)
The kingdom of Archaebacteria, or ancient bacteria, are single-celled microbes with cell walls and RNA that differ from bacteria. (giantmicrobes.com)
Archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes, meaning their cells have no membrane-bound organelles. (giantmicrobes.com)
viruses don't look like cells, and bacteria don't have nuclei (that's where we eukaryotes - animals, plants, fungi, and protists like amoebas - store our DNA). (blogspot.com)
In this time-lapse, retractable protein actuators called "R bodies" - found naturally in certain bacteria - are seen extending from barely-visible tiny coils into long pointy tubes that are capable of rupturing cell membranes. (harvard.edu)
When a paramecium of a different strain ingests these shed bacteria containing R bodies, a difference in pH level between the two strains causes the R bodies to extend and puncture the bacteria s cell walls, releasing toxins that kill the host paramecium. (harvard.edu)
Cell walls are only present in cells of plants, fungi and bacteria . (outlifeexpert.com)
However, even within the kingdoms (bacteria, animals, fungi and plants) cells can be quite different from each other, and as you are likely aware of, cells also differ within each organism. (outlifeexpert.com)
The composition of the cell wall differs between bacteria, plans and fungi, but is mainly made up off complex carbohydrates such as cellulose or lignin and different proteins. (outlifeexpert.com)
Interestingly, the mitochondria that exists in all eukaryotic cells , believed to have once been bacteria, also do not have a cell wall although they likely used to have one! (outlifeexpert.com)
This most likely happened because the mitochondria lost their cell wall, just as many intracellular bacteria have, as they are no longer needed in the protective environment of the cell. (outlifeexpert.com)

The difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells has to do with the little stuff-doing parts of the cell, called organelles. (yahoo.com)
Prokaryotic cells have to do a lot of this same stuff, but they just don't have separate rooms to do it in. (yahoo.com)
However, binary fission or prokaryotic fission involves prokaryotic cells wherein the growth of the daughter cell is much like that of the parent cell. (differencebetween.net)
In prokaryotic cells it is membraneless but performs similar function. (preservearticles.com)

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: What's the Difference? (yahoo.com)
In contrast, eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles that are used to separate all these processes, which means the kitchen is separate from the master bathroom - there are dozens of walled-off rooms, all of which serve a different function in the cell. (yahoo.com)
Since bacterial and eukaryotic cells all contain compartmentalized membranes, a reversible system for breaking barriers establishes a mechanical strategy for precisely controlling cells. (harvard.edu)

There is a renewed interest in ciliates in trying to understand whether or not these complex single cells are capable of learning and whether or not they can form memories (S. J. Gershman et al. (canadiannaturephotographer.com)
Their model organism is named Tetrahymena thermophila , a member of protists called ciliates, which includes the well-known Paramecium and others shown in high-school biology textbooks or under class microscopes, like Stentor and Vorticella . (evolutionnews.org)

Biologists have long sought to understand how a fertilized egg can form an organism composed of hundreds of specialized cell types, each expressing a defined set of genes. (nature.com)
Paramecium has a worldwide distribution and is a free-living organism. (erasingdavid.com)
A cell is the smallest, functional unit in any organism either a single-celled or multicellular organism. (differencebetween.net)
Both life processes increase the number of cells which is comparable to the growth of the organism. (differencebetween.net)
The main reasons why animals do not have cell walls are because a cell wall would restrict the functionality and movement of the animal, make it harder for the cell to exchange nutrients and hormones , and because it would be a waste of energy and is harder to get rid off for the organism when a cell dies. (outlifeexpert.com)

During conjugation, two paramecia of compatible mating strains join together along their oral sides and a breakdown of their membranes facilitates the temporary formation of a shared cytoplasmic bridge. (fsu.edu)
In addition to its involvement in asexual reproduction, the macronucleus also plays a role in the phenomenon of conjugation, a sexual process unique to Paramecium. (philosophynews.com)
During conjugation, two compatible paramecium cells exchange genetic material by temporary fusion. (philosophynews.com)

