AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and Processes
Taurochenodeoxycholic AcidTaurodeoxycholic AcidCholic AcidCholic AcidsAcid PhosphataseChenodeoxycholic AcidGlycocholic AcidLithocholic AcidBile Acids and SaltsTaurocholic AcidCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemMicrosomes, LiverHydroxylationDeoxycholic AcidBileCholestanolsMixed Function OxygenasesSteroid 12-alpha-HydroxylaseEnterohepatic CirculationCholestanesEubacteriumXanthomatosisUrsodeoxycholic Acid
ChenodeoxycholicLithocholic acidBile acidSecondary bileSynthesis occursTaurineToxicityEnzymeMembraneSerumBiliaryLiverColonRolesPlasmaFunctionsHighFormDeoxycholic acidConcentration of bile acidsChenodeoxycholic acidAminoMetabolitesBacterialTaurolithocholicMetabolismFecesSecondaryOrganicGlycineTumorDietaryFunctionPrimaryWaterSmall
Chenodeoxycholic6
Lithocholic acid2
Bile acid11
  • Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. (wikipedia.org)
  • Critical micellar concentration" refers to both an intrinsic property of the bile acid itself and amount of bile acid necessary to function in the spontaneous and dynamic formation of micelles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bile acid-containing micelles aid lipases to digest lipids and bring them near the intestinal brush border membrane, which results in fat absorption. (wikipedia.org)
  • The body produces about 800 mg of cholesterol per day and about half of that is used for bile acid synthesis producing 400-600 mg daily. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bile acid pool size is between 4-6 g, which means that bile acids are recycled several times each day. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results of metagenomic sequencing and targeted metabolome analysis together revealed that secondary bile acid (SBA) biosynthesis was significantly activated in the cows with excessive lipolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plasma parameters, gut microbiota, bile acid and short-chain fatty acids were analyzed to detect the improved effects and possible mechanisms. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Results from our study indicated that the addition of capsaicin have better effects to reduce the weight, insulin and fasting blood glucose, and the possibly mechanism can be due to the changes in bile acid composition, microbial abundance and shortchain fatty acids. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis is important and regulated by BA activated receptors and signaling pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The impact of exposures on bile acid (BA) signaling and Farnesoid X receptor-mediated gut-liver crosstalk is emerging. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
Secondary bile1
Synthesis occurs1
  • Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. (cloudfront.net)
Taurine5
  • Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prior to secreting any of the bile acids (primary or secondary, see below), liver cells conjugate them with either glycine or taurine, to form a total of 8 possible conjugated bile acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taurine ( / ˈ t ɔː r iː n / ), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid , is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. (cloudfront.net)
  • Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite . (cloudfront.net)
  • Cysteic acid is converted to taurine by cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase . (cloudfront.net)
Toxicity1
  • The bile acidity concentrations weren't further elevated with the best dosage, possibly because of saturation of serum bile acids or liver organ toxicity. (bibf1120.com)
Enzyme2
  • This enzyme is down-regulated by cholic acid, up-regulated by cholesterol and is inhibited by the actions of the ileal hormone FGF15/19. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase . (cloudfront.net)
Membrane1
  • This compound has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids , antioxidation , osmoregulation , membrane stabilization , and modulation of calcium signaling . (cloudfront.net)
Serum3
  • OA created a dosedependent upsurge Crizotinib in serum actions of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (Fig. 1A), indicative of hepatocellular harm and cell loss of life. (bibf1120.com)
  • Fig. 1B illustrates that OA at dosages of 45 mg/kg or more elevated serum concentrations of total bile acids, with 90 mg/kg Crizotinib or more elevated total bilirubin and immediate bilirubin, all indicative of liver organ injury. (bibf1120.com)
  • Twentyfour hr following the last dosage, blood was gathered and serum concentrations of bile acids and their metabolites had been dependant on UPLC-MS/MS and normalized with the inner criteria. (bibf1120.com)
Biliary2
  • About 95% of bile acids are reabsorbed by active transport in the ileum and recycled back to the liver for further secretion into the biliary system and gallbladder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bile acids have other functions, including eliminating cholesterol from the body, driving the flow of bile to eliminate certain catabolites (including bilirubin), emulsifying fat-soluble vitamins to enable their absorption, and aiding in motility and the reduction of the bacteria flora found in the small intestine and biliary tract. (wikipedia.org)
Liver2
Colon1
  • Butyrate, in particular, is a key promoter of colon health and integrity, and can meet 60 %-70 % of the energy requirements necessary for colon cell proliferation and differentiation[ 9 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Roles1
  • Profiling of immune cell transcriptomes using scRNA-seq will provide in-depth knowledge of the functionality of various cell populations and their roles in the immunosuppression during excessive lipolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasma1
  • The use of an integrated analysis showed that the reduction of plasma glycolithocholic acid and taurolithocholic acid could contribute to the immunosuppression of monocytes (CD14 + MON) during excessive lipolysis by decreasing the expression of GPBAR1 . (biomedcentral.com)