Oral groove helps in the collects food until it is swept into the cell mouth. (idsemergencymanagement.com)

Wyss Institute researchers have harnessed these structures and are adapting them for use in mammalian cells, which could one day lead to novel mechanisms for delivering drugs and other chemicals of interest. (harvard.edu)
we believe they could one day be used to deliver material to mammalian cells. (harvard.edu)

Laboratory rearing showed that water from non-Bt rice fields was significantly less suitable for the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna and Paramecium caudatum in comparison with water from Bt rice fields. (plos.org)

On Jan 1, 1977 K. Hausmann (and others) published: Membranes and microtubules of the excretory apparatus of Paramecium caudatum Grade 11 University Biology Exam Study Notes. (santechnik78.ru)

Biochemical studies of the excitable membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia VI. (rupress.org)

Figures 272 (upper) and 273 (lower) from Chapter 8 (Lysosomes) of 'The Cell, 2nd Ed.' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. Lysosomes in the basal region of epithelial cells from the cauda epididymis of the rabbit. (cellimagelibrary.org)

Methods in Cell Biology, 241-339. (wikipedia.org)
But in synthetic biology, R bodies now represent a whole new way of controlling delivery of beneficial molecules such as biologic therapies, pharmaceutical drugs or other payloads to specific cells. (harvard.edu)

They are motile and designed either to move the cell itself or to move substances over or around the cell. (cytochemistry.net)

Starting from the zygotic genome, stage- and cell-type-specific transcription factors initiate regulatory cascades that induce cell differentiation. (nature.com)
Altered epigenomes can lead to changes in programmed cell differentiation or, when accidental, to disease (bottom right). (nature.com)
The paramecium exhibits a complex process of cellular differentiation in which certain cells within a population specialize to perform specific functions. (philosophynews.com)
During cellular differentiation, specific regions of macronuclear DNA are amplified and transcribed, leading to the production of specialized proteins that enable cells to perform specific functions. (philosophynews.com)
This process allows the differentiation of cells responsible for locomotion, feeding, defense, and other essential functions within the paramecium population. (philosophynews.com)
In summary, the macronucleus is a vital organelle within Paramecium cells that controls gene expression, cellular functions, reproduction, cellular differentiation, and environmental adaptation. (philosophynews.com)

And though some eukaryotes are single-celled - think amoebas and paramecium - there are no prokaryotes that have more than one cell. (yahoo.com)

The current Paramecium sonneborni strains, so far, reveal very low viability in the generations and are a result of allopatric speciation. (wikipedia.org)

A polysaccharide, or sometimes a polypeptide layer, surrounding bacterial cells peripheral to the cell wall. (innvista.com)
The cytoplasm found in bacterial cells helps in growth, metabolism and replication. (idsemergencymanagement.com)

To label membranes inside the cell we used very lightly fixed cells (0.25% glutaraldehyde) that were then rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and sectioned later at -100oC. (ucsd.edu)
Tightly bound in a small coil in lower pH, R bodies extend into sharp tubular structures akin to javelins when pH levels rise, puncturing the membranes of the cells housing them. (harvard.edu)

In particular, we will explore the role of the macronucleus, a special organelle within the Paramecium cell. (philosophynews.com)
It is the principal organelle of the cell. (preservearticles.com)
Which is the smallest cell organelle? (idsemergencymanagement.com)

Using the sodium chloride-treated oral apparatus of Paramecium as an antigen to produce monoclonal antibodies, we have begun to identify the proteins constituting these networks. (bioone.org)
The sections were immunogold labeled (15nm gold) to show the location of the specific antigen inside the cell as well as on the cell surface. (ucsd.edu)

Other characteristic structures found in paramecia include water-regulating contractile vacuoles, two different types of nuclei, and filamentous trichocysts, which may be involved in defense or extended for anchoring purposes during feeding. (fsu.edu)
The major kindoms of life and their cell structures. (outlifeexpert.com)

What type of digestion occurs in Paramoecium? (erasingdavid.com)

The boost in genetic information may have given the paramecium a survival advantage by allowing for more beneficial mutations, which drive evolution. (discovermagazine.com)
Asexual division gradually damages DNA, so periodically paramecia dock together, exchange small capsules that hold DNA, and within six hours are reinvigorated with fresh genetic material. (discovermagazine.com)
Unlike the micronucleus, which is involved in sexual reproduction and genetic exchange, the macronucleus is involved in the daily metabolic activities of the cell. (philosophynews.com)
During binary fission, the macronucleus undergoes a process of fragmentation and division that results in the equal distribution of genetic material between daughter cells. (philosophynews.com)
The cells passed on the change to future generations even though this was not a genetic alteration. (cytochemistry.net)
Importantly, R bodies present a physical rather than genetic strategy for manipulating cells. (harvard.edu)

Plant cells have organelles similar to animal cells. (giantmicrobes.com)
During mitosis, a lot of changes happen to the organelles of the cell. (differencebetween.net)
Option A: Chloroplasts are organelles that are found in plant cells and not in animal cells. (idsemergencymanagement.com)

They also have a cell wall and chloroplasts giving plants photosynthetic powers to make their own food. (giantmicrobes.com)

In the strictest sense of the word, the only type of reproduction carried out by paramecia is the asexual process of binary fission. (fsu.edu)
In other words, mitosis divides the cell into two daughter nuclei while binary fission divides the cell to form two duplicate cells. (differencebetween.net)
Transverse binary fission is the matching of the cytoplasmic division plane with the transverse axis of the specimen like in planaria and paramecium. (differencebetween.net)
Conversely, binary fission is said to be a simple process of cell division. (differencebetween.net)
The whole idea of cell division which involves either mitosis or binary fission is a very particular matter. (differencebetween.net)

This adaptive capacity contributes to the survival and proliferation of Paramecium in diverse habitats and ensures their ability to thrive in the face of changing ecological conditions. (philosophynews.com)

One reason this analogy is helpful is because all cells, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane which allows only certain molecules to get in and out - much like the windows and doors of our home. (yahoo.com)

Immunofluorescence on interphase cells suggested that the three proteins colocalized on the left side of the oral apparatus, whereas only the 70-kD band was detected on the right side. (bioone.org)

Excretory Along with the anal pore (4), which eliminates solid wastes, paramecium have contractile vacuoles (6), which eliminate water Unit 1: Body Systems. (santechnik78.ru)

The proliferation and apoptosis of CaSki, SiHa and HeLa cells by the treatment of miR2911 or miR2911-containing exosomes were examined by CCK8, colony formation and flow cytometry assays. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, both miR2911 and miR2911-containing exosomes inhibited cell proliferation of SiHa, CaSki and HeLa cells, meanwhile inducing the cell apoptosis through E6/E7-p53/Caspase3 axis. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that miR2911, an active component present in Lonicera japonica exosomes, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by targeting the E6/E7 genes of HPV16/18. (bvsalud.org)

So I decided to write this article as a guide to my students and anyone else interested in the topic of animal cell anatomy and cell walls. (outlifeexpert.com)
The cells of animals differ from other cells in that they do not have cell walls. (outlifeexpert.com)
Only the animals do not have cell walls. (outlifeexpert.com)
They can do so because their cells are "the skeleton" and the stiffness of their cells comes from the cell walls. (outlifeexpert.com)
In other words, if we animals had cell walls, we would not really be able to move! (outlifeexpert.com)

SEXUAL OFFERING Paramecia reproduce asexually, splitting into two identical daughter cells. (discovermagazine.com)
Viruses are packets of DNA or RNA that need hosts cells to reproduce , and which are thought to infect all living species. (nationalgeographic.co.uk)

CENTRAL COMMAND Scientists believe that sometime in the past 10 million years, paramecia abruptly spliced together two copies of their genome, doubling the number of genes. (discovermagazine.com)