Functions1
  • Enrichment of functions of these clusters revealed a downregulation of functions in immune cells isolated from a cow with excessive lipolysis compared to a cow with low/normal lipolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
High1
  • As a result, the concentration of bile acids/salts in the small intestine is high enough to form micelles and solubilize lipids. (wikipedia.org)
Form3
  • The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus conjugated bile acids are almost always in their deprotonated (A-) form in the duodenum, which makes them much more water-soluble and much more able to fulfil their physiologic function of emulsifying fats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine . (cloudfront.net)
Deoxycholic acid4
Concentration of bile acids2
  • As a result, the concentration of bile acids/salts in the small intestine is high enough to form micelles and solubilize lipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unfortunately, we do not know the concentration of bile acids that can reach the pancreatic ductal cells under pathological conditions. (pancreapedia.org)
Chenodeoxycholic acid3
Amino2
  • Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overall, analysis of transcriptomes and correlation networks indicates both bacterial species-specific responses to BBR, as well as functional commonalities among species, such as up-regulation of Na + /H + antiporter, cell wall synthesis/repair, carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
Metabolites2
  • The calcium chelator, caffeine and its dimethylxanthine metabolites, efficiently decreased TLCS-induced calcium elevation and cell death on isolated pancreatic acinar cells. (pancreapedia.org)
  • In this review, we outline the metabolic characteristics of the TME and systematically elaborate on the effects of abundant metabolites on immune cell function and transporter expression. (bvsalud.org)
Bacterial2
  • Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multi-omics (bile acid metabolomics, 16S rDNA sequencing, cecal metatranscriptomics) were performed in order to provide a simple in vivo model from which to identify network-based correlations between bile acids and bacterial transcripts in the presence and absence of dietary BBR. (researchsquare.com)
Taurolithocholic1
  • It has been shown that one of the most toxic BAs to acinar cells is the secondary BA, taurolithocholic acid (TLC) that forms from LCA after re-absorption from the intestine. (pancreapedia.org)
Metabolism3
  • Synthesis of bile acids is a major route of cholesterol metabolism in most species other than humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bile acids (BAs) are natural end products of cholesterol metabolism (12). (pancreapedia.org)
  • These changes in the gut microbiota were associated with altered bile acid metabolism. (nih.gov)
Feces2
  • Approximately 600 mg of bile salts are synthesized daily to replace bile acids lost in the feces, although, as described below, much larger amounts are secreted, reabsorbed in the gut and recycled. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, BBR functions to reduce serum cholesterol by up-regulating the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids which are excreted at higher levels in feces [4,5]. (researchsquare.com)
Secondary1
  • Prior to secreting any of the bile acids (primary or secondary, see below), liver cells conjugate them with either glycine or taurine, to form a total of 8 possible conjugated bile acids. (wikipedia.org)
Organic1
  • Bile acids comprise about 80% of the organic compounds in bile (others are phospholipids and cholesterol). (wikipedia.org)
Glycine1
  • Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts. (wikipedia.org)
Tumor4
  • 2010). Time 1 rituximab was withheld when the circulating overall lymphocyte count number (i.e. leukemic mantle cells) was 5000 cells/microliter to minimise the chance of tumor lysis and cytokine discharge syndrome. (healthweblognews.info)
  • 2009) with the next necessary exclusions: extranodal specimens had been included, TMAs had been found in addition to biopsies, for many really small specimens the locations had been chosen to make sure that these were not really overlapping non-randomly, and the real amount of total tumor cells examined exceeded 200 in every specimens. (healthweblognews.info)
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial driving factor for tumor progression and it can hinder the body's immune response by altering the metabolic activity of immune cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Both tumor and immune cells maintain their proliferative characteristics and physiological functions through transporter-mediated regulation of nutrient acquisition and metabolite efflux. (bvsalud.org)
Dietary2
  • Bile acids facilitate digestion of dietary fats and oils. (wikipedia.org)
  • Distinguishing indirect effects of BBR on bacteria through altered bile acid profiles is particularly important in understanding how dietary nutraceuticals alter the microbiome. (researchsquare.com)
Function2
  • Thus conjugated bile acids are almost always in their deprotonated (A-) form in the duodenum, which makes them much more water-soluble and much more able to fulfil their physiologic function of emulsifying fats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Critical micellar concentration" refers to both an intrinsic property of the bile acid itself and amount of bile acid necessary to function in the spontaneous and dynamic formation of micelles. (wikipedia.org)
Primary1
Water1
  • The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water. (wikipedia.org)
Small2
  • To measure the small percentage of Ki-67 positive cells, locations for evaluation were chosen per the Western european MCL Network consensus suggestions (Klapper et al. (healthweblognews.info)
  • The association between your small percentage of Ki-67 positive cells and PFS or Operating-system was assessed utilizing a Cox regression statistical evaluation. (healthweblognews.info)