This process allows Paramecium to synthesize the proteins necessary for various cellular functions, including metabolism, growth, and response to environmental stimuli. (philosophynews.com)
This protects the DNA and allows the cell to fine-tune the production of proteins necessary to do its job and keep the cell alive. (yahoo.com)

What does the Macronucleus do in a paramecium? (philosophynews.com)
The macronucleus plays a critical role in gene expression and regulation of cellular activities in Paramecium. (philosophynews.com)
The macronucleus is closely associated with this process and determines the developmental fate of the cell. (philosophynews.com)
Through its role in gene expression and regulation, the macronucleus enables Paramecium to respond to various stimuli, including changes in temperature, pH, and nutrient availability. (philosophynews.com)
By modulating the expression of specific genes, the macronucleus allows Paramecium to adjust its metabolism, behavior, and morphology in response to environmental cues. (philosophynews.com)

They discovered almost 40,000 genes-about twice as many as in a human cell. (discovermagazine.com)
The pluripotency of the initial cell and the establishment of cell types depend to a large extent on the coordinated deployment of hundreds of transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress the transcription of cell lineage genes 1 . (nature.com)
Epigenetic components (for example, Polycomb PRC1/2 and Trithorax group proteins) maintain the 'off' states of certain genes and the 'on' states of others, in a cell-type- and time-specific manner (the bottom panels show three genes, depicted schematically as chromatinized templates, in which transcription is triggered by specific transcription factors and silent or active states are maintained by PRC1/2 or Trithorax proteins, respectively). (nature.com)

Six behavioral mutants of Paramecium, known to have defects in the excitable membrane that regulates the ciliary beat, showed normal patterns of ciliary protein phosphorylation in vitro, with and without added cyclic nucleotides, at both pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. (rupress.org)

For mitosis, cells undergo a series of stages in order for them to divide into daughter nuclei. (differencebetween.net)

Carcinogenesis is the development of cancer caused by the actions of certain chemicals, viruses and unknown factors on primarily normal cells. (innvista.com)

Paramecium typically possess one or more macronuclei, depending on the species. (philosophynews.com)

It provides structural support for the plant, mushroom or bacterial cell and also serves as a barrier against water loss. (outlifeexpert.com)
In this study, we used natural and engineered cis-regulatory alleles in a plant stem-cell circuit to systematically evaluate epistatic relationships controlling tomato fruit size. (bvsalud.org)

Remember, that animals need to build cells like brain cells and bones from the same cellular starting point! (outlifeexpert.com)

It keeps the cell together in a rigid shape, protects it, and enables a high pressure to be maintained inside the cell without the cell rupturing! (outlifeexpert.com)

Last year bioengineers at Stanford University exploited this feature with an arcade-style game called PAC-mecium that uses electrical pulses to steer live paramecia through a maze and collect dots. (discovermagazine.com)

Although we cannot be certain without further study we believe this may represent a dividing cell as we do know that the radial arms of the dividing cell, both their smooth and decorated spongiomes, shorten as the new CVCs develop (Allen et al. (cellimagelibrary.org)
These telomeres are the ends of the chromosomes, which shorten with every cell division. (crisismagazine.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs2

Phenomena and Processes3

Cilia22

Organisms21

Algae7

Protozoa5

Genus1

Nucleus13

Multimicronucleatum1

Bacteria11

Prokaryotic cells4

Eukaryotic3

Ciliates2

Organism5

Conjugation3

Oral groove1

Mammalian cells2

Daphnia1

Caudatum1

Tetraurelia1

Epithelial cells1

Biology2

Motile1

Differentiation6

Amoebas1

Strains1

Bacterial cells2

Membranes2

Organelle3

Antigen2

Structures2

Occurs1

Genetic6

Organelles3

Chloroplasts1

Binary fission5

Thrive1

Prokaryotes1

Apparatus1

Contractile1

Proliferation3

Walls5

Reproduce2

Genome1

Proteins necessary2

Macronucleus5

Genes3

Vitro1

Nuclei1

Primarily1

Typically1

Plant2

Cellular1

Protects1

Collect1

Shorten2